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Sulosaari V, Dodlek N, Brandl A, De Munter J, Eriksen JG, McInally W, O'Higgins N, Benstead K, Díez de Los Ríos de la Serna C. Interprofessional education in cancer care - a scoping review. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:767. [PMID: 39014422 PMCID: PMC11253347 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive cancer care requires effective collaboration by interprofessional healthcare teams. The need to develop educational initiatives to improve interprofessional collaboration is increasingly recognised. However, there is no agreement regarding the interprofessional competencies required for effective cancer care leading to much variation on the focus of research, planning and managing change. A scoping review was conducted to identify the current status of IPE in cancer care and to summarise the results of previous research in order to guide the development of interprofessional education in cancer care. METHODS The JBI Scoping Review guidelines were used to guide the process of the review. A search of the available literature was conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus databases from January 2012 to March 2023 to investigate IPE for health professional clinicians working in cancer care. RESULTS Of the 825 initial references and 153 studies imported for screening, a total of 28 studies were included in the final review. From those studies, seven focused on the need for IPE and interprofessional competence for oncology healthcare professionals, four reviewed existing IPE programs and 17 described the development and evaluation of interprofessional education. Findings show variation and lack of concept definitions underpinning research in IPE in cancer care settings. Variation also exists in the range of research activities in IPE, most notably related to communication, teamwork and the development of interprofessional practice. The evaluation of impact of IPE is mainly focused on health care professionals' self-evaluation and general feedback. Impact on patient care was only evaluated in one study. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, interprofessional education research in the field of cancer care is limited in Europe. Thus, there is a significant increase in publications in the last five years. A more systematic focus on the theoretical framework and definition of concepts would be of value. Research and programme development should be based on a shared understanding on what constitutes the interprofessional competences and IPE. Programmes to develop interprofessional practice should be developed and implemented systematically with inclusion of validated assessment methods, and evaluated and improved regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Sulosaari
- Turku University of Applied Sciences, Joukahaisenkatu 3, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Nikolina Dodlek
- Cyprus University of Technology, Archiepiskopou Kyprianou 30, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Brandl
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jesper Grau Eriksen
- Dept of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Niall O'Higgins
- School of Medicine, University College, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kim Benstead
- Dept of Oncology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, College Rd, GL53 7AN, Cheltenham, RN, UK
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Galica J, Luctkar-Flude M, Silva A, Wong J, Esplen MJ. Identifying the Professional Development Needs Among Early Career Doctorally Prepared Oncology Professionals. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2023; 38:1656-1661. [PMID: 37300746 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-023-02318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the professional development needs of early career doctorally prepared professionals in psychosocial oncology. We used a cross-sectional descriptive survey design to assess professionally related skills deemed most important to participants' academic excellence and promotion, skills they felt most and least confident to engage in, and those they were most interested to learn more about. Seventeen participants completed the survey and were, on average, 39.3 years of age (range 29-55 years) and had completed doctoral or post-doctoral training 3.1 years previously (range 0-5 years). Participants identified seeking external funding as not only the most important skill to achieve their academic excellence and promotion, but also as the skill they felt least confident to engage in. They felt most confident to engage in career planning and getting published and were most interested to learn more about how to negotiate a career/position. Participants also expressed interest in having access to a forum wherein they could collaborate with others and receive mentorship from expert oncology professionals with doctoral degrees. The findings from this study point to the need for professional development opportunities for oncology professionals before and after they complete their doctoral or post-doctoral training. Study participants' perspectives offer insights about topics that may be enhanced in doctoral and post-doctoral mentorship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Galica
- School of Nursing, Queen's University, 92 Barrie Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Marian Luctkar-Flude
- School of Nursing, Queen's University, 92 Barrie Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Amina Silva
- School of Nursing, Queen's University, 92 Barrie Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jiahui Wong
- de Souza Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary-Jane Esplen
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Matthew A, Lutzky-Cohen N, Jamnicky L, Currie K, Gentile A, Mina DS, Fleshner N, Finelli A, Hamilton R, Kulkarni G, Jewett M, Zlotta A, Trachtenberg J, Yang Z, Elterman D. The Prostate Cancer Rehabilitation Clinic: a biopsychosocial clinic for sexual dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:393-402. [PMID: 30607114 DOI: 10.3747/co.25.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The most prevalent intervention for localized prostate cancer (pca) is radical prostatectomy (rp), which has a 10-year relative survival rate of more than 90%. The improved survival rate has led to a focus on reducing the burden of treatment-related morbidity and improving the patient and partner survivorship experience. Post-rp sexual dysfunction (sdf) has received significant attention, given its substantial effect on patient and partner health-related quality of life. Accordingly, there is a need for sdf treatment to be a fundamental component of pca survivorship programming. Methods Most research about the treatment of post-rp sdf involves biomedical interventions for erectile dysfunction (ed). Although findings support the effectiveness of pro-erectile agents and devices, most patients discontinue use of such aids within 1 year after their rp. Because side effects of pro-erectile treatment have proved to be inadequate in explaining the gap between efficacy and ongoing use, current research focuses on a biopsychosocial perspective of ed. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of literature describing the components of a biopsychosocial program designed for the post-rp population and their partners. Results In this paper, we detail the development of the Prostate Cancer Rehabilitation Clinic (pcrc), which emphasizes multidisciplinary intervention teams, active participation by the partner, and a broad-spectrum medical, psychological, and interpersonal approach. Conclusions The goal of the pcrc is to help patients and their partners achieve optimal sexual health and couple intimacy after rp, and to help design cost-effective and beneficial rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matthew
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - N Lutzky-Cohen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - L Jamnicky
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - K Currie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - A Gentile
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - D Santa Mina
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - N Fleshner
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - A Finelli
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - R Hamilton
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - G Kulkarni
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - M Jewett
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - A Zlotta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - J Trachtenberg
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - D Elterman
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
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McLeod D, Esplen MJ, Wong J, Hack TF, Fillion L, Howell D, Fitch M, Dufresne J. Enhancing clinical practice in the management of distress: The Therapeutic Practices for Distress Management (TPDM) project. Psychooncology 2018; 27:2289-2295. [PMID: 29956392 DOI: 10.1002/pon.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Therapeutic Practices for Distress Management (TPDM) project was carried out to support clinicians in integrating recommendations from four clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in routine care at five Pan Canadian cancer care sites. METHODS Using a concurrent, mixed-method study design and knowledge translation (KT) activities, this project included two phases: phase I-a baseline/preparation phase and phase II-an intervention phase plus evaluation. The intervention phase (the focus of this report) included a one-year education and supervision program (24 hours in virtual class; 12-hour group supervision). Primary outcomes were knowledge and self-efficacy in practicing CPGs as measured by a Knowledge and Self-Efficacy Survey (KSES). A secondary outcome was observer-rated performances with standardized patients (objective structured clinical exams). Participants included 80 (90%) nurses, and 9 (10%) social workers (N = 89). RESULTS The TPDM program was effective in accomplishing change in knowledge, self-efficacy, and performance. All measures demonstrated significant change pre and post module, with evidence of increasing knowledge (P < .01) and confidence (P < .01) over time. Further, there was evidence of a shift in barriers and enablers to practicing in alignment with the CPGs. CONCLUSIONS A tailored education program using case-based learning and supervision over time improves knowledge and practice among front line clinicians. The findings have implications for quality improvement in cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah McLeod
- Psychosocial Oncology, NS Health Authority, School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mary Jane Esplen
- de Souza Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Clinical and Basic Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jiahui Wong
- de Souza Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Clinical and Basic Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas F Hack
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnepeg, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnepeg, Canada.,Psychosocial Oncology & Cancer Nursing Research, I.H. Asper Clinical Research Institute, Winnepeg, Canada
| | - Lise Fillion
- Nursing Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel Dieu de Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doris Howell
- Oncology Nursing Research and Education, University Health Networks, Toronto, Canada.,Lawrence Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada
| | - Margaret Fitch
- Lawrence Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Canadian Association of Nurses in Oncology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie Dufresne
- Yukon Chamber of Commerce, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada.,Touché Consulting, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
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Lawn S, Zhi X, Morello A. An integrative review of e-learning in the delivery of self-management support training for health professionals. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 17:183. [PMID: 29017521 PMCID: PMC5634849 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-1022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-learning involves delivery of education through Information and Communication Technology (ITC) using a wide variety of instructional designs, including synchronous and asynchronous formats. It can be as effective as face-to-face training for many aspects of health professional training. There are, however, particular practices and skills needed in providing patient self-management support, such as partnering with patients in goal-setting, which may challenge conventional practice norms. E-learning for the delivery of self-management support (SMS) continuing education to existing health professionals is a relatively new and growing area with limited studies identifying features associated with best acquisition of skills in self-management support. METHODS An integrative literature review examined what is known about e-learning for self-management support. This review included both qualitative and quantitative studies that focused on e-learning provided to existing health professionals for their continuing professional development. Papers were limited to those published in English between 2006 and 2016. Content analysis was used to organize and focus and describe the findings. RESULTS The search returned 1505 articles, with most subsequently excluded based on their title or abstract. Fifty-two full text articles were obtained and checked, with 42 excluded because they did not meet the full criteria. Ten peer-reviewed articles were included in this review. Seven main themes emerged from the content analysis: participants and professions; time; package content; guiding theoretical framework; outcome measures; learning features or formats; and learning barriers. These themes revealed substantial heterogeneity in instructional design and other elements of e-learning applied to SMS, indicating that there is still much to understand about how best to deliver e-learning for SMS skills development. CONCLUSIONS Few e-learning approaches meet the need for high levels of interactivity, reflection, practice and application to practice for health professionals learning to deliver effective SMS. Findings suggest that the context of SMS for patients with chronic condition matters to how health professional training is delivered, to ensure partnership and person-centred care. Further creative approaches and their rigorous evaluation are needed to deliver completely online learning in this space. Blended learning that combines e-learning and face-to-face methods is suggested to support SMS skills development for health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lawn
- Flinders Human Behaviour & Health Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Flinders University, PO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Australia
| | - Xiaojuan Zhi
- Flinders Human Behaviour & Health Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Flinders University, PO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Australia
| | - Andrea Morello
- Flinders Human Behaviour & Health Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Flinders University, PO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Australia
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McCutcheon LRM, Alzghari SK, Lee YR, Long WG, Marquez R. Interprofessional education and distance education: A review and appraisal of the current literature. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2017; 9:729-736. [PMID: 29233450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interprofessional education (IPE) is becoming essential for students and healthcare professionals. An evolving approach to implement it is via distance education. Distance education can provide a viable solution to deliver IPE in a variety of settings. METHODS A literature search on PubMed and Academic Search Complete databases was conducted, revealing 478 articles ranging from the years of 1971-2015. The articles were screened for relevance using the following inclusion criteria: 1) Is this study implementing IPE? 2) Is this study utilizing the instructional delivery method of distance education? 3) Does this study contain students from two or more healthcare professions? RESULTS Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were systematically analyzed to identify data relevant for this review. Findings from this review provide a description of the teaching methods involved in distance education in promoting IPE and an assessment of the continuing use of distance education to foster IPE. Success varied depending upon on the distance-based instructional model utilized to facilitate IPE. IMPLICATIONS Incorporating distance education to implement IPE can be an opportunity to develop team collaboration and communication skills among students. Teaching models presented in this review have the potential to be adapted to methods that leverage the power of evolving technology. Further research is needed to understand which distance education instructional delivery models best maximize the IPE experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia R M McCutcheon
- Wilkes University, Nesbitt College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, United States.
| | - Saeed K Alzghari
- Gulfstream Genomics, LLC, 9301 N. Central Expressway, Suite 335, Dallas, TX 75231, United States.
| | - Young R Lee
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, 1718 Pine Street, Abilene, TX 79601, United States.
| | - William G Long
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, 1718 Pine Street, Abilene, TX 79601, United States.
| | - Robyn Marquez
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Office of Technology, 1718 Pine Street, Abilene, TX 79601, United States.
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Shen N, Yufe S, Saadatfard O, Sockalingam S, Wiljer D. Rebooting Kirkpatrick: Integrating Information System Theory Into the Evaluation of Web-based Continuing Professional Development Interventions for Interprofessional Education. THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2017; 37:137-146. [PMID: 28562503 DOI: 10.1097/ceh.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Information system research has stressed the importance of theory in understanding how user perceptions can motivate the use and adoption of technology such as web-based continuing professional development programs for interprofessional education (WCPD-IPE). A systematic review was conducted to provide an information system perspective on the current state of WCPD-IPE program evaluation and how current evaluations capture essential theoretical constructs in promoting technology adoption. METHODS Six databases were searched to identify studies evaluating WCPD-IPE. Three investigators determined eligibility of the articles. Evaluation items extracted from the studies were assessed using the Kirkpatrick-Barr framework and mapped to the Benefits Evaluation Framework. RESULTS Thirty-seven eligible studies yielded 362 evaluation items for analysis. Most items (n = 252) were assessed as Kirkpatrick-Barr level 1 (reaction) and were mainly focused on the quality (information, service, and quality) and satisfaction dimensions of the Benefits Evaluation. System quality was the least evaluated quality dimension, accounting for 26 items across 13 studies. WCPD-IPE use was reported in 17 studies and its antecedent factors were evaluated in varying degrees of comprehensiveness. DISCUSSION Although user reactions were commonly evaluated, greater focus on user perceptions of system quality (ie, functionality and performance), usefulness, and usability of the web-based platform is required. Surprisingly, WCPD-IPE use was reported in less than half of the studies. This is problematic as use is a prerequisite to realizing any individual, organizational, or societal benefit of WCPD-IPE. This review proposes an integrated framework which accounts for these factors and provides a theoretically grounded guide for future evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Shen
- Mr. Shen: PhD Candidate, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Ms. Yufe: MA Candidate, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Mr. Saadatfard: Researcher, Norwegian Centre for E-health, Tromsø, Norway. Dr. Sockalingam: Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Deputy Psychiatrist-in-Chief, Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Wiljer: Associate Professor, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Executive Director, Education, Technology & Innovation, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Steele AC, Mullins LL, Mullins AJ, Muriel AC. Psychosocial Interventions and Therapeutic Support as a Standard of Care in Pediatric Oncology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62 Suppl 5:S585-618. [PMID: 26700919 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that a subset of youths with childhood cancer and their parents will experience significant psychological distress throughout the course of their illness. Importantly, the existing literature indicates that psychosocial support is beneficial in decreasing symptoms of distress in these families. The aim of the current review is to determine the extent of the evidence to support a standard of psychosocial care for children and their families throughout the cancer trajectory; thus, we examined the research related to psychosocial outcomes in youth with cancer and their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amii C Steele
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplant, Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Larry L Mullins
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | | | - Anna C Muriel
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Passalacqua R, Annunziata MA, Borreani C, Diodati F, Isa L, Saleri J, Verusio C, Caminiti C. Feasibility of a quality improvement strategy integrating psychosocial care into 28 medical cancer centers (HuCare project). Support Care Cancer 2015; 24:147-155. [PMID: 25957011 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-015-2756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the development and feasibility of a quality improvement strategy for the translation of evidence-based psychosocial care into clinical practice. METHODS The project involved all staff (oncologists, psychologists, and nurses) of the participating centers. Recommendations concerned: improvement of clinician communication skills; use of a patient question prompt list; assignment of a specialist nurse to each patient; screening for psychological distress and social needs; opportunity to attend a Point of Information and Support. The implementation strategy hinged on context analysis and problem solving. Four to six visits were held in each center by the project team to assist staff in identifying obstacles, finding solutions, and strengthening motivation. The primary variable was the adherence percentage to the recommendations (proportion of subjects receiving each intervention). The number of centers that failed to reach the objective was also reported (adherence percentage <75%). RESULTS Twenty-seven of twenty-eight centers completed the study. Lack of resources was the most commonly perceived barrier preimplementation. Five-hundred-forty-five clinicians were actively involved in the project and completed training. The adherence percentage for each recommendation was greater than 85% except for the question prompt list (78%; 95% CI, 73-83%), where seven centers did not reach the objective. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that evidence-based interventions to improve the psychosocial care of people with cancer can be implemented in a diverse range of oncology wards. This requires the involvement and motivation of the entire staff of the ward, support by an expert team, and promotion by policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Passalacqua
- Division of Medical Oncology, Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia, 1, Cremona, 26100, Italy.
| | | | - Claudia Borreani
- Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Diodati
- Research and Innovation Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luciano Isa
- Division of Oncology, Hospital of Melegnano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Saleri
- Division of Medical Oncology, Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia, 1, Cremona, 26100, Italy
| | - Claudio Verusio
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital of Saronno, Saronno, Varese, Italy
| | - Caterina Caminiti
- Research and Innovation Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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