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Péterfi O, Madarász L, Ficzere M, Lestyán-Goda K, Záhonyi P, Erdei G, Sipos E, Nagy ZK, Galata DL. In-line particle size measurement during granule fluidization using convolutional neural network-aided process imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106563. [PMID: 37582409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a machine learning-based image analysis method to monitor the particle size distribution of fluidized granules. The key components of the direct imaging system are a rigid fiber-optic endoscope, a light source and a high-speed camera, which allow for real-time monitoring of the granules. The system was implemented into a custom-made 3D-printed device that could reproduce the particle movement characteristic in a fluidized-bed granulator. The suitability of the method was evaluated by determining the particle size distribution (PSD) of various granule mixtures within the 100-2000 μm size range. The convolutional neural network-based software was able to successfully detect the granules that were in focus despite the dense flow of the particles. The volumetric PSDs were compared with off-line reference measurements obtained by dynamic image analysis and laser diffraction. Similar trends were observed across the PSDs acquired with all three methods. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of performing real-time particle size analysis using machine vision as an in-line process analytical technology (PAT) tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Péterfi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Madarász
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Ficzere
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lestyán-Goda
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Záhonyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Erdei
- Department of Atomic Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Budafoki 8, Hungary
| | - Emese Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Dorián László Galata
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Zhong L, Gao L, Li L, Nie L, Zhang H, Sun Z, Huang R, Zhou Z, Yin W, Wang H, Zang H. Implementation of Dynamic and Static Moisture Control in Fluidized Bed Granulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:174. [PMID: 35739377 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of process analysis and control is essential to enhance process understanding and ensure output material quality. The present study focuses on the stability of the feedback control system for a fluidized bed granulation process. Two strategies of dynamic moisture control (DMC) and static moisture control (SMC) were established based on the in-line moisture value obtained from the near-infrared sensor and control algorithm. The performance of these strategies on quality consistency control was examined using process moisture similarity analysis and principal component analysis. The stable moisture control performance and low batch-to-batch variability indicated that the DMC method was significantly better than other granulation methods. In addition, the investigation of robustness further showed that the implemented DMC method was able to produce predetermined target moisture values by varying process parameters. This study provides an advanced and simple control method for fluidized bed granulation quality assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lele Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lian Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Nie
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongyu Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiqi Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaobang Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wenping Yin
- Shandong SMA Pharmatech Co., Ltd, 165, Huabei Rd., High & New Technology Zone Zibo, Shandong, 0533, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shandong SMA Pharmatech Co., Ltd, 165, Huabei Rd., High & New Technology Zone Zibo, Shandong, 0533, China
| | - Hengchang Zang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Sacher S, Poms J, Rehrl J, Khinast JG. PAT implementation for advanced process control in solid dosage manufacturing - A practical guide. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121408. [PMID: 34952147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing requires advanced control strategies rather than traditional end product testing or an operation within a small range of controlled parameters. A high level of automation based on process models and hierarchical control concepts is desired. The relevant tools that have been developed and successfully tested in academic and industrial environments in recent years are now ready for utilization on the commercial scale. To date, the focus in Process Analytical Technology (PAT) has mainly been on achieving process understanding and quality control with the ultimate goal of real-time release testing (RTRT). This work describes the workflow for the development of an in-line monitoring strategy to support PAT-based real-time control actions and its integration into solid dosage manufacturing. All stages are discussed in this paper, from process analysis and definition of the monitoring task to technology assessment and selection, its process integration and the development of data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Johannes Poms
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
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4
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Quality-by-design in pharmaceutical development: From current perspectives to practical applications. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:497-526. [PMID: 36651549 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Current pharmaceutical research directions tend to follow a systematic approach in the field of applied research and development. The concept of quality-by-design (QbD) has been the focus of the current progress of pharmaceutical sciences. It is based on, but not limited, to risk assessment, design of experiments and other computational methods and process analytical technology. These tools offer a well-organized methodology, both to identify and analyse the hazards that should be handled as critical, and are therefore applicable in the control strategy. Once implemented, the QbD approach will augment the comprehension of experts concerning the developed analytical technique or manufacturing process. The main activities are oriented towards the identification of the quality target product profiles, along with the critical quality attributes, the risk management of these and their analysis through in silico aided methods. This review aims to offer an overview of the current standpoints and general applications of QbD methods in pharmaceutical development.
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Zhong L, Gao L, Li L, Zang H. Trends-process analytical technology in solid oral dosage manufacturing. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:187-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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In situ monitoring of the crystalline state of active pharmaceutical ingredients during high-shear wet granulation using a low-frequency Raman probe. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 147:1-9. [PMID: 31841690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of manufacturing processes based on scientific evidence is important in the quality control of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products, particularly when crystal forms change during production, which could affect subsequent drug performance. In this study, we verified crystalline states using various crystal faces and excipients during high-shear wet granulation based on non-contact low-frequency (LF) Raman probe monitoring. Four model drugs [indomethacin (IND), acetaminophen (APAP), theophylline (TP), and caffeine (CAF) polymorphs and cocrystals] were mixed with microcrystalline cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose with the addition of water over time. The LF Raman probe showed comparatively high sensitivity in monitoring 5-20% APAP and IND in a wet mass. Notably, as observed from the characteristic LF Raman peak shifts, form I TP and CAF and their cocrystals were more susceptible to transformation to the monohydrate form than form II. This method was also shown to be applicable in monitoring a commercial formulation of eight excipients and revealed crystalline transformations after 15 min of mixing. Therefore, probe-type LF Raman spectroscopy can be successfully employed to distinguish and monitor the crystalline state of APIs in real time during high-shear wet granulation, in which there is a risk of crystal transformation.
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Santos Silva B, Colbert MJ, Santangelo M, Bartlett JA, Lapointe-Garant PP, Simard JS, Gosselin R. Monitoring microsphere coating processes using PAT tools in a bench scale fluid bed. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 135:12-21. [PMID: 31067496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the factors that influence adherence to medication within the pediatric population, taste/irritation has been identified as a critical barrier to patient compliance. With the goal of improving compliance, microspheres (matrix systems within which the drug is dispersed) can be coated with a reverse enteric polymer that will prevent the release of the drug in the oral cavity while maintaining an immediate release once the drug product reaches the stomach, thereby achieving a taste neutral profile. In this work, the in-line performance of three process analytical technology (PAT) tools is evaluated in order to monitor the microsphere coating process. These tools are Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy and focused beam reflectance measurements, together with process data and raw material attributes. The ability of these different sources of information to predict the coating's barrier performance is evaluated by using a combined-data-approach: multiblock partial least squares (MBPLS). Results show that Raman spectroscopy has a superior predictive performance and that it has the potential to monitor the coating process of the microspheres as well as to detect process discrepancies (such as spray rate changes), demonstrating its usefulness for the monitoring of fluid bed coating processes. It was also demonstrated that Raman can be used to clearly differentiate batches with significantly difference in-vitro dissolution performance. This monitoring is considered critical to ensure consistent coating performance for this thin film barrier membrane that is essential to patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Santos Silva
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Pfizer Industrial Research Chair, Sherbrooke, Canada.
| | - Marie-Josée Colbert
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Pfizer Industrial Research Chair, Sherbrooke, Canada.
| | - Matthew Santangelo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Product Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, USA.
| | - Jeremy A Bartlett
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Product Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, USA.
| | | | | | - Ryan Gosselin
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Pfizer Industrial Research Chair, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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Jouyban-Gharamaleki V, Jouyban A, Acree WE, Rahimpour E. Smart systems for determination of drug's solubility. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:177-187. [PMID: 30260712 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1529786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The solubility of drugs is a crucial physicochemical property in the drug discovery or development process and for improving the bioavailability of drugs. There are various methods for evaluating the solubility of drugs including manual measurement methods, mathematical methods, and smart methods. Manual measurement and mathematical methods have some defects which make the smart systems more reliable and important in this field. In this review, various instruments used for the solubility determination, along with the smart systems, have been discussed. Mechanism and applications of each method have been elaborated in detail. Moreover, unique characteristics as well as some limitations of discussed methods are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki
- a Drug Applied Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical of Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Kimia Idea Pardaz Azarbayjan (KIPA) Science Based Company , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- b Kimia Idea Pardaz Azarbayjan (KIPA) Science Based Company , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - William E Acree
- d Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , Denton , TX , USA
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- e Food and Drug Safety Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Naidu VR, Deshpande RS, Syed MR, Deoghare P, Singh D, Wakte PS. PAT-Based Control of Fluid Bed Coating Process Using NIR Spectroscopy to Monitor the Cellulose Coating on Pharmaceutical Pellets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2045-2054. [PMID: 27995464 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current endeavor was aimed towards monitoring percent weight build-up during functional coating process on drug-layered pellets. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an emerging process analytical technology (PAT) tool which was employed here within quality by design (QbD) framework. Samples were withdrawn after spraying every 15-Kg cellulosic coating material during Wurster coating process of drug-loaded pellets. NIR spectra of these samples were acquired using cup spinner assembly of Thermoscientific Antaris II, followed by multivariate analysis using partial least squares (PLS) calibration model. PLS model was built by selecting various absorption regions of NIR spectra for Ethyl cellulose, drug and correlating the absorption values with actual percent weight build up determined by HPLC. The spectral regions of 8971.04 to 8250.77 cm-1, 7515.24 to 7108.33 cm-1, and 5257.00 to 5098.87 cm-1 were found to be specific to cellulose, where as the spectral region of 6004.45 to 5844.14 cm-1was found to be specific to drug. The final model gave superb correlation co-efficient value of 0.9994 for calibration and 0.9984 for validation with low root mean square of error (RMSE) values of 0.147 for calibration and 0.371 for validation using 6 factors. The developed correlation between the NIR spectra and cellulose content is useful in precise at-line prediction of functional coat value and can be used for monitoring the Wurster coating process.
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Liu R, Li L, Yin W, Xu D, Zang H. Near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring and control of the fluidized bed granulation and coating processes-A review. Int J Pharm 2017; 530:308-315. [PMID: 28743552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The fluidized bed granulation and pellets coating technologies are widely used in pharmaceutical industry, because the particles made in a fluidized bed have good flowability, compressibility, and the coating thickness of pellets are homogeneous. With the popularization of process analytical technology (PAT), real-time analysis for critical quality attributes (CQA) was getting more attention. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, as a PAT tool, could realize the real-time monitoring and control during the granulating and coating processes, which could optimize the manufacturing processes. This article reviewed the application of NIR spectroscopy in CQA (moisture content, particle size and tablet/pellet thickness) monitoring during fluidized bed granulation and coating processes. Through this review, we would like to provide references for realizing automated control and intelligent production in fluidized bed granulation and pellets coating of pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wenping Yin
- Shandong SMA Pharmatech co., Ltd, 165, Huabei Rd., High & New Technology Zone, Zibo, Shandong 0533, China
| | - Dongbo Xu
- Shandong SMA Pharmatech co., Ltd, 165, Huabei Rd., High & New Technology Zone, Zibo, Shandong 0533, China
| | - Hengchang Zang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Poblete IB, Castor CA, Nele M, Pinto JC. On-line monitoring of chord distributions in liquid-liquid dispersions and suspension polymerizations by using the focused beam reflectance measurement technique. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Bernardo Poblete
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária; Rio de Janeiro 21941-909 Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Castor
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária; Rio de Janeiro 21941-972 Brazil
| | - Marcio Nele
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária; Rio de Janeiro 21941-909 Brazil
| | - José Carlos Pinto
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária; Rio de Janeiro 21941-972 Brazil
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Igne B, Talwar S, Feng H, Drennen JK, Anderson CA. Near-Infrared Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy for Tablet Quality Determination. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4074-4081. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Scheler S. Ray tracing as a supportive tool for interpretation of FBRM signals from spherical particles. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kukec S, Hudovornik G, Dreu R, Vrečer F. Study of granule growth kinetics during in situ fluid bed melt granulation using in-line FBRM and SFT probes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:952-9. [PMID: 23662716 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.791832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to study the granule growth kinetics during in situ fluid bed melt granulation process using real-time particle size measurement techniques. In addition, the usefulness of these techniques during scale-up of melt granulation was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and spatial filtering technique (SFT) probes were used within the process chamber of fluid bed granulator for real-time in-line granule size analysis. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the use of in-line particle size probes in fluid bed granulator during the process offers an insightful view of granule growth and allows in-process monitoring of granule chord length changes. The effect of selected critical parameters (binder content, inlet air temperature and product endpoint temperature) on the granule growth was clearly presented by in-line measurements in a laboratory scale. A comparison of granule size measurements from both FBRM and SFT probes showed similar particle growth trends, which were in close correlation to the product temperature. Comparable trends in end granule particle size were observed when comparing different in-line, at-line and off-line particle size measurements. CONCLUSION The in-line FBRM and SFT probes were successfully employed in in situ fluid bed melt granulation process to study the influence of critical formulation/process parameters on the granule growth kinetics. The scale-up experiment confirmed the potential of these in-line granule size measurement techniques as a viable tool for process monitoring during the transfer of granulation to the larger scale or another manufacturing site/equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kukec
- Krka, d.d., Novo mesto , Research and Development , Slovenia and
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Helmdach L, Pertig D, Rüdiger S, Lee KS, Stelzer T, Ulrich J. Bubbles - Trouble-Makers in Crystallizers: Classical Problems during Inline Measurements. Chem Eng Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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