Transdermal nicotine mixed natural rubber-hydroxypropylmethylcellulose film forming systems for smoking cessation:in vitroevaluations

Applying design of experiments (DoE) on the properties of buccal film for nicotine delivery

Design of experiments is used to optimize ratios between deproteinized natural rubber latex, Eudragit® NM 30 D, and pectin for nicotine buccal film with dependent variables as moisture content, moisture uptake, and swelling index in simulated saliva 3 and 5 h. Mathematical models were linear for moisture content and moisture uptake, while swelling index in simulated saliva 3 and 5 h was a quadratic model. Optimized polymer ratio was 0.319:0.362:0.319, respectively. Experimental values were 13.17 ± 0.92%, 3.96 ± 0.84%, 112.58 ± 22.63%, and 124.69 ± 8.01% for dependent variables, respectively. The buccal film showed high swelling at pH 7 and swelling–deswelling behaviors in a water/ethanol environment. The surface pH, weight, and thickness were 8.11, 63.28 ± 6.18 mg, and 219.87 ± 44.28 µm, respectively. Nicotine content was found as 10.22 ± 0.46 mg/4 cm2. Maximum cumulative nicotine release was 9.82 ± 0.94 mg/4 cm2. Kinetic model fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model and release exponent was 0.36, representing that release mechanism was controlled by Fickian diffusion release.

Biomedical applications of natural rubber latex from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis

The past decades have witnessed tremendous progress in biomaterials in terms of functionalities and applications. To realize various functions such as tissue engineering, tissue repair, and controlled release of therapeutics, a biocompatible and biologically active material is often needed. However, it is a difficult task to find either synthetic or natural materials suitable for in vivo applications. Nature has provided us with the natural rubber latex from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, a natural polymer that is biocompatible and has been proved as inducing tissue repair by enhancing the vasculogenesis process, guiding and recruiting cells responsible for osteogenesis, and acting as a solid matrix for controlled drug release. It would be extremely useful if medical devices can be fabricated with materials that have these biological properties. Recently, various types of natural rubber latex-based biomedical devices have been developed to enhance tissue repair by taking advantage of its biological properties. Most of them were used to enhance tissue repair in chronic wounds and critical bone defects. Others were used to design drug release systems to locally release therapeutics in a sustained and controlled manner. Here, we summarize recent progress made in these areas. Specifically, we compare various applications and their performance metrics. We also discuss critical problems with the use of natural rubber latex in biomedical applications and highlight future opportunities for biomedical devices produced either with pre-treated natural rubber latex or with proteins purified from the natural rubber latex.

Release Kinetics of Nicotine Loaded onto Mesoporous Silicate Materials for Use in Nicotine Replacement Therapy

OBJECTIVE

In this work, the loading of nicotine onto mesoporous silicate materials and its release into a phosphate buffer solution at 37°C were investigated.

METHODS

The mesoporous silicate materials designated as MCM-41 were prepared with different pore sizes via using alkyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants with different alkyl chain lengths of carbon atoms 12, 14, and 16. The mesoporous silicate systems were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), N2-adsorption-desorption isotherms, and FT-IR spectroscopy.

RESULTS

Loading of nicotine was confirmed by FTIR and thermal gravimetric analysis and was determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

CONCLUSION

A slight increase in loading capacity with increasing pore size was observed, with a loading capacity of about 17% for MCM-41(16). The release of nicotine was monitored by HPLC and was almost complete for MCM-41(14) and MCM-41(16) in 8 h.

Comparison of Pectin Layers for Nicotine Transdermal Patch Preparation

Purpose: The objective of the present investigation was to prepare and evaluate transdermal patches for nicotine.

Methods: Pectin isolated from the hulls of Monthong durian or leaves of Krueo Ma Noy was used as a matrix membrane for the controlled release of nicotine and compared with commercial pectin. The mechanical properties, moisture uptake, and Fourier transform infrared spectra were characterized. The in vitro stability of these patches was evaluated and compared to commercial nicotine patches.

Results: The mechanical properties of the patches made from isolated pectin were greater than those prepared from commercial pectin; brittle commercial patches were obtained after nicotine loading. The moisture uptake of the patches made with isolated pectin was in the range of 30.20-44.29%. There was no incompatibility between the ingredients of the nicotine transdermal patches or any degradation of the drug. The matrix layer made from isolated pectin controlled the nicotine release more effectively than did commercial nicotine patches. In addition, these patches were stable at in a refrigerator (approximately 4±2 °C) and at ambient temperature (approximately 30±2 °C) for 3 months, retaining 90% of the loaded nicotine.

Conclusion: Our study suggests that using isolated pectin as the matrix layer should control the release of nicotine from transdermal patches.