Role of thrombomodulin gene in Indian population with coronary artery disease

Association of SNP (rs1042579) in thrombomodulin gene and plasma thrombomodulin level in North Indian children with Kawasaki disease

BACKGROUND

Kawasaki disease (KD) is the commonest systemic vasculitis in children. It predisposes to development of coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs). Thrombomodulin (THBD) gene polymorphism rs1042579 is associated with high risk of cerebrovascular diseases. However, association of THBD polymorphism (rs1042579) and plasma thrombomodulin (TM) levels with susceptibility to KD and CAAs remains unclear.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Polymorphism in THBD gene (rs1042579) was analysed in 50 KD patients and 50 age, gender and ethnicity matched controls using Sanger sequencing. Plasma TM levels were measured by ELISA.

RESULTS

Mean plasma TM level (± SD) in KD patients was 2549.41 (± 853.18) pg/ml and in controls was 2298.03 (± 869.14) pg/ml; p = 0.042. Mean plasma TM levels in CC genotype was 2299.98 (± 834.88) pg/ml and in CT/TT genotype was 2837.96 (± 857.14) pg/ml; p = 0.005. Genotyping data did not reveal significant differences in patients with KD as compared to controls (p = 0.25), and in KD patients with and without CAAs (p = 0.407). Odds of finding T allele in cases were 2.07 times greater than in controls (p = 0.093).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study from India, and second in the world, that investigates association of THBD gene polymorphism with KD. This is also the first study to assess plasma TM levels in KD patients. Our data show that plasma TM levels were significantly higher in KD patients with CT/TT genotypes. Further, the polymorphism rs1042579 at exon 1 of THBD gene was found to be more common in KD patients than in controls although the difference was not statistically significant.

Association of Thrombomodulin Gene Polymorphism (C1418T) With Coronary Artery Disease in Pakistani Population

Objectives

To find out the association between Thrombomodulin gene polymorphism (C1418T) with coronary artery disease in population of Karachi, Pakistan.

Methods

This case-control study was conducted in Tabba Heart Institute in collaboration with the National Institute of Blood Diseases, Karachi. We compared C/T dimorphism in 92 cases with 90 control subjects by allele-specific amplification. The results of PCR were confirmed by Gene sequencing. All the laboratory methods were strictly in compliance with the international standards. All variables that were either statistically significant in the univariate analyses or potentially important with respect to prevention or biologically relevant variables were included in logistic-regression analyses. Potential confounding was assessed with the use of multivariate models adjusted for participant's characteristics and other major risk factors for coronary artery disease. All reported p values are two-tailed, with statistical significance at p value < 0.05.

Results

The frequency of CC, C/T and TT genotype was 81 (90%), 6 (6.7%) 3 (3.3%) in controls and 67 (72.8%), 20 (21.7%) and 5 (5.4%) in cases respectively. In cases group the CT/TT genotypes were found to be significantly highly represented among the patients with coronary artery diseases when compared with control group (p-value 0.009).

Conclusion

TM C1418T polymorphism emerges as a risk marker in Coronary Artery Disease patients in the population of Karachi, Pakistan.

Association of Thrombomodulin Gene Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Atherosclerotic Diseases: A Meta-Analysis

Previous studies have proved that the dysfunction of thrombomodulin (TM) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic diseases. In order to reveal their inherent relationship, we conducted a meta-analysis to uncover the association between two polymorphisms -33G/A and Ala455Val (c.1418C>T) in the TM gene and atherosclerotic diseases. We carried out a systematic search in PubMed, Science Direct, BIOSIS Previews, SpringerLink, the Cochrane library, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chinese Biomedical Database, the Wei Pu database, and the Wanfang Database. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to show the association. We included 22 eligible studies which involved 5472 patients and 7786 controls. There were statistically significant associations between -33G/A polymorphisms in TM and the MI group under the Allele and Recessive models in Asians (G vs. A: OR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.56-0.78, P < 0.00001; GG vs. GA+AA: OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.56-0.78, P < 0.00001). However, these findings of the overall and subgroups showed that Ala455Val polymorphisms did not have any relationship with atherosclerotic diseases. After Bonferroni correction, the above associations remained statistically significant. This meta-analysis provides robust evidence of association between the -33G/A polymorphism in the TM gene and the risk of myocardial infarction in Asians. The A allele may increase the incidence of MI in Asians. However, the Ala455Val variant was not associated with atherosclerotic risk. Further studies with adequate sample size are needed to verify our findings.

Thrombomodulin -33G/A and Ala455Val polymorphisms are associated with the risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis including 12 584 patients

BACKGROUND

Thrombomodulin (TM) -33G/A and Ala455Val polymorphisms have been indicated to be correlated with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), but study results are still inclusive. Thus, a meta-analysis was carried out.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Databases including PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Web of Science (ISI) were searched. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS

Thirteen case-control studies on the relationship between TM -33G/A and Ala455Val polymorphisms and the risk of CAD were included in this meta-analysis. The association between the TM -33G/A polymorphism and the risk of CAD was significant (OR=1.65; 95% CI, 1.35-2.02; P<0.01; I(2)=15%). This result remained statistically significant when the adjusted ORs were combined (OR=1.50; 95% CI, 1.23-1.84; P<0.01; I(2)=0%). The association between the TM Ala455Val polymorphism and the risk of CAD was also significant (OR=1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.24; P<0.01; I(2)=0%). This result remained statistically significant when the adjusted ORs were combined (OR=1.57; 95% CI, 1.05-2.34; P=0.03; I(2)=32%).

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis suggested that TM -33G/A and Ala455Val polymorphisms were risk factors for CAD.

Association between thrombomodulin polymorphisms and coronary artery disease risk: a meta-analysis

Background

The associations between the thrombomodulin (TM) polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk remain controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of TM polymorphisms with CAD susceptibility using a meta-analysis approach.

Material/Methods

All eligible studies were identified through a search of PubMed, EMBASE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) before February 2014. The associations between the TM polymorphisms and CAD risk was assessed by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

A total of 14 case-control studies, including 5493 cases and 8297 controls, were eventually collected. There was a significant association between TM -33G/A polymorphism and CAD risk (OR=1.61; 95% CI, 1.35–1.92; I²=15%). The TM Ala455Val polymorphism was also associated with a significantly increased CAD risk (OR=1.14; 95% CI, 1.05–1.24; I²=0%). These results remained statistically significant when the adjusted ORs were combined.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that TM-33G/A and Ala455Val polymorphisms are risk factors for CAD.