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Bogunovic N, Farr M, Pirl L, Piper C, Rudolph V, Roder F. Multi-parametric speckle tracking analyses to characterize cardiac amyloidosis: a comparative study of systolic left ventricular longitudinal myocardial mechanics. Heart Vessels 2022; 37:1526-1540. [PMID: 35357543 PMCID: PMC9349311 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-022-02047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis (CAM), the most common cardiac storage disease is associated with significant changes in left-ventricular (LV) morphology and function. To gain particular insights into LV systolic longitudinal myocardial mechanics we investigated seven parameters derived by speckle-tracking-echocardiography (STE) in patients with confirmed CAM (n = 59). The results were compared with those of individuals with healthy heart (n = 150) and another primary myocardial disease with also thickened myocardium and severe diastolic and systolic LV-dysfunction (symptomatic LV-non-compaction-cardiomyopathy, LV-NC, n = 30). In addition to standard echocardiographical measures, the STE-derived data were evaluated and documented utilizing polar-diagrams to obtain overviews of longitudinal myocardial mechanics of the entire LV. Compared with healthy individuals, patients with CAM and LV-NC showed significantly reduced LV-ejection-fraction (EF), global longitudinal systolic peak-strain, strain-rate, and displacement. Pre-systolic stretch-index, post-systolic index, and the EF/global peak-longitudinal-strain-ratio (EF/S) were increased. In contrast to healthy-hearts and the LV-NC group only patients with CAM demonstrated significantly reduced time-to-peak systolic longitudinal strain and time-to-peak strain-rate. Although the level of the segmental values in longitudinal mechanics was significantly different between the groups, comparable intraventricular baso-apical parameter-gradients were found for systolic longitudinal peak-strain and strain-rate, pre-systolic-stretch-index, post-systolic-index, and peak systolic displacement. Compared to ATTR-amyloidosis (ATTR-CAM), patients with AL-amyloidosis (AL-CAM) demonstrated significantly lower end-diastolic and end-systolic LV-volumes, LV-mass-indices, relative apical strain, time-to-peak systolic longitudinal strain, and time-to-peak longitudinal strain-rate. CAM and LV-NC demonstrated altered myocardial mechanics with significantly different STE-derived echocardiographical parameters. ATTR-amyloidosis and AL-amyloidosis had at least significantly different time-to-peak strain, time-to-peak strain-rate and relative apical sparing values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Bogunovic
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, NRW, Germany.
| | - Martin Farr
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, NRW, Germany
| | - Lukas Pirl
- Institut Für Röntgendiagnostik und Nuklearmedizin, Klinikum Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Piper
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, NRW, Germany
| | - Volker Rudolph
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, NRW, Germany
| | - Fabian Roder
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, NRW, Germany
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Uddin MM, Mir T, Kaur J, Pervaiz E, Babu MA, Sheikh M. ST-elevation myocardial infarction among cardiac amyloidosis patients; a national readmission database study. Heart Fail Rev 2022; 27:1579-1586. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10210-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Capustin M, Frishman WH. Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis and Novel Therapies to Treat This Not-so-rare Cause of Cardiomyopathy. Cardiol Rev 2021; 29:263-273. [PMID: 34397539 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) is typically a late-onset disease caused by the deposit of transthyretin amyloid fibrils throughout the heart. When this occurs, various cardiac sequelae can develop, including hypotension, conduction abnormalities, and valvular lesions. The cardiomyopathy caused by ATTR-CA (ATTR-CM) has proven difficult to treat. Until recently, symptomatic management was the only therapeutic option, and many therapies used to treat congestive heart failure were ineffective or even detrimental to patients with ATTR-CM. In addition, treatment was limited to heart and liver transplantation. As a result, prognosis was poor. Recently, a few drug therapies have come to light as potential treatment modalities for ATTR-CM, most notably tafamidis, sold under the brand names Vyndaqel and Vyndamax. After the phase III Transthyretin Amyloidosis Cardiomyopathy trial displayed the drug's efficacy, it was given breakthrough therapy designation and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration on May 6, 2019, for the treatment of ATTR-CA. This novel therapy, as well as various other therapies in the pipeline, such as inotersen and patisiran, provide hope where, until recently, there was little. Unfortunately, the exorbitant cost of these new therapies may present a barrier to long-term treatment for some patients. However, by further improving diagnostic algorithms and incorporating these new treatments into our existing therapeutic modalities, patients with ATTR-CA should be able to live far longer than previously expected. Finally, further research combining these novel treatment modalities must be done, as they may prove to be additive or even synergistic in their treatment of ATTR amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Capustin
- From the Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine/Northwell Northshore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY
| | - William H Frishman
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, New York Medicine and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
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Smith A, Balmforth D, Treibel TA, Lall K, Oo A, Ambekar S. Cardiac amyloidosis in non-transplant cardiac surgery. J Card Surg 2021; 36:2901-2910. [PMID: 33993535 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare infiltrative cardiomyopathy that portends a poor prognosis. There is a growing recognition of co-existent aortic valve stenosis and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis, with some studies suggesting that dual pathology may be associated increased risk of complication and mortality during surgical intervention. This review aims to evaluate the available literature on non-transplant cardiac surgical interventions in patients with cardiac amyloidosis, with particular focus on diagnosis, high surgical risk and areas of uncertainty that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Smith
- The Department of Cardiac Surgery, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.,Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - D Balmforth
- The Department of Cardiac Surgery, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - T A Treibel
- The Department of Cardiac Surgery, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.,Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kulvinder Lall
- The Department of Cardiac Surgery, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Aung Oo
- The Department of Cardiac Surgery, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Shirish Ambekar
- The Department of Cardiac Surgery, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
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Mora V, Roldán I, Bertolín J, Faga V, Pérez-Gil MDM, Saad A, Serrats R, Callizo R, Arbucci R, Lowenstein J. Influence of Ventricular Wringing on the Preservation of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2021; 34:767-774. [PMID: 33744403 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of myocardial wringing on ventricular function in patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA). METHODS Fifteen healthy volunteers (group 1) and 34 patients with CA (17 with left ventricular ejection fractions [LVEFs] ≥ 53% [group 2] and 17 with LVEFs < 53% [group 3]) were evaluated using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. A control group of mass-matched patients (n = 20) with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and LVEFs ≥ 53% was also included. Longitudinal strain (LS), circumferential strain, and LV twist and torsion were calculated. Deformation index (DefI), a new parameter of wringing, calculated as twist/LS, that takes into account actions that occur simultaneously during LV systole (i.e., longitudinal shortening and twist), was evaluated. Torsional and wringing parameters were calculated according to LVEF. RESULTS Lower global values of LS and circumferential strain were observed among patients with CA (LS: group 1, -20.6 ± 2.5%; group 2, -11.6 ± 4.1%; group 3, -9.0 ± 3.1%; circumferential strain: group 1, -22.7 ± 4.9%; group 2, -14.4 ± 8.0%; group 3, -13.6 ± 3.8%; P < .001 for both). Torsion did not vary between group 2 and group 1 (2.5 ± 1.1°/cm vs 2.7 ± 0.8°/cm, P = NS). In contrast, DefI was greater in group 2 than in group 1 (-1.8 ± 0.8°/% vs -1.0 ± 0.3°/%, P < .01). Torsion and DefI were lower in group 3 (1.2 ± 0.7°/cm and -1.1 ± 0.6°/%, respectively, P < .001 for both) than in group 2. DefI was similar in patients with LV hypertrophy (-1.7 ± 0.6°/%, P = NS) and group 2. CONCLUSIONS In patients with CA, preservation of LVEF depends on greater ventricular wringing. DefI, a parameter that integrates the twist and the simultaneous longitudinal shortening of the left ventricle, is a more accurate indicator of the efficacy of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mora
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ildefonso Roldán
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Bertolín
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valentina Faga
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ariel Saad
- Cardiodiagnosis Department, Medical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Serrats
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Callizo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosina Arbucci
- Cardiodiagnosis Department, Medical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Lowenstein
- Cardiodiagnosis Department, Medical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ohara T, Murata H, Yodogawa K, Yasutake M. Long-term Electrocardiographic Follow-up in Patients with Light-chain Cardiac Amyloidosis. J NIPPON MED SCH 2021; 89:119-125. [PMID: 33692307 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2022_89-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid light-chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis is known to result in restrictive cardiomyopathy, which has a poor prognosis. Although electrocardiography (ECG) is useful for its diagnosis and management, there are few reports on the long-term follow-up of electrocardiographic changes. The patient in the present case was a 62-year-old woman who visited our hospital due to palpitation and lower leg edema. A chest radiograph showed cardiac enlargement, and ECG revealed sinus rhythm, first-degree atrioventricular block, low QRS voltage in the limb leads and a pseudomyocardial infarction pattern in the precordial leads. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular hypertrophy with systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated M-protein (IgGλ), and bone marrow biopsy implied IgGλ-type plasmacytoma. Myocardial biopsy findings were compatible with cardiac amyloidosis. Based on these findings, we diagnosed the patient with AL cardiac amyloidosis. Melphalan-prednisolone (MP) therapy was performed in conjunction with treatment for non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and congestive heart failure. Two years and four months later, the sinus rhythm converted to atrial tachycardia. At a follow-up examination at four years and eight months, right branch block appeared. Then degree of intraventricular conduction was worsened, and the low voltage of the limb leads was not observed. Seven years after the diagnosis, she was eventually hospitalized for the treatment of pneumonia and heart failure with tachycardia. On the seventh day of hospitalization, heart rhythm was changed to atrial stand-still with escaped ventricular rhythm and died of cardiac arrest. These ECG changes may provide valuable information regarding the pathophysiological changes that occur in AL cardiac amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ohara
- Department of General Medicine and Health Science, Nippon Medical School
| | | | - Kenji Yodogawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Masahiro Yasutake
- Department of General Medicine and Health Science, Nippon Medical School
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7
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Nappi C, Zampella E, Volpe F, De Risi M, Piscopo L, Ponsiglione A, Imbriaco M, Acampa W, Petretta M, Cuocolo A. Identification and typing of cardiac amyloidosis by noninvasive imaging: Two cases for two patterns. J Nucl Cardiol 2020; 27:915-920. [PMID: 31845305 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-019-01982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis is a restrictive infiltrative cardiomyopathy burdened by high mortality. The two more common forms are immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis and transthyretin-related amyloidosis with different prognoses and treatments. However, distinguishing between them is challenging. Appropriate utilization of the different available imaging techniques in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected cardiac amyloidosis is mandatory. We report two cases with cardiac amyloidosis of different etiology and with distinct imaging patterns. In the first case, the negative 99mTc-diphosphonate imaging was useful to support the diagnosis of cardiac amyloid light-chain; the second case emphasized the utility of whole-body scintigraphy in recognizing transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis and the potential role of cadmium-zinc-telluride SPECT imaging for the evaluation of segmental distribution of cardiac disease. Both cases support the growing interest in looking for noninvasive methods to type cardiac amyloidosis in the place of invasive myocardial biopsy highlighting both possibilities and limitations of available imaging techniques in diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Nappi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Zampella
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Volpe
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina De Risi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Leandra Piscopo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ponsiglione
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Imbriaco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Wanda Acampa
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Petretta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Cuocolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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8
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Diagnostic Performance of Abnormal Nulling on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Look Locker Inversion Time Sequence in Differentiating Cardiac Amyloidosis Types. J Thorac Imaging 2020; 35:334-339. [DOI: 10.1097/rti.0000000000000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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9
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Nappi C, Assante R, Zampella E, Cuocolo A. Cardiac amyloidosis: A new challenge of multimodality imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2020; 27:106-108. [PMID: 29946823 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-1353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Nappi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Assante
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Zampella
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Cuocolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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10
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Tang CX, Petersen SE, Sanghvi MM, Lu GM, Zhang LJ. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for amyloidosis: The state-of-the-art. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 29:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Malik M, Buxton AE, Huikuri H, Lombardi F, Schmidt G, Zabel M. Noninvasive electrophysiology in risk assessment and screening. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15:803-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Siddiqi OK, Sanchorawala V, Ruberg FL. Echocardiography and Survival in Light Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis: Back to Basics. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11:e007826. [PMID: 29752394 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.118.007826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar K Siddiqi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (O.K.S., F.L.R.).,Amyloidosis Center (O.K.S., V.S., F.L.R.)
| | - Vaishali Sanchorawala
- Amyloidosis Center (O.K.S., V.S., F.L.R.).,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (V.S)
| | - Frederick L Ruberg
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (O.K.S., F.L.R.) .,Amyloidosis Center (O.K.S., V.S., F.L.R.).,and Department of Radiology (F.L.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, MA
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14
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Siddiqi OK, Ruberg FL. Cardiac amyloidosis: An update on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2017; 28:10-21. [PMID: 28739313 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The amyloidoses are a group of systemic diseases characterized by organ deposition of misfolded protein fragments of diverse origins. The natural history of the disease, involvement of other organs, and treatment options vary significantly based on the protein of origin. In AL amyloidosis, amyloid protein is derived from immunoglobulin light chains, and most often involves the kidneys and the heart. ATTR amyloidosis is categorized as mutant or wild-type depending on the genetic sequence of the transthyretin (TTR) protein produced by the liver. Wild-type ATTR amyloidosis mainly involves the heart, although the reported occurrence of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, spinal stenosis and biceps tendon rupture in these patients speaks to more generalized protein deposition. Mutant TTR is marked by cardiac and/or peripheral nervous system involvement. Cardiac involvement is associated with symptoms of heart failure, and dictates the clinical course of the disease. Cardiac amyloidosis can be diagnosed noninvasively by echocardiography, cardiac MRI, or nuclear scintigraphy. Endomyocardial biopsy may be needed in the case of equivocal imaging findings or discordant data. Treatment is aimed at relieving congestive symptoms and targeting the underlying amyloidogenic process. This includes anti-plasma cell therapy in AL amyloidosis, and stabilization of the TTR tetramer or inhibition of TTR protein production in ATTR amyloidosis. Cardiac transplantation can be considered in highly selected patients in tandem with therapy aimed at suppressing the amyloidogenic process, and appears associated with durable long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar K Siddiqi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 88 East Newton Street, Boston, MA; Amyloidosis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Frederick L Ruberg
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 88 East Newton Street, Boston, MA; Amyloidosis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA.
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15
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Schiano-Lomoriello V, Galderisi M, Mele D, Esposito R, Cerciello G, Buonauro A, Della Pepa R, Picardi M, Catalano L, Trimarco B, Pane F. Longitudinal strain of left ventricular basal segments and E
/e
′ ratio differentiate primary cardiac amyloidosis at presentation from hypertensive hypertrophy: an automated function imaging study. Echocardiography 2016; 33:1335-43. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donato Mele
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences; Federico II University Hospital; Naples Italy
| | - Roberta Esposito
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery; Federico II University Hospital; Naples Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cerciello
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery; Federico II University Hospital; Naples Italy
| | - Agostino Buonauro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery; Federico II University Hospital; Naples Italy
| | - Roberta Della Pepa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery; Federico II University Hospital; Naples Italy
| | - Marco Picardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery; Federico II University Hospital; Naples Italy
| | - Lucio Catalano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery; Federico II University Hospital; Naples Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Cardiology Department; University Hospital of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pane
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery; Federico II University Hospital; Naples Italy
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16
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Huang J, Zhao S, Chen Z, Zhang S, Lu M. Contribution of Electrocardiogram in the Differentiation of Cardiac Amyloidosis and Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Int Heart J 2015; 56:522-6. [PMID: 26346516 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.15-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Due to similar manifestations of hypertensive ventricular walls and abnormal ventricular compliance, it is difficult to differentiate cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (NOHCM) clinically. The purpose of the study was to investigate the value of electrocardiography (ECG) in the differentiation of the two diseases. METHODS We enrolled 46 consecutive patients with CA and 64 patients with NOHCM and compared their ECG characteristics.Compared with NOHCM patients, the ECG of CA patients showed more low voltage on limb leads (50% versus 1.6%), atrioventricular block (21.7% versus 4.7%), pseudo-infarct pattern (84.8% versus 39.1%), and longer QRS duration (104 ± 25 versus 98 ± 14 ms) (all P < 0.05). The QRS complex voltage of avR demonstrated the highest diagnostic performance (sensitivity 89%, specificity 94%, cut-off value 0.45mV) as assessed by ROC analysis. The combination of the R wave voltage of I and avR reached a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 87% for the diagnosis of amyloidosis.Compared with NOHCM patients, CA patients showed more ECG characteristics of low voltage on limb leads, pseudo-infarct pattern, atrioventricular block, and longer QRS duration. The combination of the R wave voltage of I, avR, and QRS was of diagnostic value in the differentiation of CA from NOHCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Huang
- Heart-Lung Testing Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
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Yuda S, Hayashi T, Yasui K, Muranaka A, Ohnishi H, Hashimoto A, Ishida T, Tsuchihashi K, Shinomura Y, Watanabe N, Miura T. Pericardial Effusion and Multiple Organ Involvement Are Independent Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis. Intern Med 2015; 54:1833-40. [PMID: 26234222 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Left ventricular (LV) functions assessed by echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers are strong predictors of mortality in patients with systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis. However, most previous studies have been conducted in Western countries, and the predictors of mortality in Asian patients with AL amyloidosis have not been characterized. To address this issue, we aimed to determine the predictors of mortality in Asian patients with biopsy-confirmed AL amyloidosis. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 31 patients (59±11 years, 55% men) in whom AL amyloidosis was confirmed by biopsies from cardiac or non-cardiac tissues. Of these patients, 15 (48%) met the international echocardiographic criteria for cardiac amyloidosis (mean LV wall thickness >12 mm without other causes of LV hypertrophy). RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 21±20 months, 15 patients died. Non-survivors had a higher number of involved organs, lower e', and higher rates of E/e' >15, pericardial effusion (PE), low voltage on an electrocardiogram and a New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class ≥ III, compared with survivors. In multivariate analysis, a NYHA functional class ≥ III (p=0.024) and cardiac involvement (p=0.032) were independent predictors of PE in patients with AL amyloidosis. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that PE (hazard ratio: 21.9, p=0.025) and the number of involved organs (hazard ratio: 2.8, p=0.015), but not LV diastolic parameters of tissue Doppler echocardiography, independently predict mortality in patients with AL amyloidosis. CONCLUSION PE and multiple organ involvement, compared with e' and E/e', are stronger predictors of mortality in patients with AL amyloidosis. The advanced disease stage of AL amyloidosis might underlie the strong association between PE and a poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yuda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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Cardiac amyloidosis detected on tc-99m bone scan. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 49:78-80. [PMID: 25767629 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-014-0310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Aljaroudi WA, Desai MY, Tang WHW, Phelan D, Cerqueira MD, Jaber WA. Role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of patients with cardiac amyloidosis: state of the art review and focus on emerging nuclear techniques. J Nucl Cardiol 2014; 21:271-83. [PMID: 24347127 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-013-9800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is an infiltrative disease characterized by deposition of amyloid fibrils within the extracellular tissue of one or multiple organs. Involvement of the heart, cardiac amyloidosis, is recognized as a common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The two major types of cardiac amyloidosis are cardiac amyloid light-chain (AL) and transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR, mutant and wild types) (Nat Rev Cardiol 2010;7:398-408). While early recognition of cardiac amyloidosis is of major clinical importance, so is the ability to differentiate between subtypes. Indeed, both prognosis and therapeutic options vary drastically depending on the subtype. While endomyocardial biopsy with immunostaining is considered the gold standard, advances in imaging provide an attractive non-invasive alternative. Currently, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are all used in the evaluation of cardiac amyloidosis with varying diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. Yet, none of these modalities can effectively differentiate the cardiac amyloid subtypes. Recent data with (99m)Tc-phosphate derivatives, previously used as bone seeking radioactive tracers, have shown promising results; these radiotracers selectively bind ATTR, but not AL subtype, and can differentiate subtypes with high diagnostic accuracy. This review will initially present the non-radionuclide imaging techniques and then focus on the radionuclide imaging techniques, particularly (99m)Tc-DPD and (99m)Tc-PYP, mechanism of action, performance and interpretation of the study, diagnostic accuracy, prognostic value, future clinical perspective, and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A Aljaroudi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Imaging, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon,
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Glaudemans AWJM, van Rheenen RWJ, van den Berg MP, Noordzij W, Koole M, Blokzijl H, Dierckx RAJO, Slart RHJA, Hazenberg BPC. Bone scintigraphy with (99m)technetium-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate allows early diagnosis of cardiac involvement in patients with transthyretin-derived systemic amyloidosis. Amyloid 2014; 21:35-44. [PMID: 24455993 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2013.871250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the usefulness of bone scintigraphy with (99m)Technetium-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate ((99m)Tc-HDP) for the detection of cardiac involvement in a group of patients with ATTR amyloidosis in different phases of disease, to relate the findings to echocardiography, ECG and cardiac biomarkers, and to evaluate different bone scintigraphic techniques and calculation methods for quantification of the cardiac uptake and for correlation with echocardiographic features and cardiac biomarkers. METHODS Forty-one patients underwent clinical examinations, echocardiography, ECG, measurement of cardiac biomarkers and bone scintigraphy (planar imaging and SPECT-CT) and were subsequently subdivided into three groups: (1) carriers of an amyloidogenic TTR mutation, n = 11, (2) proven ATTR amyloidosis without echocardiographically-defined (mean wall thickness >12 mm) cardiac amyloidosis (AC), n = 19, and (3) ATTR amyloidosis with echocardiographically-defined cardiac amyloidosis, n = 11. Planar and SPECT-CT images were analyzed visually according to a routine scoring system (grade 0-3) and semi-quantitatively by heart-to-whole body (H/WB) and heart-to-skull (H/S) ratio on planar images and by a left ventricle-blood pool ratio on SPECT-CT images. RESULTS All patients with ATTR and echocardiographically-defined AC and none of the carriers showed high cardiac uptake on bone scintigraphy. Furthermore, 8 out of 19 patients with ATTR without echocardiographically-defined AC showed high cardiac uptake. Highest correlations were found between H/S ratio on planar bone scintigraphy with troponin T (r = 0.76, p < 0.0001) and H/WB ratio with left ventricular mass index (r = 0.73, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Bone scintigraphy with (99m)Tc-HDP may detect cardiac involvement in patients with ATTR amyloidosis prior to echocardiographic evidence of cardiac involvement. Cardiac uptake on bone scintigraphy correlates with severity of cardiac involvement using echocardiography, ECG and cardiac biomarkers. Visual grading and calculation of H/S ratio on planar imaging are the preferred methods to assess cardiac uptake.
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Prinz C, Farr M, Laser KT, Esdorn H, Piper C, Horstkotte D, Faber L. Determining the role of fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 11:495-504. [PMID: 23570362 DOI: 10.1586/erc.13.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activity within the heart may be considered a basically constructive process. Hyperactivity of fibroblasts, however, may result in the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins with adverse effects on cardiac structure and function including electrical instability and increased risk of arrhythmogenic cardiac death. The detection of cardiac fibrosis by dedicated imaging techniques, mainly gadolinium-enhanced MRI, holds promise to refine patient management in a variety of cardiac conditions. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Prinz
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Diabetes Centre North-Rhine Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Granstam SO, Rosengren S, Vedin O, Kero T, Sörensen J, Carlson K, Flachskampf FA, Wikström G. Evaluation of patients with cardiac amyloidosis using echocardiography, ECG and right heart catheterization. Amyloid 2013; 20:27-33. [PMID: 23339421 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2012.761967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize patients with cardiac amyloidosis using echocardiography, electrocardiogram (ECG) and right heart catheterization (RHC). METHODS AND RESULTS Fourteen patients with biopsy verified light chain or transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis were included. All patients had heart failure with markedly elevated NT-proBNP. Echocardiography demonstrated biventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement and normal to slightly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Tissue Doppler septal é was low and median E/é was high. Within 6 months RHC was performed in eight of the patients. The restrictive filling pattern demonstrated by echocardiography corresponded well to median pulmonary wedge pressure (21 mmHg). Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) was increased, whereas cardiac output and stroke volume were seen to be decreased with both methods. ECG demonstrated: low voltage (36%), abnormal R-progression (65%), ST-T abnormalities (71%) and high incidence of fibrillation (36%). In addition, a case report following the treatment of melphalan and dexamethasone is presented with improvement of hypertrophy, SPAP, left ventricular mass and é. CONCLUSION These findings should lead to a suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis and suggest further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Olof Granstam
- Department of Medical Sciences: Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Fitzmaurice GJ, Wishart V, Graham ANJ. An unexpected mortality following cardiac surgery: a post-mortem diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 61:417-21. [PMID: 23086612 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-012-0164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a rare systemic disease that is notoriously difficult to diagnose early. Cardiac involvement is associated with a poor prognosis. We present the case of a 72-year-old gentleman who underwent elective coronary artery bypass grafting and mitral valve repair. While initially making a good post-operative recovery, a sudden deterioration on post-operative day 3 led to an unexpected mortality. Post-mortem examination demonstrated previously undiagnosed severe systemic amyloidosis, which particularly affected his heart, due to underlying multiple myeloma. It is important to emphasise that due to the absence of the typical findings on routine pre-operative investigations suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis in this patient, cardiac surgeons should be aware that symptoms inconsistent with angiography findings should prompt consideration of amyloidosis. Diagnostic tools including cardiac MRI and ultimately endomyocardial biopsy could then facilitate earlier recognition of this enigmatic disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Fitzmaurice
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Nakagawa M, Tojo K, Sekijima Y, Yamazaki KH, Ikeda SI. Arterial thromboembolism in senile systemic amyloidosis: report of two cases. Amyloid 2012; 19:118-21. [PMID: 22583098 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2012.685131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a rare complication, systemic arterial thromboembolism, seen in two patients with senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA). Case 1 was a 73-year-old man who was tentatively diagnosed as having cardiac amyloidosis. Five months later, he was afflicted by severe left flank pain. CT disclosed renal infarction and then he received endomyocardial biopsy and the transthyretin (TTR) gene analysis, leading to the final diagnosis of SSA. Case 2 was an 88-year-old woman who had been definitively diagnosed as having SSA-related heart failure with atrial fibrillation two years before. She was transferred to the emergency room in our hospital and enhanced CT revealed complete occlusions of the left internal carotid and left vertebral arteries, both subclavian arteries, and the left renal and left internal iliac arteries. Paying much attention to intracardiac thrombosis might be necessary in taking care of SSA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Nakagawa
- Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Ikeda SI, Sekijima Y, Tojo K, Koyama J. Diagnostic value of abdominal wall fat pad biopsy in senile systemic amyloidosis. Amyloid 2011; 18:211-5. [PMID: 22004460 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2011.623199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA) is a main cause of intractable heart failure in elderly individuals. To demonstrate transthyretin (TTR)-derived amyloid deposition endomyocardial biopsy has been commonly carried out in the patients with SSA, but this invasive biopsy technique cannot always be performed in aged patients with severe cardiac dysfunction. During the past 3 years, 11 patients with SSA (6 males and 5 females; ages from 70 to 97 years) were examined. All underwent skin biopsy from the abdominal wall and 8 showed TTR-immunoreactive amyloid deposition (sensitivity: 73%): amyloid deposits were seen mainly in the deep layer of subcutaneous fat tissue and showed a patchy distribution. They were weakly Congophilic, but were strongly immunolabeled by an anti-TTR antibody. The severity and pattern of amyloid deposition in this biopsy of SSA patients were considerably different from those obtained from age-matched patients with TTR-related familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Surgical skin biopsy including the deep subcutaneous fat pad can be performed safely at the bedside and is useful for the histopathological diagnosis of SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-ichi Ikeda
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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