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Review on Starter Pellets: Inert and Functional Cores. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061299. [PMID: 35745872 PMCID: PMC9227027 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of pharmaceuticals are now considered multiparticulate systems. Modified-release drug delivery formulations can be designed with engineering precision, and patient-centric dosing can be accomplished relatively easily using multi-unit systems. In many cases, Multiple-Unit Pellet Systems (MUPS) are formulated on the basis of a neutral excipient core which may carry the layered drug surrounded also by functional coating. In the present summary, commonly used starter pellets are presented. The manuscript describes the main properties of the various nuclei related to their micro- and macrostructure. In the case of layered pellets formed based on different inert pellet cores, the drug release mechanism can be expected in detail. Finally, the authors would like to prove the industrial significance of inert cores by presenting some of the commercially available formulations.
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Zakowiecki D, Frankiewicz M, Hess T, Cal K, Gajda M, Dabrowska J, Kubiak B, Paszkowska J, Wiater M, Hoc D, Garbacz G, Haznar-Garbacz D. Development of a Biphasic-Release Multiple-Unit Pellet System with Diclofenac Sodium Using Novel Calcium Phosphate-Based Starter Pellets. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060805. [PMID: 34071381 PMCID: PMC8228657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel calcium phosphate-based starter pellets were used to develop a biphasic-release multiple-unit pellet system (MUPS) with diclofenac sodium as a model drug in the form of hard gelatin capsules. For comparative purposes, corresponding formulations based on the inert cores made of microcrystalline cellulose, sucrose and isomalt were prepared. The developed system consisted of two types of drug-layered pellets attaining different release patterns: delayed-release (enteric-coated) and extended-release. Dissolution characteristics were examined using both compendial and biorelevant methods, which reflected fed and fasting conditions. The results were collated with an equivalent commercial product but prepared with the direct pelletization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zakowiecki
- Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG, Rheinstrasse 27, 55257 Budenheim, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maja Frankiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (M.F.); (K.C.)
| | - Tobias Hess
- Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG, Rheinstrasse 27, 55257 Budenheim, Germany;
| | - Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (M.F.); (K.C.)
| | - Maciej Gajda
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.); (D.H.-G.)
- Adamed Pharma S.A., Pienkow, ul. Mariana Adamkiewicza 6A, 05-152 Czosnow, Poland; (J.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Justyna Dabrowska
- Adamed Pharma S.A., Pienkow, ul. Mariana Adamkiewicza 6A, 05-152 Czosnow, Poland; (J.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Bartlomiej Kubiak
- Adamed Pharma S.A., Pienkow, ul. Mariana Adamkiewicza 6A, 05-152 Czosnow, Poland; (J.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Jadwiga Paszkowska
- Physiolution Polska sp. z o.o., Skarbowcow 81/7, 53-025 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (D.H.); (G.G.)
| | - Marcela Wiater
- Physiolution Polska sp. z o.o., Skarbowcow 81/7, 53-025 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (D.H.); (G.G.)
| | - Dagmara Hoc
- Physiolution Polska sp. z o.o., Skarbowcow 81/7, 53-025 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (D.H.); (G.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Garbacz
- Physiolution Polska sp. z o.o., Skarbowcow 81/7, 53-025 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (D.H.); (G.G.)
- Physiolution GmbH, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse 49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dorota Haznar-Garbacz
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.); (D.H.-G.)
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Pi C, Feng T, Liang J, Liu H, Huang D, Zhan C, Yuan J, Lee RJ, Zhao L, Wei Y. Polymer blends used to develop felodipine-loaded hollow microspheres for improved oral bioavailability. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:1038-1047. [PMID: 29432834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Felodipine (FD) has been widely used in anti-hypertensive treatment. However, it has extremely low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. To address these problems, FD hollow microspheres as multiple-unit dosage forms were synthesized by a solvent diffusion evaporation method. Particle size of the hollow microspheres, types of ethylcellulose (EC), amounts of EC, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and FD were investigated based on an orthogonal experiment of three factors and three levels. In addition, the release kinetics in vitro and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs of the optimized FD hollow microspheres was investigated and compared with Plendil (commercial FD sustained-release tablets) as a single-unit dosage form. Results showed that the optimal formulation was composed of EC10 cp:PVP:FD (0.9:0.16:0.36, w/w). The FD hollow microspheres were globular with a hollow structure and have high drug loading (17.69±0.44%) and floating rate (93.82±4.05%) in simulated human gastric fluid after 24h. Pharmacokinetic data showed that FD hollow microspheres exhibited sustained-release behavior and significantly improved relative bioavailability of FD compared with the control. Pharmacodynamic study showed that the FD hollow microspheres could effectively lower blood pressure. Therefore, these findings demonstrated that the hollow microspheres were an effective sustained-release delivery system for FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Pi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 3-5, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 3-5, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, No. 97, The People of South Rd, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 3-5, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No.25, Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Chenglin Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 3-5, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Jiyuan Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 3-5, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Robert J Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 3-5, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China.
| | - Yumeng Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 3-5, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China.
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Lopez FL, Bowles A, Gul MO, Clapham D, Ernest TB, Tuleu C. Effect of formulation variables on oral grittiness and preferences of multiparticulate formulations in adult volunteers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 92:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wang Y, Dai J, Chang X, Yang M, Shen R, Shan L, Qian Y, Gao C. Model drug as pore former for controlled release of water-soluble metoprolol succinate from ethylcellulose-coated pellets without lag phase: opportunities and challenges. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:35-44. [PMID: 25163432 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using model drug metoprolol succinate (MS) as a pore former to modify the initial lag phase (i.e., a slow or non-release phase in the first 1-2 h) associated with the drug release from coated pellets. MS-layered cores with high drug-layering efficiency (97% w/w) were first prepared by spraying a highly concentrated drug aqueous solution (60% w/w, 70°C) on non-pareils without using other binders. The presence of MS in ethylcellulose (EC) coating solution significantly improved the coating process by reducing pellets sticking, which often occurs during organic coating. There may be a maximum physical compatibility of MS with EC, and the physical state of the drug in the functional coating layer of EC/MS (80:20) was simultaneously crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous or solid molecule solution). The lag phase associated with hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) as a pore former was not observed when MS was used as a pore former. The drug release from EC/MS-coated pellets was pH independent, inversely proportional to the coating levels, and directly related to the pore former levels. The functional coating layer with MS as a pore former was not completely stabilized without curing. Curing at 60°C for 1 day could substantially improve the stability of EC/MS-coated pellets. The physical state of the drug in the free film of EC/MS (85:15) changed partially from amorphous to crystal when cured at 60°C for 1 day, which should be attributed to the incompatibility of the drug with EC.
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Wang Y, Yang J, Qian Y, Yang M, Qiu Y, Huang W, Shan L, Gao C. Novel ethylcellulose-coated pellets for controlled release of metoprolol succinate without lag phase: characterization, optimization andin vivoevaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1120-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.931969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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