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Alluhayb AH, Severance C, Hendry-Hofer T, Bebarta VS, Logue BA. Can the cyanide metabolite, 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, be used for forensic verification of cyanide poisoning? Forensic Toxicol 2024; 42:221-231. [PMID: 38739353 PMCID: PMC11269370 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-024-00690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Forensic verification of cyanide (CN) poisoning by direct CN analysis in postmortem blood is challenging due to instability of CN in biological samples. CN metabolites, thiocyanate (SCN-) and 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), have been proposed as more stable biomarkers, yet it is unclear if either is appropriate for this purpose. In this study, we evaluated the behavior of CN biomarkers in postmortem swine and postmortem blood to determine which serves as the best biomarker of CN exposure. METHODS CN, SCN-, and ATCA were measured in postmortem swine (N = 8) stored at 4 °C and postmortem blood stored at 25 °C (room temperature, RT) and 37 °C (typical human body temperature, HBT). RESULTS Following CN poisoning, the concentration of each CN biomarker increased well above the baseline. In postmortem swine, CN concentrations declined rapidly (t1/2 = 34.3 h) versus SCN- (t1/2 = 359 h, 15 days) and ATCA (t1/2 = 544 h, 23 days). CN instability in postmortem blood increased at RT (t1/2 = 10.7 h) and HBT (t1/2 = 6.6 h). SCN- and ATCA were more stable than CN at all storage conditions. In postmortem swine, the t1/2s of SCN- and ATCA were 15 and 23 days, respectively. While both the t1/2s of SCN- and ATCA were relatively lengthy, endogenous levels of SCN- were much more variable than ATCA. CONCLUSION While there are still questions to be answered, ATCA was the most adept forensic marker of CN poisoning (i.e., ATCA produced the longest half-life, the largest increase above baseline levels, and most stable background concentrations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah H Alluhayb
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Avera Health and Science Center, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Box 1162, Buraidah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Carter Severance
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tara Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Avera Health and Science Center, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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2
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Lippner DS, Hildenberger DM, Rhoomes MO, Winborn JN, Dixon H, McDonough J, Rockwood GA. A novel aqueous dimethyl trisulfide formulation is effective at low doses against cyanide toxicity in non-anesthetized mice and rats. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 60:83-94. [PMID: 34219566 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1935991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanide (CN) is a metabolic poison that is capable of intoxicating individuals through accidental or intentional means. With high concentration exposures, death can occur in minutes. In cases of mass casualty exposures, there is a need for a rapid-acting countermeasure capable of being administered in a short period of time in a pre-hospital setting to treat victims. OBJECTIVE These studies evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel aqueous formulation of dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) as an intramuscular (IM) CN countermeasure using non-anesthetized rodent models. METHODS Non-anesthetized rodents (mice and rats) were exposed to hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or potassium cyanide (KCN) along with immediate IM 10% DMTS treatment or vehicle treatment. Survival and other parameters, such as the time to recovery and assessment of clinical toxic signs (e.g., gasping, loss of righting reflex, convulsions, etc.), were quantified to determine the effectiveness of 10% DMTS treatment (12.5, 25, 75 mg/kg IM) compared to vehicle control treatment. A rat KCN delayed-treatment model with a 15-minute treatment delay was also utilized to simulate a real-life exposure/treatment scenario with 10% DMTS treatment. The stability of the 10% DMTS formulation was also assessed. RESULTS A 25 mg/kg IM dose of 10% DMTS exhibits potent efficacy against subcutaneous (SC) KCN challenge in both mice and rats and inhalational HCN exposure in mice. 10% DMTS treatment also shortens the time to recovery in rats using a delayed-treatment model. CONCLUSION IM treatment with 10% DMTS improves survival and clinical outcomes in non-anesthetized rodent models of acute CN toxicity. Additionally, the use of an SC KCN delayed-treatment model in rats is advised to assess the performance of a candidate CN countermeasure in a more realistic exposure/treatment scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Lippner
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - D M Hildenberger
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - M O Rhoomes
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - J N Winborn
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - H Dixon
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J McDonough
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - G A Rockwood
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
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3
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Liquid-Chromatographic Methods for Carboxylic Acids in Biological Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214883. [PMID: 33105855 PMCID: PMC7660098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl-bearing low-molecular-weight compounds such as keto acids, fatty acids, and other organic acids are involved in a myriad of metabolic pathways owing to their high polarity and solubility in biological fluids. Various disease areas such as cancer, myeloid leukemia, heart disease, liver disease, and lifestyle diseases (obesity and diabetes) were found to be related to certain metabolic pathways and changes in the concentrations of the compounds involved in those pathways. Therefore, the quantification of such compounds provides useful information pertaining to diagnosis, pathological conditions, and disease mechanisms, spurring the development of numerous analytical methods for this purpose. This review article addresses analytical methods for the quantification of carboxylic acids, which were classified into fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis-related compounds, amino acid metabolites, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, α-keto acids and their metabolites, thiazole-containing carboxylic acids, and miscellaneous, in biological samples from 2000 to date. Methods involving liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and electrochemical detection were summarized.
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4
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Francioso A, Baseggio Conrado A, Mosca L, Fontana M. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Sulfur Natural Compounds: Key Intermediates of Metabolism and Redox Biology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8294158. [PMID: 33062147 PMCID: PMC7545470 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8294158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur contributes significantly to nature chemical diversity and thanks to its particular features allows fundamental biological reactions that no other element allows. Sulfur natural compounds are utilized by all living beings and depending on the function are distributed in the different kingdoms. It is no coincidence that marine organisms are one of the most important sources of sulfur natural products since most of the inorganic sulfur is metabolized in ocean environments where this element is abundant. Terrestrial organisms such as plants and microorganisms are also able to incorporate sulfur in organic molecules to produce primary metabolites (e.g., methionine, cysteine) and more complex unique chemical structures with diverse biological roles. Animals are not able to fix inorganic sulfur into biomolecules and are completely dependent on preformed organic sulfurous compounds to satisfy their sulfur needs. However, some higher species such as humans are able to build new sulfur-containing chemical entities starting especially from plants' organosulfur precursors. Sulfur metabolism in humans is very complicated and plays a central role in redox biochemistry. The chemical properties, the large number of oxidation states, and the versatile reactivity of the oxygen family chalcogens make sulfur ideal for redox biological reactions and electron transfer processes. This review will explore sulfur metabolism related to redox biochemistry and will describe the various classes of sulfur-containing compounds spread all over the natural kingdoms. We will describe the chemistry and the biochemistry of well-known metabolites and also of the unknown and poorly studied sulfur natural products which are still in search for a biological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Francioso
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, 38296 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alessia Baseggio Conrado
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Fontana
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Gyamfi OA, Bortey-Sam N, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Metabolism of Cyanide by Glutathione To Produce the Novel Cyanide Metabolite 2-Aminothiazoline-4-oxoaminoethanoic Acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:718-726. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Obed A. Gyamfi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Nesta Bortey-Sam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- Analytical Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Brian A. Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
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6
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Li SY, Petrikovics I, Yu JCC. Development of magnetic carbon nanotubes for dispersive micro solid phase extraction of the cyanide metabolite, 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1109:67-75. [PMID: 30738339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) is a minor metabolite of cyanide and is suggested to be a promising biomarker for cyanide exposure due to its specificity to cyanide metabolism and its excellent short- and long-term stability during storage. In this study, magnetic carbon nanotubes, including magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Mag-MWCNT) and magnetic single-walled carbon nanotubes (Mag-SWCNT) were synthesized as a novel sorbent for dispersive micro solid phase extraction (d-μSPE) to extract ATCA from biological matrices. ATCA spiked deionized water samples with the addition of the isotopic internal standard (ATCA - 13C, 15N) were subjected to Mag-CNT/d-μSPE to confirm extraction efficiency of this new technique. The extracted ATCA was derivatized and quantitated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The extraction parameters were optimized and a detection limits of 15 and 25 ng/mL were obtained for synthetic urine and bovine blood respectively with a linear dynamic range of 30-1000 ng/mL. The optimized Mag-CNT/d-μSPE method facilitated efficient extraction of ATCA using 2 mg of Mag-MWCNT with a 10-minute extraction time. The current assay was also found to be effective for the extraction of ATCA with average recoveries of 97.7 ± 4.0% (n = 9) and 96.5 ± 12.1% (n = 9) from synthetic urine and bovine blood respectively. The approach of using Mag-CNT to facilitate d-μSPE offered a novel alternative to extract ATCA from complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yi Li
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States of America
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States of America
| | - Jorn Chi Chung Yu
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States of America.
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7
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Rużycka M, Giebułtowicz J, Fudalej M, Krajewski P, Wroczyński P. Application of 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic Acid as a Forensic Marker of Cyanide Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:516-523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rużycka
- Bioanalysis
and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Bioanalysis
and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Fudalej
- Forensic
Medicine Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Oczki Street, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Forensic
Medicine Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Oczki Street, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wroczyński
- Bioanalysis
and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Bhattacharya R, Singh P, Palit M, Waghmare C, Singh AK, Gopalan N, Kumar D. Time-dependent comparative evaluation of some important biomarkers of acute cyanide poisoning in rats: an aid in diagnosis. Biomarkers 2014; 19:241-51. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.902996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhattacharya
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Poonam Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Meehir Palit
- Biochemistry Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Chandrakant Waghmare
- Biochemistry Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Vector Management Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Natarajan Gopalan
- Vector Management Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Deo Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
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9
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Quantification of α-ketoglutarate cyanohydrin in swine plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 934:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Oluwole OSA, Oludiran AO. Normative concentrations of urine thiocyanate in cassava eating communities in Nigeria. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:1036-41. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.825697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Yu JC, Martin S, Nasr J, Stafford K, Thompson D, Petrikovics I. LC-MS/MS analysis of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid as a forensic biomarker for cyanide poisoning. World J Methodol 2012. [PMID: 25237615 DOI: 10.4329/wjm.v2.i5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To demonstrate the potential of using 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) as a novel biomarker/forensic biomarker for cyanide poisoning. METHODS A sensitive method was developed and employed for the identification and quantification of ATCA in biological samples, where the sample extraction and clean up were achieved by solid phase extraction (SPE). After optimization of SPE procedures, ATCA was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ATCA levels following the administration of different doses of potassium cyanide (KCN) to mice were measured and compared to endogenous ATCA levels in order to study the significance of using ATCA as a biomarker for cyanide poisoning. RESULTS A custom made analytical method was established for a new (mice) model when animals were exposed to increasing KCN doses. The application of this method provided important new information on ATCA as a potential cyanide biomarker. ATCA concentration in mice plasma samples were increased from 189 ± 28 ng/mL (n = 3) to 413 ± 66 ng/mL (n = 3) following a 10 mg/kg body weight dose of KCN introduced subcutaneously. The sensitivity of this analytical method proved to be a tool for measuring endogenous level of ATCA in mice organs as follows: 1.2 ± 0.1 μg/g for kidney samples, 1.6 ± 0.1 μg/g for brain samples, 1.8 ± 0.2 μg/g for lung samples, 2.9 ± 0.1 μg/g for heart samples, and 3.6 ± 0.9 μg/g for liver samples. CONCLUSION This finding suggests that ATCA has the potential to serve as a plasma biomarker / forensic biomarker for cyanide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Cc Yu
- Jorn CC Yu, Sarah Martin, Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States
| | - Sarah Martin
- Jorn CC Yu, Sarah Martin, Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States
| | - Jessica Nasr
- Jorn CC Yu, Sarah Martin, Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States
| | - Katelyn Stafford
- Jorn CC Yu, Sarah Martin, Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States
| | - David Thompson
- Jorn CC Yu, Sarah Martin, Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Jorn CC Yu, Sarah Martin, Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States
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12
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LC-MS/MS analysis of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid as a forensic biomarker for cyanide poisoning. World J Methodol 2012; 2:33-41. [PMID: 25237615 PMCID: PMC4145562 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v2.i5.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To demonstrate the potential of using 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) as a novel biomarker/forensic biomarker for cyanide poisoning.
METHODS: A sensitive method was developed and employed for the identification and quantification of ATCA in biological samples, where the sample extraction and clean up were achieved by solid phase extraction (SPE). After optimization of SPE procedures, ATCA was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ATCA levels following the administration of different doses of potassium cyanide (KCN) to mice were measured and compared to endogenous ATCA levels in order to study the significance of using ATCA as a biomarker for cyanide poisoning.
RESULTS: A custom made analytical method was established for a new (mice) model when animals were exposed to increasing KCN doses. The application of this method provided important new information on ATCA as a potential cyanide biomarker. ATCA concentration in mice plasma samples were increased from 189 ± 28 ng/mL (n = 3) to 413 ± 66 ng/mL (n = 3) following a 10 mg/kg body weight dose of KCN introduced subcutaneously. The sensitivity of this analytical method proved to be a tool for measuring endogenous level of ATCA in mice organs as follows: 1.2 ± 0.1 μg/g for kidney samples, 1.6 ± 0.1 μg/g for brain samples, 1.8 ± 0.2 μg/g for lung samples, 2.9 ± 0.1 μg/g for heart samples, and 3.6 ± 0.9 μg/g for liver samples.
CONCLUSION: This finding suggests that ATCA has the potential to serve as a plasma biomarker / forensic biomarker for cyanide poisoning.
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Petrikovics I, Yu JCC, Thompson DE, Jayanna P, Logue BA, Nasr J, Bhandari RK, Baskin SI, Rockwood G. Plasma persistence of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid in rat system determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 891-892:81-4. [PMID: 22386362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) was intravenously injected to rats in order to investigate its plasma distribution. ATCA was extracted from plasma samples by solid phase extraction (SPE) and molecularly imprinted polymer stir bar sorption extraction (MIP-SBSE). Detection and quantification of ATCA were achieved by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). It was found that the intravenously injected ATCA concentration quickly decreased to half within 2.5h in the rat system. However, after 2.5 h, the concentration of ATCA in plasma stayed constant at least 5 folds above the endogenous ATCA level for more then 48 h. This finding can be used for evaluating ATCA's diagnostic and forensic value as a biomarker for cyanide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA.
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