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Almayda N, Masruri M, Safitri A. Effectiveness of Using Gum Arabic for Co-Microencapsulation of Ruellia tuberosa L. and Tithonia diversifolia Extracts as Encapsulating Agent and Release Studies. SCIENTIFICA 2024; 2024:9097238. [PMID: 38827017 PMCID: PMC11142852 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9097238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
This study used a combination of leaves extracts from Ruellia tuberosa L. and Tithonia diversifolia plants encapsulated using gum Arabic. The selection of leaves in medicinal plants because they are rich in bioactive compounds that provide health benefits. The encapsulation technique was microencapsulation through freeze-drying, since the nanoencapsulation for the plant extracts is unlikely to be conducted due to their large particle sizes. The resulting microcapsules were then tested their biological activities in vitro. Several conditions affect microcapsules' production, including pH, gum Arabic concentration, and stirring time were assessed. The optimum conditions were chosen based on the highest encapsulation efficiency. The results showed that the optimum microcapsules preparation was achived at pH 5, gum Arabic concentration of 4% (w/v), and stirring time of 60 min with an encapsulation efficiency of 84.29%. The in vitro assays include inhibition of alpha-amylase and antioxidant activities, resulted in the respective IC50 values of 54.74 μg/mL and 152.74 μg/mL. Releases of bioactive compounds from the microcapsules were investigated under pH 2.2 and pH 7.4 from 30 to 120 min. Results indicated a release of 43.10% at pH 2.2 and 42.26% at pH 7.4 during 120 min, demonstrating the controlled release behavior of the encapsulated bioactive compounds; nonetheless, their release behavior was not pH-dependent. This study confirms that microencapsulation has an important role in the development of plant extracts with maintained biological functions as well as maintaining their stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Almayda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Masruri Masruri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Anna Safitri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia
- Research Center for Smart Molecules of Natural Genetic Resources (SMONAGENES), Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia
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2
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Chen Y, Ye Y, Zhu Z, Xu B, Meng L, Yang T, Zhang L, Qian J, Liu F. Preparation and characterization of peach gum/chitosan polyelectrolyte composite films with dual cross-linking networks for antibacterial packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129754. [PMID: 38278387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Peach gum (PG) is a valuable polymeric feedstock for developing eco-friendly, bio-safe, and functional materials. However, PG has limited use in food packaging due to its inferior mechanical and antibacterial properties. To overcome these limitations, we created a dual cross-linked network by introducing chitosan (CS) and glycerol to the PG matrix. Our research discovered that incorporating CS into the PG matrix significantly improved its Young's modulus, from 277.62 to 925.89 MPa, and its tensile strength from 5.96 to 39.94 MPa. Furthermore, the inclusion of glycerol greatly increased the elongation. These enhancements were attributed to the ionic and hydrogen-bonding interactions between the two biopolymers. Additionally, the composite films exhibited strong antibacterial effects, reducing the total number of colonies by 99.2 % and 99.9 % against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. The incorporation of CS resulted in more amorphous films, enhancing their stiffness, flexibility, and barrier properties. To assess the practical application of PG/CS composite films, we conducted a comparative analysis between non-packaged strawberries and strawberries packaged with these films. The results demonstrated that the composite polyelectrolyte film extended the shelf life of strawberries better than the non-packaged fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Yunyue Ye
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Linghan Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Jianya Qian
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China.
| | - Fengsong Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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3
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Ruggeri M, Lenzuni M, Suarato G, Vigani B, Boselli C, Icaro Cornaglia A, Colombo D, Grisoli P, Ricci C, Del Favero E, Rossi S, Athanassiou A, Sandri G. Polysaccharide-protein microparticles based-scaffolds to recover soft tissue loss in mild periodontitis. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:123015. [PMID: 37156308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal regeneration is extremely limited and unpredictable due to structural complications, as it requires the simultaneous restoration of different tissues, including cementum, gingiva, bone, and periodontal ligament. In this work, spray-dried microparticles based on green materials (polysaccharides - gums - and a protein - silk fibroin) are proposed to be implanted in the periodontal pocket as 3D scaffolds during non-surgical treatments, to prevent the progression of periodontal disease and to promote the healing in mild periodontitis. Arabic or xanthan gum have been associated to silk fibroin, extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons, and loaded with lysozyme due to its antibacterial properties. The microparticles were prepared by spray-drying and cross-linked by water vapor annealing, inducing the amorphous to semi-crystalline transition of the protein component. The microparticles were characterized in terms of their chemico-physical features (SEM, size distribution, structural characterization - FTIR and SAXS, hydration and degradation properties) and preclinical properties (lysozyme release, antibacterial properties, mucoadhesion, in vitro cells adhesion and proliferation and in vivo safety on a murine incisional wound model). The encouraging preclinical results highlighted that these three-dimensional (3D) microparticles could provide a biocompatible platform able to prevent periodontitis progression and to promote the healing of soft tissues in mild periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Lenzuni
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonia Icaro Cornaglia
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Grisoli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Ricci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, LITA Viale Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, LITA Viale Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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4
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Bogdan C, Hales D, Cornilă A, Casian T, Iovanov R, Tomuță I, Iurian S. Texture analysis – a versatile tool for pharmaceutical evaluation of solid oral dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2023; 638:122916. [PMID: 37019322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, texture analysis (TA) has gained importance as a valuable method for the characterization of solid oral dosage forms. As a result, an increasing number of scientific publications describe the textural methods that evaluate the extremely diverse category of solid pharmaceutical products. Within the current work, the use of texture analysis in the characterization of solid oral dosage forms is summarised with a focus on the evaluation of intermediate and finished oral pharmaceutical products. Several texture methods are reviewed regarding the applications in mechanical characterization, and mucoadhesion testing, but also in estimating the disintegration time and in vivo specific features of oral dosage forms. As there are no pharmacopoeial standards for pharmaceutical products tested through texture analysis, and there are important differences between reported results due to different experimental conditions, the choice of testing protocol and parameters is challenging. Thereby, this work aims to guide the research scientists and quality assurance professionals involved in different stages of drug development into the selection of optimal texture methodologies depending on the product characteristics and quality control needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălina Bogdan
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creangă Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Hales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 V. Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Andreea Cornilă
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 V. Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tibor Casian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 V. Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rareș Iovanov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 V. Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Tomuță
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 V. Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sonia Iurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 V. Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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5
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Schröder P, Cord-Landwehr S, Schönhoff M, Cramer C. Composition and Charge Compensation in Chitosan/Gum Arabic Complex Coacervates in Dependence on pH and Salt Concentration. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1194-1208. [PMID: 36779888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, complex coacervates of the biopolyelectrolytes chitosan and gum arabic were investigated with respect to their composition and charge compensation depending on the pH and salt concentration. Individual polyelectrolyte yields were deduced from thermogravimetric analysis and chitosan quantification via enzymatic hydrolysis/HPLC-ELSD. The polyelectrolyte mass ratio in the complex coacervate is found to remain approximately constant irrespective of the pH, despite the latter's effect on the polyelectrolyte charge ratio. Two regimes are identified, including either chitosan charges in excess (at pH < 6.0) or gum arabic charges in excess (at pH > 6.0). The amount of extrinsic charge compensation in the complex coacervates is discussed in detail. We show for the first time that the doping level, a quantity traditionally used to describe salt-induced changes of the charge compensation in polyelectrolyte complexes, is also suitable for the description of pH-induced extrinsic charge compensation in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schröder
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Cramer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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6
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Zong X, Li H, Tang Q, Wang X, Li Y, Li L. Preparation and characterization of glucoamylase microcapsules prepared by W/O/W type complex coacervation freeze drying. J Food Sci 2023; 88:795-809. [PMID: 36579464 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucoamylase was often used in the brewing industry but was unstable to several environmental factors and reacted quickly to produce fermentable sugar, which limited its applications. Microencapsulation could effectively overcome the drawbacks. This study evaluated the feasibility of the preparation of glucoamylase microcapsules (GM) using W/O/W complex coacervation-freeze-drying method. The parameters of the microcapsules were optimized by the response surface optimization design: core-wall ratio at 1:1, wall-material concentration at 8%, and coagulation time for 20 min. Under current condition, the final microencapsulation efficiency reached 85.64 ± 1.60%. Glucoamylase could be slowly released for more than 96 h in the liquid state, and could react slowly for more than 336 h in the solid state. The optimized GM were incubated for 1 h, and the relative enzyme activity was better than that of free glucoamylase under high temperature conditions. The water capacity, solubility, morphology, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were conducted. Glucoamylase exhibited good sustained release characteristics. The microcapsules were more resistant to environmental stimuli and showed stronger robustness after optimization. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Saccharification enzymes are often used in the winemaking industry, and direct addition will cause the fermentation process to heat up too quickly, resulting in the inactivation of microorganisms and saccharification enzymes, affecting the efficiency of saccharification enzymes. Therefore, microcapsules are used to encapsulate the saccharification enzyme, and its efficacy is slowly released for a long time during the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Zong
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, People's Republic of China.,Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, People's Republic of China.,Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Tang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, People's Republic of China.,Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyi Li
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, People's Republic of China
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7
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Thiolated pectin-chitosan composites: Potential mucoadhesive drug delivery system with selective cytotoxicity towards colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:1-12. [PMID: 36481327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (DDS) may promote safer chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) by maximizing local drug distribution and residence time. Carbohydrate polymers, e.g. pectin (P) and chitosan (CS), are potential biomaterials for CRC-targeted DDS due to their gelling ability, mucoadhesive property, colonic digestibility, and anticancer activity. Polymer mucoadhesion is augmentable by thiolation, e.g. pectin to thiolated pectin (TP). Meanwhile, P-CS polyelectrolyte complex has been shown to improve structural stability. Herein, we fabricated, characterized, and evaluated 5-fluorouracil-loaded primary DDS combining TP and CS as a composite (TPCF) through triple crosslinking actions (calcium pectinate, polyelectrolyte complex, disulfide). Combination of these crosslinking yields superior mucoadhesion property relative to single- or dual-crosslinked counterparts, with comparable drug release profile and drug compatibility. PCF and TPCF exhibited targeted cytotoxicity towards HT29 CRC cells with milder cytotoxicity towards HEK293 normal cells. In conclusion, TP-CS composites are promising next-generation mucoadhesive and selectively cytotoxic biomaterials for CRC-targeted DDS.
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8
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Tang Y, Gao C, Tang X. In situ rapid conjugation of chitosan-gum Arabic coacervated complex with cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon essential oil to stabilize high internal phase Pickering emulsion. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Optimization of Antibacterial, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Novel Chitosan/Olibanum Gum Film for Food Packaging Application. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193960. [PMID: 36235904 PMCID: PMC9573402 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-based films are promising active biodegradable materials with the ability to be enhanced by different materials, including gums. This study aims to optimize the physical (transmittance, water vapor permeability and water solubility), mechanical (tensile strength and elongation at break) and antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhimurium) properties of newly fabricated chitosan/olibanum gum (CH/OG) films as a function of different levels of CH (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5% w/v) and OG (0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5 and 0.625% w/v), using response surface methodology (RSM). Moreover, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to better characterize the fabricated films. RSM analysis results showed the significant fitting of all dependent variable responses to the quadratic polynomial model. To attain the desirable physical, mechanical and antibacterial responses, the optimal concentrations were 1.31% (w/v) CH and 0.3% (w/v) OG. The encouraging antibacterial, physical and mechanical properties of the developed composites support the application of chitosan/gum blends in active food packaging, particularly for perishable foodstuffs, such as meat and horticultural products.
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Potaś J, Wilczewska AZ, Misiak P, Basa A, Winnicka K. Optimization of Multilayer Films Composed of Chitosan and Low-Methoxy Amidated Pectin as Multifunctional Biomaterials for Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158092. [PMID: 35897661 PMCID: PMC9331940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) based on polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) structures are recognized as interesting materials for manufacturing functionalized coatings or drug delivery platforms. Difficulties in homogeneous PEC system development generated the idea of chitosan (CS)/low-methoxy amidated pectin (LM PC) multilayer film optimization with regard to the selected variables: the polymer ratio, PC type, and order of polymer mixing. Films were formulated by solvent casting method and then tested to characterize CS/LM PC PECs, using thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), turbidity, and zeta potential measurements. The internal structure of the films was visualized by using scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of the mechanical and swelling properties enabled us to select the most promising formulations with high uniformity and mechanical strength. Films with confirmed multilayer architecture were indicated as a promising material for the multifunctional systems development for buccal drug delivery. They were also characterized by improved thermal stability as compared to the single polymers and their physical mixtures, most probably as a result of the CS–LM PC interactions. This also might indicate the potential protective effect on the active substances being incorporated in the PEC-based films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Potaś
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Zofia Wilczewska
- Department of Polymers and Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (A.Z.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Paweł Misiak
- Department of Polymers and Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (A.Z.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Anna Basa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Winnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Białystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-748-56-15
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11
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Influence of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Gum Arabic and Tragacanth. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051510. [PMID: 35268614 PMCID: PMC8911758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Storage conditions should be chosen so that they do not affect the action and stability of the active pharmaceutical substance (API), and excipients used in pharmacy. UV irradiation, increased temperature, and relative humidity can decompose storage substances by photolysis, thermolysis, and hydrolysis process, respectively. The effect of physical factors may be the decomposition of pharmaceutical substances or their inappropriate action, including pharmacological effects. Polymers of natural origin are increasingly used in the pharmaceutical industry. With this in mind, we evaluated the effect of storage conditions on the stability of gum arabic (GA) and tragacanth (GT). The influence of higher temperature, UV irradiation, and relative humidity on GA and GT was tested. Thermogravimetry (TG, c-DTA), colorimetric analysis, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and optical microscopy were used as research methods. The TGA and c-DTA examination indicated that decomposition of GA starts at a higher temperature compared to GT. This indicate that gum arabic is more resistant to higher temperatures compared to tragacanth. However, the conducted analysis showed that gum arabic is more sensitive to the tested storage conditions. Among the tested physical conditions, both polymers were most sensitive to conditions of increased relative humidity in the environment.
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12
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Demir D, Uğurlu MA, Ceylan S, Sakım B, Genç R, Bölgen N. Assessment of Chitosan‐Gum Tragacanth Cryogels For Tissue Engineering Applications. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Demir
- Mersin University, Engineering Faculty, Chemical Engineering Department Mersin Turkey
| | - Müge Aşık Uğurlu
- Mersin University, Engineering Faculty, Chemical Engineering Department Mersin Turkey
| | - Seda Ceylan
- Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Engineering Faculty, Bioengineering Department Adana Turkey
| | - Burcu Sakım
- Mersin University, Engineering Faculty, Chemical Engineering Department Mersin Turkey
| | - Rükan Genç
- Mersin University, Engineering Faculty, Chemical Engineering Department Mersin Turkey
| | - Nimet Bölgen
- Mersin University, Engineering Faculty, Chemical Engineering Department Mersin Turkey
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13
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A Review of Gum Hydrocolloid Polyelectrolyte Complexes (PEC) for Biomedical Applications: Their Properties and Drug Delivery Studies. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of natural gum polysaccharides as the vehicle for drug delivery systems and other biomedical applications has increased in recent decades. Their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and price are much cheaper than other materials. It is also renewable and available in massive amounts, which are the main reasons for its use in pharmaceutical applications. Gum can be easily functionalized with other natural polymers to enhance their applications. Various aspects of the utilization of natural gums in the forms of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) for drug delivery systems are discussed in this review. The application of different mathematical models were used to represent the drug release mechanisms from PECs; these models include a zero-order equation, first-order equation, Higuchi, simplified Higuchi, Korsmeyer–Peppas, and Peppas–Sahlin.
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14
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Multilayer Films Based on Chitosan/Pectin Polyelectrolyte Complexes as Novel Platforms for Buccal Administration of Clotrimazole. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101588. [PMID: 34683881 PMCID: PMC8538955 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Buccal films are recognized as easily applicable, microbiologically stable drug dosage forms with good retentivity at the mucosa intended for the therapy of oromucosal conditions, especially infectious diseases. Multilayer films composed of layers of oppositely charged polymers separated by ionically interacting polymeric chains creating polyelectrolyte complexes represent very interesting and relatively poorly explored area. We aimed to develop the antifungal multilayer systems composed of cationic chitosan and anionic pectin as potential platforms for controlled delivery of clotrimazole. The systems were pharmaceutically characterized with regard to inter alia their release kinetics under different pH conditions, physicomechanical, or mucoadhesion properties with using an animal model of the buccal mucosa. The antifungal activity against selected Candida sp. and potential cytotoxicity with regard to human gingival fibroblasts were also evaluated. Interactions between polyions were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Different clotrimazole distribution in the films layers highly affected their in vitro dissolution profile. The designed films were recognized as intelligent pH-responsive systems with strong antifungal effect and satisfactory safety profile. As addition of chitosan resulted in the improved antifungal behavior of the drug, the potential utilization of the films in resistant cases of oral candidiasis might be worth of further exploration.
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Khezerlou A, Zolfaghari H, Banihashemi SA, Forghani S, Ehsani A. Plant gums as the functional compounds for edible films and coatings in the food industry: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Khezerlou
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Hajar Zolfaghari
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Banihashemi
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Samira Forghani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Ali Ehsani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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Eco-Friendly and Economic, Adsorptive Removal of Cationic and Anionic Dyes by Bio-Based Karaya Gum-Chitosan Sponge. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020251. [PMID: 33451026 PMCID: PMC7828559 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, lightweight (8 mg/cm3), conjugate sponge of karaya gum (Kg) and chitosan (Ch) has been synthesized with very high porosity (~98%) and chemical stability, as a pH-responsive adsorbent material for the removal of anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. Experimental results showed that Kg-Ch conjugate sponge has good adsorption capacity for anionic dye methyl orange (MO: 32.81 mg/g) and cationic dye methylene blue (MB: 32.62 mg/g). The optimized Kg:Ch composition grants access to the free and pH-dependent ionizable functional groups on the surface of the sponge for the adsorption of dyes. The studies on the adsorption process as a function of pH, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time indicated that the adsorption capacity of MB was decreased with increasing pH from 5 to 10 and external mass transfer together with intra-particle diffusion. The adsorption isotherm of the anionic dye MO was found to correlate with the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.99) while the adsorption of the cationic MB onto the sponge was better described by the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.99). Kinetic regression results specified that the adsorption kinetics were well represented by the pseudo-second-order model. The H-bonding, as well as electrostatic interaction between the polymers and the adsorption interactions of dyes onto Kg-Ch sponge from aqueous solutions, were investigated using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and the highly wrinkled porous morphology was visualized in depth by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis. Moreover, the samples could be reused without loss of contaminant removal capacity over six successive adsorption-desorption cycles. The hierarchical three-dimensional sponge-like structure of Kg has not been reported yet and this novel Kg-Ch sponge functions as a promising candidate for the uninterrupted application of organic pollutant removal from water.
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Potaś J, Szymańska E, Basa A, Hafner A, Winnicka K. Tragacanth Gum/Chitosan Polyelectrolyte Complexes-Based Hydrogels Enriched with Xanthan Gum as Promising Materials for Buccal Application. MATERIALS 2020; 14:ma14010086. [PMID: 33375434 PMCID: PMC7795759 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes based on the electrostatic interactions between the polymers mixed are of increasing importance, therefore, the aim of this study was to develop hydrogels composed of anionic tragacanth gum and cationic chitosan with or without the addition of anionic xanthan gum as carriers for buccal drug delivery. Besides the routine quality tests evaluating the hydrogel’s applicability on the buccal mucosa, different methods directed toward the assessment of the interpolymer complexation process (e.g., turbidity or zeta potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) were employed. The addition of xanthan gum resulted in stronger complexation of chitosan that affected the hydrogel’s characteristics. The formation of a more viscous PEC hydrogel with improved mucoadhesiveness and mechanical strength points out the potential of such polymer combination in the development of buccal drug dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Potaś
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (J.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Emilia Szymańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (J.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Anna Basa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Anita Hafner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb, Domagojeva 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Katarzyna Winnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (J.P.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-748-56-15
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18
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Malviya R. Green approach for fabrication of chitosan‐neem gum polyelectrolyte stabilized penta and hexagonal nanoparticles and in‐vitro cytotoxic potential toward breast cancer (
MCF
‐7) cells. PRECISION MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prm2.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rishabha Malviya
- Polymer Science Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy School of Medical & Allied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh India
- Department of Pharmacy Uttarakhand Technical University Dehradun Uttarakhand India
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Potaś J, Szymańska E, Winnicka K. Challenges in developing of chitosan – Based polyelectrolyte complexes as a platform for mucosal and skin drug delivery. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Characterization of chitosan based polyelectrolyte films incorporated with OSA-modified gum arabic-stabilized cinnamon essential oil emulsions. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:362-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Environmental stability and curcumin release properties of Pickering emulsion stabilized by chitosan/gum arabic nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:202-211. [PMID: 32344077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of food grade natural biodegradable particles as Pickering emulsion stabilizer has attracted wide attentions. In this study, chitosan/gum Arabia (CS/GA) nanoparticles were prepared and their potential use in stabilizing Pickering emulsion and delivering curcumin were evaluated. It was found that CS and GA combined mainly through electrostatic interactions, and the obtained nanoparticles were about 100 nm of size and displayed higher surface activity than chitosan nanoparticles. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the nanoparticles accumulated at the oil-water interface. The environmental stability of Pickering emulsion got improved with the increase of nanoparticle concentration, and was sensitive to the changes of pH and ionic strength, while the emulsion remained stable under all test temperatures. The Pickering emulsion stabilized by 0.75% CS/GA nanoparticles displayed higher curcumin embedding rate of 94%, and also showed improved protection on curcumin during storage and controlled release during in vitro digestion. These results confirmed that the CS/GA nanoparticle stabilized-Pickering emulsion could be used as an effective deliver system for bioactive substances.
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Cinnamon and clove essential oils to improve physical, thermal and antimicrobial properties of chitosan-gum arabic polyelectrolyte complexed films. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 217:116-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Structure, physical and antioxidant properties of chitosan-gum arabic edible films incorporated with cinnamon essential oil. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:230-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Gopi S, Amalraj A, Kalarikkal N, Zhang J, Thomas S, Guo Q. Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite films based on gum arabic, maltodextrin and polyethylene glycol reinforced with turmeric nanofiber isolated from turmeric spent. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 97:723-729. [PMID: 30678961 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Turmeric nanofibers (TNF) were used as reinforcement in the gum arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MDX) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrices to enhance the physicochemical properties. The TNF were prepared from turmeric spent by acid hydrolysis accompanied by high pressure homogenization. The thermal and mechanical properties, structure morphology and antimicrobial activities of the prepared nanocomposites were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data indicate that the addition of TNF significantly increased the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp) and conclusion temperature (Tc) of the melting peaks of nanocomposites, but considerably decreased the enthalpy change values. The tensile properties showed that the addition of TNF enhanced mechanical properties due to the formation of networks within the GA, MDX and PEG. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the films of GA-TNF and MDX-TNF show smooth, homogenous surface due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and the film of PEG-TNF shows good dispersion of TNF with PEG matrix with rough surface because of strong interfacial adhesion between TNF and PEG and strong hydrogen bonding, which are further confirmed by the FT-IR spectroscopy. XRD results exhibited the disappearances of peaks of TNF indicating the reinforcement of TNF in the prepared nanocomposite matrices. The antibacterial tests show the prepared nanocomposites exhibited excellent antibacterial performance against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeraj Gopi
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd, Kolenchery, Cochin 682 311, Kerala, India; International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P.O, Kottayam 686 560, Kerala, India; Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | - Augustine Amalraj
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd, Kolenchery, Cochin 682 311, Kerala, India
| | - Nandakumar Kalarikkal
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P.O, Kottayam 686 560, Kerala, India
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P.O, Kottayam 686 560, Kerala, India
| | - Qipeng Guo
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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Kanikireddy V, Kanny K, Padma Y, Velchuri R, Ravi G, Jagan Mohan Reddy B, Vithal M. Development of alginate-gum acacia-Ag0nanocomposites via green process for inactivation of foodborne bacteria and impact on shelf life of black grapes (Vitis vinifera). J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vimala Kanikireddy
- Department of Chemistry; Osmania University; Hyderabad 500 007 Telangana India
| | - Krishnan Kanny
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Durban University of Technology; Durban South Africa
| | - Y. Padma
- Department of Botony; Sri Krishnadevaraya University; Anantapur 515 001 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Radha Velchuri
- Department of Chemistry; Osmania University; Hyderabad 500 007 Telangana India
| | - G. Ravi
- Department of Chemistry; Osmania University; Hyderabad 500 007 Telangana India
| | - B. Jagan Mohan Reddy
- Department of Chemistry; Adikavi Nannaya University; Rajamahendravaram 533 296 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Muga Vithal
- Department of Chemistry; Osmania University; Hyderabad 500 007 Telangana India
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Formulation and in-vitro efficacy of antifungal mucoadhesive polymeric matrices for the delivery of miconazole nitrate. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Rani R, Dahiya S, Dhingra D, Dilbaghi N, Kim KH, Kumar S. Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of glycyrrhizin-loaded nanoparticles in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:220-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Tejada G, Barrera MG, Piccirilli GN, Sortino M, Frattini A, Salomón CJ, Lamas MC, Leonardi D. Development and Evaluation of Buccal Films Based on Chitosan for the Potential Treatment of Oral Candidiasis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:936-946. [PMID: 28108973 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, chitosan films were prepared by a casting/solvent evaporation methodology using pectin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose to form polymeric matrices. Miconazole nitrate, as a model drug, was loaded into such formulations. These polymeric films were characterized in terms of mechanical properties, adhesiveness, and swelling as well as drug release. Besides, the morphology of raw materials and films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy; interactions between polymers were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and drug crystallinity studied by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. In addition, antifungal activity against cultures of the five most important fungal opportunistic pathogens belonging to Candida genus was investigated. Chitosan:hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose films were found to be the most appropriate formulations in terms of folding endurance, mechanical properties, and adhesiveness. Also, an improvement in the dissolution rate of miconazole nitrate from the films up to 90% compared to the non-loaded drug was observed. The in vitro antifungal activity showed a significant activity of the model drug when it is loaded into chitosan films. These findings suggest that chitosan-based films are a promising approach to deliver miconazole nitrate for the treatment of candidiasis.
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Bajpai S, Jyotishi P, Bajpai M. Synthesis of nanosilver loaded chitosan/poly(acrylamide-co-itaconic acid) based inter-polyelectrolyte complex films for antimicrobial applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 154:223-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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