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Daneshfard B, Dalfardi B, Nezhad GSM. Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039 AD), the original portrayal of the modern theory of vision. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY 2016; 24:227-231. [PMID: 24737194 DOI: 10.1177/0967772014529050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Abū ՙAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen, was an Arab-Islamic scholar who helped develop the science of ophthalmology during the medieval era. He was the first to reject firmly the extramission theory of vision, which was prevalent during his time, and suggested that the eyes are the source of the light rays responsible for vision. Ibn al-Haytham in his book entitled Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics) explained vision based on light emanating from objects. In this study we review Ibn al-Haytham's life and introduce his major contribution to the field of ophthalmology, his theory of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Daneshfard
- Research center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behnam Dalfardi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Golnoush Sadat Mahmoudi Nezhad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Heyadri M, Hashempur MH, Ayati MH, Quintern D, Nimrouzi M, Heyadri M. The use of Chinese herbal drugs in Islamic medicine. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2016; 13:363-7. [PMID: 26559361 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(15)60205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates some of the ways that Chinese medicine has been transferred to the Western world and to Islamic territories. During the Golden Age of Islam (8th to 13th century CE), the herbal drug trade promoted significant commercial and scientific exchange between China and the Muslim world. Chinese herbal drugs have been described by medieval Muslim medical scholars such as Tabari (870 CE), Rhazes (925 CE), Haly Abbas (982 CE), Avicenna (1037 CE) and Jurjani (1137 CE). The term al-sin (the Arabic word for China) is used 46 times in Avicenna's Canon of Medicine in reference to herbal drugs imported from China. Cinnamon (dar sini; "Chinese herb"), wild ginger (asaron), rhubarb (rivand-e sini), nutmeg (basbasa), incense tree wood (ood), cubeb (kababe) and sandalwood (sandal) were the most frequently mentioned Chinese herbs in Islamic medical books. There are also multiple similarities between the clinical uses of these herbs in both medical systems. It appears that Chinese herbal drugs were a major component of the exchange of goods and knowledge between China and the Islamic and later to the Western world amid this era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Heyadri
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashem Hashempur
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.,Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Ayati
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Detlev Quintern
- Department of History of Science, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Majid Nimrouzi
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Heyadri
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Essence of Parsiyan Wisdom Institute, Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plant Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Heydari M, Dalfardi B, Golzari SEJ, Habibi H, Zarshenas MM. The medieval origins of the concept of hypertension. Heart Views 2014; 15:96-8. [PMID: 25538828 PMCID: PMC4268622 DOI: 10.4103/1995-705x.144807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-known history of hypertension research in the modern era, like many other cardiovascular concepts, main points in the medieval concept of this disease and its early management methods remain obscure. This article attempts to make a brief review on the medieval origin of the concept of this disease from the Hidayat of Al-Akhawayni (?-983 AD). This article has reviewed the chapter of “Fi al-Imtela” (About the Fullness) from the Hidβyat al-Muta’allimin fi al-Tibb (The Students' Handbook of Medicine) of Al-Akhawayni. The definition, symptoms and treatments presented for the Imtela are compared with the current knowledge on hypertension. Akhawayni believed that Imtela could result from the excessive amount of blood within the blood vessels. It can manifest with symptoms including the presence of a pulsus magnus, sleepiness, weakness, dyspnea, facial blushing, engorgement of the vessels, thick urine, vascular rupture, and hemorrhagic stroke. He also suggested some ways to manage al-Imtela'. These include recommendations of changes in lifestyle (staying away from anger and sexual intercourse) and dietary program for patients (avoiding the consumption of wine, meat, and pastries, reducing the volume of food in a meal, maintaining a low-energy diet and the dietary usage of spinach and vinegar). Al-Akhawayni's description of “Imtela,” despite of its numerous differences with current knowledge of hypertension, can be considered as medieval origin of the concept of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Heydari
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz, Iran ; Essence of Parsiyan Wisdom Institute, Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plant Incubator, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behnam Dalfardi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz, Iran ; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samad E J Golzari
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Habibi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Zarshenas
- Essence of Parsiyan Wisdom Institute, Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plant Incubator, Shiraz, Iran ; Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Yarmohammadi H, Dalfardi B, Ghanizadeh A, Hosseinialhashemi M. Differentiation between seizure and hysteria in a tenth-century persian text: Hidāyat of al-Akhawayni (d. 983 AD). JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2014; 23:395-402. [PMID: 25153366 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2014.887896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although hysteria is associated largely with the nineteenth century, we find the subject treated in a tenth-century Persian medical text, the Hidayat al-Muta`allemin Fi al-Tibb [A Guide to Medical Learners] by al-Akhawayni Bukhari (d. 983 AD), a prominent physician in the Persian history of medicine. In this article, we discuss al-Akhawayni's views on seizure and hysteria and his differentiation between the two conditions, and we place it in a historical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Yarmohammadi
- a Student Research Committee , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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Heydari M, Dalfardi B, Mosavat SH. Cardiac tamponade, a medical concept known in medieval times. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:284-5. [PMID: 25043213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Heydari
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Essence of Parsiyan Wisdom Institute, Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plant Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behnam Dalfardi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hamdollah Mosavat
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Essence of Parsiyan Wisdom Institute, Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plant Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Dalfardi B, Yarmohammadi H, Ghanizadeh A. Melancholia in medieval Persian literature: The view of Hidayat of Al-Akhawayni. World J Psychiatry 2014; 4:37-41. [PMID: 25019055 PMCID: PMC4087154 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v4.i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
“Melancholia” seems to be the oldest term used to describe the manifestations of depression. Throughout the history of medicine, melancholia has been the focus of consideration of many scholars who have provided varying definitions of this disorder and its manifestations. This continual process has resulted in the gradual development of the concept of melancholia over time. Persian scholars were among the scientists who have studied the melancholia and contributed to its concept. One figure, Al-Akhawayni Bukhari (?-983 AD), a Persian physician whose reputation was based on the treatment of patients with mental problems, investigated this disorder. He described Melancholia and explained its clinical manifestations and treatment methods. Al-Akhawayni provided an early classification of the patients suffering from this disorder. Since the medieval Persian concept of melancholia is not well-known, this paper aims to review Al-Akhawayni’s 10th century knowledge on melancholia which can represent the early concept of this disorder in the Near East.
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Yarmohammadi H, Dalfardi B. Al-Akhawayni's views on stroke. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Daneshfard B, Dalfardi B. Medieval roots of modern knowledge regarding carotid sinus syncope. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:342-3. [PMID: 24679687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Daneshfard
- Research center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behnam Dalfardi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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