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Khong QT, Smith EA, Wendt KL, Dalilian M, Goncharova EI, Brownell I, Cichewicz RH, Henrich CJ, Beutler JA, O'Keefe BR, Du L. Chemoreactive 2,5-Diketopiperazines from a Penicillium sp., Structure Revision of Reported Analogues and Proposed Facile Transformation Pathways. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:1826-1837. [PMID: 38995621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive cutaneous cancer. Two new prenylated indole 2,5-diketopiperazine alkaloids, brevianamides E1 (1) and E2 (2), were isolated from a Penicillium fungus. Both compounds showed moderate cytotoxic activity against select MCC cell lines (i.e., MCC13, MKL-1, UISO, and WaGa) in the low micromolar range. The relative and absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by combined approaches, including NOESY spectroscopy, DFT ECD and DP4 plus calculations, and Marfey's reaction. Literature research and the comparison of NMR and ECD data led to the structure revision of three previously reported natural analogues, notoamides K and P and asperversiamide L. The structurally unstable 1 and 2 underwent steady interconversion under neutral aqueous conditions. Investigation of the degradation of 2 in acidic methanol solutions led to the identification of a new methoxylated derivative (6) and two new ring-opened products (7 and 8) with the rearranged, elongated, 4-methylpent-3-ene side chain. The facile transformation of 2 to 7 and 8 was promoted by the intrinsic impurity (i.e., formaldehyde) of HPLC-grade methanol through the aza-Cope rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan T Khong
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Emily A Smith
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Leidos Biomedical Res., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Karen L Wendt
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Masoumeh Dalilian
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Leidos Biomedical Res., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ekaterina I Goncharova
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Isaac Brownell
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert H Cichewicz
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Curtis J Henrich
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Leidos Biomedical Res., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - John A Beutler
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Lin Du
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Development and optimization of stability-indicating method of ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel, and their main impurities using quality by design approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115208. [PMID: 36586384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The association of Ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg and Levonorgestrel 0.15 mg is a hormonal contraceptive that combines estrogen and progestogen. According to a bibliographic survey, these combined drugs present at least 18 known degradation products, which are required to control the potential impurities harmful to human health. The high number of impurities and the low concentrations of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their respective degradation products increase the complexity of the stability-indicating method development for this medicine. Thus, this work aimed to develop and optimize the stability-indicating method using the quality by design (QbD) approach and in-silico tools for application in samples of oral contraceptives sold in Brazil. The analysis samples were initially subjected to a forced degradation study through 7 days of exposure under acid and alkali hydrolysis, oxidative condition, and oxidation by metal ions. In addition to the chemical exposure, the sample was subjected to physical stress through 10 days of exposure under dry heat, moisture, and photolytic degradation. These exposure samples were analyzed in the development and optimization of chromatographic conditions. As a result, the developed method was able to separate 20 known substances, including the two APIs and their respective 18 degradation products, as well as unknown degradation products obtained by the forced degradation study. Finally, this stability-indicating method was successfully applied for comparative analysis of contraceptive drugs marketed in Brazil, newly purchased and subjected to accelerated stability condition at 40 °C and 75% RH over the 6-month period.
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Yari A, Zolali A, Karimian K. On the Mechanism of Formation and the Synthesis of Pantoprazole Sodium Sesquihydrate-Related Compound E: A Phantom Chemical Entity. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:737-744. [PMID: 31459358 PMCID: PMC6648569 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A mechanism for the formation of pantoprazole related compound E (RC E) is proposed involving the formation of a radical cation in the pH range of 5-8. pH dependence of RC E is demonstrated, and the contribution of the difluoromethoxy group in stabilizing the C-6 free radical, a prerequisite to the formation of the dimer byproduct, is discussed. Also, the synthesis of pantoprazole RC E is reported using the benzidine rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Yari
- Andisheh
Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, Ajand Pharma
Holding Inc., Yousefabad,
Jahanara Avenue, 23rd Street No. 8, Tehran 1438933743, Iran
| | - Amin Zolali
- Andisheh
Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, Ajand Pharma
Holding Inc., Yousefabad,
Jahanara Avenue, 23rd Street No. 8, Tehran 1438933743, Iran
| | - Khashayar Karimian
- Andisheh
Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, Ajand Pharma
Holding Inc., Yousefabad,
Jahanara Avenue, 23rd Street No. 8, Tehran 1438933743, Iran
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University
of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
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Linz T, Yeo D, Hong Q, Zmolek W, McFarland J, Barfield RM, Haskins WE, Rabuka D. Systematic LC/MS/MS Investigations for the IND-Enabling Extended Characterization of Antibody–Drug Conjugate Modifications. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7040040. [PMID: 31544890 PMCID: PMC6698958 DOI: 10.3390/antib7040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that systematic liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry investigations of an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC), its small and large molecular components, and surrogate small-molecule conjugates might comprise a simple and efficient approach for the extended characterization of ADCs. Furthermore, we envisioned that results from this work might allow us to assign specific composition changes in the ADC based on monoisotopic mass shifts of conjugatable modifications as detected in the surrogate small-molecule conjugates. We tested our hypothesis with a case study using an aldehyde-tag-based ADC conjugated to a noncleavable linker bearing a maytansine payload. Nearly quantitative bioconversion from cysteine to formylglycine was observed in the monoclonal antibody, and bioorthogonal conjugation was detected only on the formylglycine residues in the ADC. Using our method, both conjugatable and nonconjugatable modifications were discovered in the linker/payload; however, only conjugatable modifications were observed on the ADC. Based on these results, we anticipate that our approach to systematic mass spectrometric investigations can be successfully applied to other ADCs and therapeutic bioconjugates for investigational new drug (IND)-enabling extended characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Linz
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Dominick Yeo
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Qiuting Hong
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Wesley Zmolek
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Jesse McFarland
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Robyn M Barfield
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | | | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
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Zhang K, Pellett JD, Narang AS, Wang YJ, Zhang YT. Reactive impurities in large and small molecule pharmaceutical excipients – A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Daoud Agha Dit Daoudy B, Al-Khayat MA, Karabet F, Al-Mardini MA. A Robust Static Headspace GC-FID Method to Detect and Quantify Formaldehyde Impurity in Pharmaceutical Excipients. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:4526396. [PMID: 29686930 PMCID: PMC5857322 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4526396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a highly reactive impurity that can be found in many pharmaceutical excipients. Trace levels of this impurity may affect drug product stability, safety, efficacy, and performance. A static headspace gas chromatographic method was developed and validated to determine formaldehyde in pharmaceutical excipients after an effective derivatization procedure using acidified ethanol. Diethoxymethane, the derivative of formaldehyde, was then directly analyzed by GC-FID. Despite the simplicity of the developed method, however, it is characterized by its specificity, accuracy, and precision. The limits of detection and quantification of formaldehyde in the samples were of 2.44 and 8.12 µg/g, respectively. This method is characterized by using simple and economic GC-FID technique instead of MS detection, and it is successfully used to analyze formaldehyde in commonly used pharmaceutical excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Daoud Agha Dit Daoudy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Mohammad Ammar Al-Khayat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Francois Karabet
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Mohammad Amer Al-Mardini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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Chen L, Ducker GS, Lu W, Teng X, Rabinowitz JD. An LC-MS chemical derivatization method for the measurement of five different one-carbon states of cellular tetrahydrofolate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5955-5964. [PMID: 28799108 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cofactor tetrahydrofolate (THF) is used to reduce, oxidize, and transfer one-carbon (1C) units required for the synthesis of nucleotides, glycine, and methionine. Measurement of intracellular THF species is complicated by their chemical instability, signal dilution caused by variable polyglutamation, and the potential for interconversion among these species. Here, we describe a method using negative mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to measure intracellular folate species from mammalian cells. Application of this method with isotope-labeled substrates revealed abiotic interconversion of THF and methylene-THF, which renders their separate quantitation particularly challenging. Chemical reduction of methylene-THF using deuterated sodium cyanoborohydride traps methylene-THF, which is unstable, as deuterated 5-methyl-THF, which is stable. Together with proper sample handling and LC-MS, this enables effective measurements of five active folate pools (THF, 5-methyl-THF, methylene-THF, methenyl-THF/10-formyl-THF, and 5-formyl-THF) representing the biologically important 1C oxidation states of THF in mammalian cells. Graphical abstract Chemical derivatization with deuterated cyanoborohydride traps unstable methylene-THF as isotope-labeled 5-methyl-THF, enabling accurate quantification by LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Gregory S Ducker
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Wenyun Lu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Xin Teng
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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Formation of copper(I) from trace levels of copper(II) as an artifactual impurity in the HPLC analysis of olanzapine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:186-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Tintaru A, Ungaro R, Liu X, Chen C, Giordano L, Peng L, Charles L. Structural characterization of new defective molecules in poly(amidoamide) dendrimers by combining mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:451-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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