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Akhlaq M, Azad AK, Fuloria S, Meenakshi DU, Raza S, Safdar M, Nawaz A, Subramaniyan V, Sekar M, Sathasivam KV, Wu YS, Miret MM, Fuloria NK. Fabrication of Tizanidine Loaded Patches Using Flaxseed Oil and Coriander Oil as a Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4217. [PMID: 34883720 PMCID: PMC8659784 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is important to maintain plasma drug concentrations for therapeutic efficacy. The current study reports the design, formulation, and evaluation of tizanidine transdermal patches formulated using chitosan and thiolated chitosan, ethyl cellulose (EC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and Eudragit RL100 in different ratios. The tizanidine patches were formulated using flaxseed oil and coriander oil in the concentrations of 1% v/w, 2% v/w, 3% v/w, 4% v/w, 5% v/w, and 10% v/w. The patches were subjected to characterization of physicochemical property (thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, efficiency, percentage moisture uptake/loss), in vitro drug release and drug permeation, skin irritation, in vivo application, pharmacokinetics analysis, and stability studies. The results indicate that the interaction of thiolated chitosan with the negative charges of the skin opens the tight junctions of the skin, whereas flaxseed and coriander oils change the conformational domain of the skin. The novelty of this study is in the use of flaxseed and coriander oils as skin permeation enhancers for the formulation of tizanidine transdermal patches. The formulations follow non-Fickian drug release kinetics. The FTZNE23, FTZNE36 and FTZNE54, with 5% v/w flaxseed oil loaded formulations, exhibited higher flux through rabbit skin compared with FTZNE30, FTZNE35, FTZNE42, and FTZNE47, formulations loaded with 10% v/w coriander oil. The study concludes that flaxseed oil is a better choice for formulating tizanidine patches, offering optimal plasma concentration and therapeutic efficacy, and recommends the use of flaxseed and coriander oil based patches as a novel transdermal delivery system for tizanidine and related classes of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akhlaq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | | | - Sajid Raza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Asif Nawaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom Selangor, Shah Alam 42610, Malaysia;
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh 30450, Malaysia;
| | - Kathiresan V. Sathasivam
- Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Applied Science, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research & Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Mireia Mallandrich Miret
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Sciences Food, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
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Jabar A, Madni A, Bashir S, Tahir N, Usman F, Rahim MA, Jan N, Shah H, Khan A, Khan S. Statistically optimized pentazocine loaded microsphere for the sustained delivery application: Formulation and characterization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250876. [PMID: 33930049 PMCID: PMC8087016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentazocine (PTZ) is a narcotic analgesic used to manage moderate to severe, acute and chronic pains. In this study, PTZ loaded Ethyl cellulose microsphere has been formulated for sustained release and improved bioavailability of PTZ. These microspheres were fabricated by oil in water emulsion solvent evaporation technique. A three factorial, three levels Box-Behnken design was applied to investigate the influence of different formulation components and process variables on the formulation response using the numeric approach through the design expert® software. All the formulations were characterized for the morphology, different physicochemical properties and the results were supported with the ANOVA analysis, three dimensional contour graphs and regression equations. The maximum percentage yield was 98.67% with 98% entrapment of PTZ. The mean particle size of the formulations ranges from 50–148μm, which directly relates to the concentration of polymer and inversely proportional to the stirring speed. SEM revealed the spherical shape of PTZ microspheres with porous structures. These are physically, chemically and thermally stable as confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis respectively. The microspheres provided a sustained release of the PTZ for more than 12 hours, following zero order with fickian and non fickian diffusion. The results indicate that prepared microspheres can be a potential drug delivery system (DDS) for the delivery of PTZ in the management of pains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jabar
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Asadullah Madni
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Sajid Bashir
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Nayab Tahir
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Usman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, BZ University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdur Rahim
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Nasrullah Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Safiullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Chantasart D, Tocanitchart P, Wongrakpanich A, Teeranachaideekul V, Junyaprasert VB. Fabrication and evaluation of Eudragit ® polymeric films for transdermal delivery of piroxicam. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:771-779. [PMID: 28406344 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1319864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to develop and characterize the prolonged release piroxicam transdermal patch as a prototype to substitute oral formulations, to reduce side effects and improve patient compliance. The patches were composed of film formers (Eudragit®) as a matrix backbone, with PVC as a backing membrane and PEG200 used as a plasticizer. Results from X-ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy indicated that loading piroxicam into films changed the drug crystallinity from needle to an amorphous or dissolved form. Piroxicam films were prepared using Eudragit® RL100 and Eudragit® RS100 as film formers at various ratios from 1:0 to 1:3. Films prepared solely by Eudragit® RL100 showed the toughest and softest film, while other formulations containing Eudragit® RS100 were hard and brittle. Drug release kinetic data from the films fitted with the Higuchi model, and the piroxicam release mechanism was diffusion controlled. Among all formulation tested, Eudragit® RL100 films showed the highest drug release rate and the highest drug permeation flux across human epidermal membrane. Increasing drug loading led to an increase in drug release rate. Eudragit® can be used as a film former for the fabrication of piroxicam films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doungdaw Chantasart
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand.,b Center of Excellence in Innovative Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Preeda Tocanitchart
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Amaraporn Wongrakpanich
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand.,b Center of Excellence in Innovative Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Veerawat Teeranachaideekul
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand.,b Center of Excellence in Innovative Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Varaporn Buraphacheep Junyaprasert
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand.,b Center of Excellence in Innovative Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
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Aggarwal G, Dhawan S, Hari Kumar SL. Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of transdermal patches containing risperidone. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:39-50. [PMID: 22335586 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.657643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of oral risperidone treatment in prevention of schizophrenia is well known. However, oral side effects and patient compliance is always a problem for schizophrenics. In this study, risperidone was formulated into matrix transdermal patches to overcome these problems. The formulation factors for such patches, including eudragit RL 100 and eudragit RS 100 as matrix forming polymers, olive oil, groundnut oil and jojoba oil in different concentrations as enhancers and amount of drug loaded were investigated. The transdermal patches containing risperidone were prepared by solvent casting method and characterized for physicochemical and in vitro permeation studies through excised rat skin. Among the tested preparations, formulations with 20% risperidone, 3:2 ERL 100 and ERS 100 as polymers, mixture of olive oil and jojoba oil as enhancer, exhibited greatest cumulative amount of drug permeated (1.87 ± 0.09 mg/cm(2)) in 72 h, so batch ROJ was concluded as optimized formulation and assessed for pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and skin irritation potential. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the optimized risperidone patch were determined using rabbits, while orally administered risperidone in solution was used for comparison. The calculated relative bioavailability of risperidone transdermal patch was 115.20% with prolonged release of drug. Neuroleptic efficacy of transdermal formulation was assessed by rota-rod and grip test in comparison with control and marketed oral formulations with no skin irritation. This suggests the transdermal application of risperidone holds promise for improved bioavailability and better management of schizophrenia in long-term basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Aggarwal
- Rayat and Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, Sahauran, District Mohali, Punjab 140104, India.
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