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Das A, Mohammed TP, Kumar R, Bhunia S, Sankaralingam M. Carbazole appended trans-dicationic pyridinium porphyrin finds supremacy in DNA binding/photocleavage over a non-carbazolyl analogue. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:12453-12466. [PMID: 35730410 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00555g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A carbazolyl appended trans-pyridyl porphyrin (1) was synthesized and its dicationic form 2 was obtained by methylation of the pyridyl group. Copper and zinc complexes of porphyrin 2 (Cu(II), 3; Zn(II), 4) were isolated and characterized by various modern spectroscopic techniques. The DNA binding properties of 2, 3, and 4 have been explored against calf thymus-DNA (CT-DNA). DNA binding was quantized using the intrinsic binding constant (Kb) that was calculated by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and the value Kb = 1.6 × 106 M-1 for compound 2 reveals a better interaction of 2 towards CT-DNA than those of 3 (3.1 × 105 M-1) and 4 (3.4 × 105 M-1), which follows the order 2 > 4 > 3. The fluorescence quenching efficiency and ethidium bromide quenching assay also indicated a good binding affinity of all the compounds towards CT-DNA. Furthermore, the spectroscopic data suggest that the possible mode of interaction is intercalation. The docking studies were in accordance with the experimental results. Notably, DNA cleavage studies reveal that 2 shows better damage than 3 and 4 which is in accordance with the binding affinity order 2 > 4 > 3. The observed quantum yield (2: 0.65, 3: 0.33, and 4: 0.97) and no change in DNA cleavage in the presence of NaN3 reveal the involvement of singlet oxygen. The singlet excited state lifetimes were in the range of 6.3-1.2 ns. Furthermore, these porphyrins can be investigated as interesting photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy and photochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athulya Das
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode-673601, Kerala, India.
| | - Thasnim P Mohammed
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode-673601, Kerala, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode-673601, Kerala, India.
| | - Sarmistha Bhunia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Muniyandi Sankaralingam
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode-673601, Kerala, India.
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2
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Li S, Bi B, Luo G, Zhan J, Zhang R, Li J, Chen N, Huang J, Xue J, Xu G. A phase Ι study to evaluate the application of photocyanine using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis in patients with malignancy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 86:267-276. [PMID: 32710147 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) schedules are based on sensitiser dose, light dose, and drug-light interval. The aim of the phase Ι study was to choose optimal dose and drug-light interval for PDT with photocyanine using pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). METHODS Twenty-eight cancer patients were enrolled. In trial A, 12 patients received one of four ascending doses of photocyanine intravenously 24 h prior to 180-270 J/cm2 illumination. 0.2 mg/kg dose was infused to ten patients 12-48 h prior to 120 J/cm2 illumination in trial B. In trial C, 0.1 mg/kg dose was infused to six patients 6 or 12 h prior to 180-270 J/cm2 illumination. Serum concentrations of photocyanine were measured, and simulations were performed to assess the effect of drug exposure in tissue on responses. RESULTS Analysis of photocyanine levels of patients indicated that the two-compartment model best fit the data. Simulations showed that the rates of the drug entering tissues and leaving tissues were equal at 8-12 h after injection. Patients experienced pain which was related to photocyanine serum levels, especially with serum levels above 2500 ng/ml. Fewer non-responders were observed at serum levels higher than 1000 ng/ml for illumination at least 12 h after administration. CONCLUSION It is the first report of human trials of photocyanine, and the results suggested that patients receive 180 J/cm2 illumination about 20-30 min at serum concentrations of photocyanine between 1000 and 2500 ng/ml at least 10 h after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Trial Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingtian Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Trial Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Trial Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Trial Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Naisheng Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Xue
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Inglut CT, Gaitan B, Najafali D, Lopez IA, Connolly NP, Orsila S, Perttilä R, Woodworth GF, Chen Y, Huang HC. Predictors and Limitations of the Penetration Depth of Photodynamic Effects in the Rodent Brain. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:301-309. [PMID: 31441057 PMCID: PMC7035972 DOI: 10.1111/php.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) is routinely utilized in clinical centers around the world, whereas the combination of FGS and photodynamic therapy (PDT) has yet to reach clinical implementation and remains an active area of translational investigations. Two significant challenges to the clinical translation of PDT for brain cancer are as follows: (1) Limited light penetration depth in brain tissues and (2) Poor selectivity and delivery of the appropriate photosensitizers. To address these shortcomings, we developed nanoliposomal protoporphyrin IX (Nal-PpIX) and nanoliposomal benzoporphyrin derivative (Nal-BPD) and then evaluated their photodynamic effects as a function of depth in tissue and light fluence using rat brains. Although red light penetration depth (defined as the depth at which the incident optical energy drops to 1/e, ~37%) is typically a few millimeters in tissues, we demonstrated that the remaining optical energy could induce PDT effects up to 2 cm within brain tissues. Photobleaching and singlet oxygen yield studies between Nal-BPD and Nal-PpIX suggest that deep-tissue PDT (>1 cm) is more effective when using Nal-BPD. These findings indicate that Nal-BPD-PDT is more likely to generate cytotoxic effects deep within the brain and allow for the treatment of brain invading tumor cells centimeters away from the main, resectable tumor mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin T. Inglut
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brandon Gaitan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Najafali
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Irati Abad Lopez
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Nina P. Connolly
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Seppo Orsila
- Modulight, Inc., Hermiankatu 22, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Graeme F. Woodworth
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Huang-Chiao Huang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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4
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Berndt-Paetz M, Weimann A, Sieger N, Schastak S, Riyad YM, Griebel J, Arthanareeswaran VKA, Stolzenburg JU, Neuhaus J. Tetrahydroporphyrin-tetratosylat (THPTS): A near-infrared photosensitizer for targeted and efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) of human bladder carcinoma. An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:244-251. [PMID: 28279796 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficacy of PDT in muscle-invasive bladder cancer is hampered by low tissue penetration of most photosensitizers by short excitation wavelength. THPTS is excitable at near-infrared (760nm) allowing tissue penetration up to 15mm. We examined the cellular effects of THPTS-PDT in human bladder cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used four human transitional carcinoma cell lines, epithelial bladder progenitors (HBLAK) and bladder smooth muscle cells (HBSMC). We used flow cytometry to examine pharmacokinetics of THPTS, confocal laser scanning microscopy to analyze subcellular localization and production of reactive oxidative species (ROS), examined cytotoxicity and cell death pathways (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Total uptake varied between cell lines and was significantly high in HBLAK and HBSMC. Lysosomal localization was mainly seen in cancer cells and HBLAK, while THPTS was distributed throughout the cytoplasm in HBSMC. Significant ROS production was detected 30min after THPTS-PDT. Growth arrest occurred within 4h and resulted in apoptotic and necrotic cytotoxicity after 24h. Cytotoxicity was dose-dependent and specifically high in cancer cells and HBLAK and significantly low in HBSMC. CONCLUSION THPTS-PDT induces cellular mechanisms leading to cellular growth arrest, apoptosis and necrosis in human bladder cancer cells. These effects are only partly dependent on the total amount of THPTS uptake and rather dependent on its subcellular compartmentalization. HBSMC are hardly affected by THPTS-PDT confirming tumor specificity and safety. THPTS is a promising new photosensitizer with the unique advantage of deep tissue penetration allowing the treatment of solid tumors and warranting further animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Berndt-Paetz
- Department of Urology, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annett Weimann
- Department of Urology, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nadine Sieger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Yasser M Riyad
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (IOM), Leipzig, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Jan Griebel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (IOM), Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | - Jochen Neuhaus
- Department of Urology, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasidharan Swarnalatha Lucky
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 117456
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Khee Chee Soo
- Division
of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 169610
| | - Yong Zhang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 117456
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 117576
- College
of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, P. R. China 321004
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6
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Mazzaglia A, Bondì ML, Scala A, Zito F, Barbieri G, Crea F, Vianelli G, Mineo P, Fiore T, Pellerito C, Pellerito L, Costa MA. Supramolecular Assemblies Based on Complexes of Nonionic Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins and a meso-Tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine Tributyltin(IV) Derivative: Potential Nanotherapeutics against Melanoma. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3820-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400849n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Mazzaglia
- CNR − Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, UOS Palermo, c/o Dip. Scienze Chimiche dell’Università
di Messina, Viale Ferdinando
Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Bondì
- CNR − Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, UOS Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa
153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Scala
- CNR − Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, UOS Palermo, c/o Dip. Scienze Chimiche dell’Università
di Messina, Viale Ferdinando
Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Zito
- CNR - Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare ‘Alberto Monroy’, Via Ugo
La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Barbieri
- CNR - Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare ‘Alberto Monroy’, Via Ugo
La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Crea
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando
Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Vianelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando
Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Placido Mineo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, and I.N.S.T.M. UdR of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- CNR-IPCF Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici, Viale Ferdinando
Stagno D’Alcontres, 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Fiore
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Pellerito
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pellerito
- CIRCMSB − Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici, Via Celso Ulpiani, 27, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Costa
- CNR − Istituto di Biofisica, UOS Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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7
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Conte C, Ungaro F, Maglio G, Tirino P, Siracusano G, Sciortino M, Leone N, Palma G, Barbieri A, Arra C, Mazzaglia A, Quaglia F. Biodegradable core-shell nanoassemblies for the delivery of docetaxel and Zn(II)-phthalocyanine inspired by combination therapy for cancer. J Control Release 2013; 167:40-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Dąbrowski JM, Urbanska K, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Abreu AR, Simões S, Stochel G. Biodistribution and photodynamic efficacy of a water-soluble, stable, halogenated bacteriochlorin against melanoma. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:465-75. [PMID: 21265022 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro phototoxicity of a photostable, synthetic, water-soluble, halogenated bacteriochlorin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-chloro-5-sulfophenyl)bacteriochlorin (TCPBSO3H), toward mouse melanoma (S91) cells is ∼60-fold higher than that of the analogous porphyrin, and is associated with very weak toxicity in the dark; 90% of S91 cells were killed in response to a light dose of 0.26 J cm(-2) in the presence of [TCPBSO3H]=5 μM. In vivo toxicity toward DBA mice is very low, even at doses of 20 mg kg(-1). In vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of TCPBSO3H were studied in DBA mice with S91 tumors; 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg kg(-1), TCPBSO3H demonstrated preferential accumulation in S91 mouse melanoma, with tumor-to-normal tissue ratios of 3 and 5 for muscle and skin, respectively. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) performed under these conditions, with 90 mW cm(-2) diode laser irradiation at λ 750 nm for 20 min (total light dose of 108 J cm(-2)), resulted in tumor regression. Tumor recurrence was observed only approximately two months after treatment, confirming the efficacy of this PDT against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz M Dąbrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
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9
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Chen Z, Zhou S, Chen J, Deng Y, Luo Z, Chen H, Hamblin MR, Huang M. Pentalysine beta-carbonylphthalocyanine zinc: an effective tumor-targeting photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:890-8. [PMID: 20458713 PMCID: PMC2935799 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical phthalocyanine derivatives have been widely studied as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), targeting various tumor types. However, the preparation of unsymmetrical phthalocyanines is always a challenge due to the presence of many possible structural isomers. Herein we report a new unsymmetrical zinc phthalocyanine, pentalysine beta-carbonylphthalocyanine zinc (ZnPc-(Lys)(5)), that was prepared in large quantity and high purity. This is a water-soluble cationic photosensitizer and maintains a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation similar to that of unsubstituted zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc). Compared with anionic ZnPc counterparts, ZnPc-(Lys)(5) shows a higher level cellular uptake and 20-fold higher phototoxicity toward tumor cells. Pharmacokinetics and PDT studies of ZnPc-(Lys)(5) in S180 tumor-bearing mice showed a high ratio of tumor versus skin retention and significant tumor inhibition. This new molecular framework will allow synthetic diversity in the number of lysine residues incorporated and will facilitate future QSAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Shanyong Zhou
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Jincan Chen
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Yicai Deng
- Sun Yat-Sen University No. 1 Hospital, 58 Zhong Shan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 (China)
| | - Zhipu Luo
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston MA 02114 (USA)
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 (USA)
- Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Mingdong Huang
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
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10
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Photodynamic therapy: novel third-generation photosensitizers one step closer? Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1-3. [PMID: 18362894 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic sensitizers are drugs activated by light of a specific wavelength and are used in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of certain diseases. Second- and third-generation photosensitizers with improved PDT properties are now under investigation. In this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Leung et al. have described the synthesis and investigation of a second-generation photosensitizer (BAM-SiPc) targeted towards the cells of HepG2 and HT29 tumours. BAM-SiPc is selectively functionalized with bis-amino groups and has demonstrated potent PDT activity in a small animal model. However, it also exhibited non-selective distribution and accumulation in multiple animal (small mouse) organs and tissue. These issues highlight the importance and need for good biodistribution and localization properties for an efficacious photosensitizer. The lack of tumour specificity may have a significant impact on the potential BAM-SiPc has in clinical PDT.
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11
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Egyeki M, Tóth K, Waldeck W, Schmezer P, Langowski J, Csík G. DNA damaging capability of hematoporphyrin towards DNAs of various accessibilities. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 84:119-27. [PMID: 16549364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work we wanted to verify that photoactivation of DNA-non-binding porphyrin derivative hematoporphyrin IX (Hp) is able to induce damages in DNAs of various accessibilities such as B-conformation and superhelical isolated DNA, nucleoprotein complex and intracellular DNAs. It was found that photodynamic reaction of Hp results significant changes in thermal stability of isolated T7 DNA and induces single strand breaks in supercoiled Bluescript plasmid isolated from Escherichia coli cells. As optical melting measurements revealed, the irradiation of photosensitized T7 nucleoprotein complex leads to a destabilization of the protein capsid. The photodynamic reaction affected both the protein structure and DNA-protein interaction, however, the parameters corresponding to the DNA denaturation are not influenced. The accumulation of Hp in HeLa cells was followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The picture received is typical for lipophilic dyes. When Hp loaded cells were irradiated, a reduction of viability could be observed in a concentration and a light dose dependent manner; 12microM porphyrin induced almost complete cell killing after 30min irradiation. After similar treatment, alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis of isolated nuclear DNA did not show the presence of single strand breaks. The alkaline comet assay also failed to demonstrate any DNA damage in HeLa cells. We also considered the possibility of the generation of damages in intracellular SV40 DNA. According to the electropherograms there was no difference between the patterns of DNAs from treated and control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Egyeki
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 263, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Samkoe KS, Fecica MS, Goyan RL, Buchholz JL, Campbell C, Kelly NM, Cramb DT. Photobleaching Kinetics of Optically Trapped Multilamellar Vesicles Containing Verteporfin Using Two-photon Excitation§. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:152-7. [PMID: 16149861 DOI: 10.1562/2005-05-28-ra-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon excitation photodynamic therapy (TPE-PDT) is being developed as an improved treatment for retinal diseases. TPE-PDT has advantages over one-photon PDT, including lower collateral damage to healthy tissue and more precise delivery of PDT. As with one-photon PDT, there can be local photochemical depletion of oxygen during TPE-PDT. Here, we investigate model systems and live cells to measure local photosensitizer photobleaching and through it, infer local oxygen consumption in therapeutic volumes of the order 1 microm3. Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) and African green monkey kidney (CV-1) cells were used to study the TPE photobleaching dynamics of the photosensitizer, Verteporfin. It was found that in an oxygen-rich environment, photobleaching kinetics could not be modeled using a mono-exponential function, whereas in hypoxic conditions a mono-exponential decay was adequate to represent photobleaching. A biexponential was found to adequately model the oxygen-rich conditions and it is hypothesized that the fast part of the decay is oxygen-dependent, whereas the slower rate constant is largely oxygen-independent. Photobleaching recovery studies in the CV-1 cells support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley S Samkoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Bejune SA, Shelton AH, McMillin DR. New Dicationic Porphyrin Ligands Suited for Intercalation into B-Form DNA. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:8465-75. [PMID: 14658901 DOI: 10.1021/ic035092i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a new series of sterically nondemanding, dicationic porphyrins that exhibit novel DNA-binding interactions. Cationic porphyrins continue to be the focus of a great deal of effort because of the promise they have for use in photodynamic, antiviral, and anticancer therapies. The systems explored here include 5,15-di(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (H2D4), 5,15-di(N-methylpyridinium-3-yl)porphyrin (H2D3), and 5,15-di(N-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (H2D2), as well as Zn(D4) and Zn(D3), the zinc(II)-containing derivatives of H2D4 and H2D3, respectively. Viscometry studies, in conjunction with various spectroscopic techniques, reveal the nature of the adducts formed with DNA. Irrespective of the base composition, H2D4 and H2D3 bind to DNA by intercalation. The zinc derivatives Zn(D4) and Zn(D3) are also intercalators; however, the binding constants are smaller because uptake requires the loss of an axial ligand. The decisive roles that steric factors and structural rigidity play in shaping the adducts with DNA become clear. Sequences that contain mainly adenine-thymine base pairs easily depart from the canonical B-form DNA structure and generally accommodate bulky porphyrins in external binding sites. However, with the H2D3 and H2D4 systems, the steric requirements are so minimal that intercalation becomes the preferred mode of binding, even in [poly(dA-dT)]2. The intercalated form of the H2D2 isomer is less stable, probably because of frontal strain associated with the (N-methyl)pyridinium-2-yl groups. A qualitative energy-level diagram is useful for assessing the forces that influence binding and could guide the design of new porphyrin ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Bejune
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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Qualls MM, Thompson DH. Chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate delivered via acid-labile diplasmenylcholine-folate liposomes: intracellular localization and synergistic phototoxicity. Int J Cancer 2001; 93:384-92. [PMID: 11433404 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Folate-diplasmenylcholine (1,2-di-O-(Z-1'-hexadecenyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DPPlsC) liposomes have been shown to greatly enhance the potency of water-soluble antitumor agents via a selective folate-mediated uptake and acid-catalyzed endosomal escape mechanism (Rui et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998; 120:11213--18). This study describes an adaptation of this strategy for the delivery of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate ([AlPcS(4)](4-)), a water-soluble sensitizer used in photodynamic therapy, in a binary targeting scheme designed to enhance both its tumor selectivity and phototoxicity. [AlPcS(4)](4-)/DPPlsC:folate liposomes (9.8 microM bulk concentration, 2.5 mM intraliposomal concentration) were substantially more phototoxic to folate-deficient KB cells than 12.5 microM free [AlPcS(4)](4-) after a 30 min irradiation (630-910 nm). Considerable differences in phototoxicity were observed, however, between the commercially-available AlPcS(4)(4-) and an HPLC purified sample of [AlPcS(4)](4-) due to an increased tendency for the latter to aggregate. Experiments with [AlPcS(4)](4-)/DPPC:folate and folate-free [AlPcS(4)](4-)/DPPlsC liposomes (acid-insensitive and non-targeted controls, respectively) showed significantly reduced phototoxicities under the same illumination conditions. Our results imply that higher concentrations of water-soluble sensitizers can be delivered to target cells using the folate receptor-mediated pathway, which can change both the biodistribution and intracellular localization of the sensitizer when acid-labile DPPlsC liposomes are used as the delivery vehicle. Potential advantages of this approach include the use of lower bulk [AlPcS(4)](4-) concentrations, rapid plasma clearance of free [AlPcS(4)](4-), and better phototoxic responses, due to higher intracellular [AlPcS(4)](4-) concentrations combined with reduced collateral photodamage arising from misguided sensitizer accumulation, thereby enhancing the selective phototoxicity of PDT treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Qualls
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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