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Xiao X, Guo L, Liao X, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Zhou L, Wang X, Liu X, Liu H, Xu T, Zhu Y, Yang Q, Hao X, Liu Y, Wang J, Li J, Jiao B, Shen L. The role of vascular dementia associated genes in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A large case-control study in the Chinese population. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1531-1539. [PMID: 34551193 PMCID: PMC8611771 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The role of vascular dementia (VaD)‐associated genes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains elusive despite similar clinical and pathological features. We aimed to explore the relationship between these genes and AD in the Chinese population. Methods Eight VaD‐associated genes were screened by a targeted sequencing panel in a sample of 3604 individuals comprising 1192 AD patients and 2412 cognitively normal controls. Variants were categorized into common variants and rare variants according to minor allele frequency (MAF). Common variant (MAF ≥ 0.01)‐based association analysis was conducted by PLINK 1.9. Rare variant (MAF < 0.01) association study and gene‐based aggregation testing of rare variants were performed by PLINK 1.9 and Sequence Kernel Association Test‐Optimal (SKAT‐O test), respectively. Age at onset (AAO) and Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) association studies were performed with PLINK 1.9. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, and APOE ε4 status. Results Four common COL4A1 variants, including rs874203, rs874204, rs16975492, and rs1373744, exhibited suggestive associations with AD. Five rare variants, NOTCH3 rs201436750, COL4A1 rs747972545, COL4A1 rs201481886, CST3 rs765692764, and CST3 rs140837441, showed nominal association with AD risk. Gene‐based aggregation testing revealed that HTRA1 was nominally associated with AD. In the AAO and MMSE association studies, variants in GSN, ITM2B, and COL4A1 reached suggestive significance. Conclusion Common variants in COL4A1 and rare variants in HTRA1, NOTCH3, COL4A1, and CST3 may be implicated in AD pathogenesis. Besides, GSN, ITM2B, and COL4A1 are probably involved in the development of AD endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lina Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxin Liao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yafang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianyan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qijie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingzi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Gupta N, Kaur H, Wajid S. Renal amyloidosis: an update on diagnosis and pathogenesis. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1259-1276. [PMID: 32447467 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a diverse group of protein conformational disorder which is caused by accumulation and deposition of insoluble protein fibrils in vital tissues or organs, instigating organ dysfunction. Renal amyloidosis is characterized by the acellular Congo red-positive pathologic deposition of amyloid fibrils within glomeruli and/or the interstitium. It is generally composed of serum amyloid A-related protein or an immunoglobulin light chain; other rare forms lysozyme, gelsolin, fibrinogen alpha chain, transthyretin, apolipoproteins AI/AII/AIV/CII/CIII; and the recently identified form ALECT2. This disease typically manifests with heavy proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, and finally progression to end-stage renal failure. Early diagnosis of renal amyloidosis is arduous as its symptoms appear in later stages with prominent amyloid deposition. The identification of the correct type of amyloidosis is quite troublesome as it can be confused with another related form. Therefore, the exact typing of amyloid is essential for prognosis, treatment, and correct management of renal amyloidosis. The emanation of new techniques of proteomic analysis, for instance, mass spectroscopy/laser microdissection, has provided greater accuracy in amyloid typing. This in-depth review emphasizes on the clinical features, renal pathological findings, and diagnosis of the AL and non-AL forms of renal amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Harshdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Abstract
The heart, like any organ in the body, is susceptible to amyloid deposition. Although more than 30 types of protein can cause amyloidosis, only two types commonly deposit in the ventricular myocardium: amyloid light chain and amyloid transthyretin. Amyloid cardiomyopathy is usually a major determinant of patient outcomes, and the diagnosis of heart involvement can be often relatively under-diagnosed, owing to nonspecific presenting symptoms and signs at a subclinical stage. The diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is usually performed by endomyocardial biopsy; however, the invasive nature and related high-risk complications restrict its wide use in clinical settings. Recently, with the advent of innovative techniques used for evaluating cardiac amyloidosis, noninvasive methods become increasingly important, especially in earlier diagnosis, distinguishing typing, risk prediction and response to treatment. Here, we will review recent developments in the noninvasive methods used in the assessment of cardiac amyloidosis, focused on the laboratory biomarkers and imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Quan Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Nasr SH, Dasari S, Hasadsri L, Theis JD, Vrana JA, Gertz MA, Muppa P, Zimmermann MT, Grogg KL, Dispenzieri A, Sethi S, Highsmith WE, Merlini G, Leung N, Kurtin PJ. Novel Type of Renal Amyloidosis Derived from Apolipoprotein-CII. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:439-445. [PMID: 27297947 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular deposition of misfolded proteins as insoluble fibrils. Most renal amyloidosis cases are Ig light chain, AA, or leukocyte chemotactic factor 2 amyloidosis, but rare hereditary forms can also involve the kidneys. Here, we describe the case of a 61-year-old woman who presented with nephrotic syndrome and renal impairment. Examination of the renal biopsy specimen revealed amyloidosis with predominant involvement of glomeruli and medullary interstitium. Proteomic analysis of Congo red-positive deposits detected large amounts of the Apo-CII protein. DNA sequencing of the APOC2 gene in the patient and one of her children detected a heterozygous c.206A→T transition, causing an E69V missense mutation. We also detected the mutant peptide in the proband's renal amyloid deposits. Using proteomics, we identified seven additional elderly patients with Apo-CII-rich amyloid deposits, all of whom had kidney involvement and histologically exhibited nodular glomerular involvement. Although prior in vitro studies have shown that Apo-CII can form amyloid fibrils and that certain mutations in this protein promote amyloid fibrillogenesis, there are no reports of this type of amyloidosis in humans. We propose that this study reveals a new form of hereditary amyloidosis (AApoCII) that is derived from the Apo-CII protein and appears to manifest in the elderly and preferentially affect the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samih H Nasr
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | | | | | | | - Morie A Gertz
- Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | | | | | | | - Angela Dispenzieri
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology.,Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | | | | | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nelson Leung
- Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
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