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Visvanathan N, Lim JYA, Chng HT, Xie S. A Critical Review on the Dosing and Safety of Antifungals Used in Exotic Avian and Reptile Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:810. [PMID: 37623581 PMCID: PMC10455840 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifungals are used in exotic avian and reptile species for the treatment of fungal diseases. Dose extrapolations across species are common due to lack of species-specific pharmacological data. This may not be ideal because interspecies physiological differences may result in subtherapeutic dosing or toxicity. This critical review aims to collate existing pharmacological data to identify antifungals with the most evidence to support their safe and effective use. In the process, significant trends and gaps are also identified and discussed. An extensive search was conducted on PubMed and JSTOR, and relevant data were critically appraised. Itraconazole or voriconazole showed promising results in Japanese quails, racing pigeons and inland bearded dragons for the treatment of aspergillosis and CANV-related infections. Voriconazole neurotoxicity manifested as seizures in multiple penguins, but as lethargy or torticollis in cottonmouths. Itraconazole toxicity was predominantly hepatotoxicity, observed as liver abnormalities in inland bearded dragons and a Parson's chameleon. Differences in formulations of itraconazole affected various absorption parameters. Non-linearities in voriconazole due to saturable metabolism and autoinduction showed opposing effects on clearance, especially in multiple-dosing regimens. These differences in pharmacokinetic parameters across species resulted in varying elimination half-lives. Terbinafine has been used in dermatomycoses, especially in reptiles, due to its keratinophilic nature, and no significant adverse events were observed. The use of fluconazole has declined due to resistance or its narrow spectrum of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Visvanathan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore
| | - Jolise Yi An Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore
| | - Hui Ting Chng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore
| | - Shangzhe Xie
- Mandai Wildlife Group, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 729826, Singapore
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2
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Aguilar G, Mitchell MA. Reptile Dermatology. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:409-424. [PMID: 36965878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Reptiles are being presented more frequently to veterinarians because they increase in popularity. As with domestic pets, dermatologic conditions are common findings in captive reptiles and can be associated with husbandry and nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, and neoplasia. To have success with these cases, it is important to take a stepwise and strategic approach, starting with a thorough anamnesis and physical examination. From there, diagnostic tests should be pursued, with an understanding of the limitations of each diagnostic test. By understanding these limitations, the veterinary scientist can determine the best path to a diagnosis and treatment for the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Aguilar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skin Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mark A Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skin Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Schilliger L, Paillusseau C, François C, Bonwitt J. Major Emerging Fungal Diseases of Reptiles and Amphibians. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030429. [PMID: 36986351 PMCID: PMC10053826 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are caused by pathogens that have undergone recent changes in terms of geographic spread, increasing incidence, or expanding host range. In this narrative review, we describe three important fungal EIDs with keratin trophism that are relevant to reptile and amphibian conservation and veterinary practice. Nannizziopsis spp. have been mainly described in saurians; infection results in thickened, discolored skin crusting, with eventual progression to deep tissues. Previously only reported in captive populations, it was first described in wild animals in Australia in 2020. Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (formely O. ophiodiicola) is only known to infect snakes; clinical signs include ulcerating lesions in the cranial, ventral, and pericloacal regions. It has been associated with mortality events in wild populations in North America. Batrachochytrium spp. cause ulceration, hyperkeratosis, and erythema in amphibians. They are a major cause of catastrophic amphibian declines worldwide. In general, infection and clinical course are determined by host-related characteristics (e.g., nutritional, metabolic, and immune status), pathogens (e.g., virulence and environmental survival), and environment (e.g., temperature, hygrometry, and water quality). The animal trade is thought to be an important cause of worldwide spread, with global modifications in temperature, hygrometry, and water quality further affecting fungal pathogenicity and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Schilliger
- Argos Veterinary Clinic of Paris Auteuil, 35 Rue Leconte de Lisle, 75016 Paris, France
- SpéNac Referral Center, 100 Boulevard de la Tour Maubourg, 75007 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-188-616-831
| | - Clément Paillusseau
- Argos Veterinary Clinic of Paris Auteuil, 35 Rue Leconte de Lisle, 75016 Paris, France
- SpéNac Referral Center, 100 Boulevard de la Tour Maubourg, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Camille François
- Argos Veterinary Clinic of Paris Auteuil, 35 Rue Leconte de Lisle, 75016 Paris, France
- SpéNac Referral Center, 100 Boulevard de la Tour Maubourg, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Jesse Bonwitt
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Rd., Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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4
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McEntire MS, Reinhart JM, Cox SK, Keller KA. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered terbinafine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and the antifungal susceptibility patterns of Nannizziopsis guarroi. Am J Vet Res 2021; 83:256-263. [PMID: 34941564 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.02.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the antifungal susceptibility of Nanniziopsis guarroi isolates and to evaluate the single-dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered terbinafine in bearded dragons. ANIMALS 8 healthy adult bearded dragons. PROCEDURES 4 isolates of N guarroi were tested for antifungal susceptibility. A compounded oral solution of terbinafine (25 mg/mL [20 mg/kg]) was given before blood (0.2 mL) was drawn from the ventral tail vein at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after administration. Plasma terbinafine concentrations were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The antifungal minimum inhibitory concentrations against N guarroi isolates ranged from 4,000 to > 64,000 ng/mL for fluconazole, 125 to 2,000 ng/mL for itraconazole, 125 to 2,000 ng/mL for ketoconazole, 125 to 1,000 ng/mL for posaconazole, 60 to 250 ng/mL for voriconazole, and 15 to 30 ng/mL for terbinafine. The mean ± SD peak plasma terbinafine concentration in bearded dragons was 435 ± 338 ng/mL at 13 ± 4.66 hours after administration. Plasma concentrations remained > 30 ng/mL for > 24 hours in all bearded dragons and for > 48 hours in 6 of 8 bearded dragons. Mean ± SD terminal half-life following oral administration was 21.2 ± 12.40 hours. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Antifungal susceptibility data are available for use in clinical decision making. Results indicated that administration of terbinafine (20 mg/kg, PO, q 24 to 48 h) in bearded dragons may be appropriate for the treatment of dermatomycoses caused by N guarroi. Clinical studies are needed to determine the efficacy of such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S McEntire
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
| | - Jennifer M Reinhart
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
| | - Sherry K Cox
- 2Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Krista A Keller
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
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Gentry SL, Lorch JM, Lankton JS, Pringle A. Koch's postulates: Confirming Nannizziopsis guarroi as the cause of yellow fungal disease in Pogona vitticeps. Mycologia 2021; 113:1253-1263. [PMID: 34477498 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1954445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nannizziopsis guarroi is an ascomycete fungus associated with a necrotizing dermatitis in captive green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) across both Europe and North America. Clinical signs of the disease include swelling and lesion formation. Lesions develop from white raised bumps on the skin and progress into crusty, yellow, discolored scales, eventually becoming necrotic. The clinical signs are the basis of a colloquial name yellow fungal disease (YFD). However, until now, N. guarroi has not been confirmed as the primary agent of the disease in bearded dragons. In this experiment, we fulfill Koch's postulates criteria of disease, demonstrating N. guarroi as the primary agent of YFD in bearded dragons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah L Gentry
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Jeffrey M Lorch
- National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711
| | - Julia S Lankton
- National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711
| | - Anne Pringle
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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6
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PLASMA VORICONAZOLE CONCENTRATIONS FOLLOWING SINGLE- AND MULTIPLE-DOSE SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS IN WESTERN POND TURTLES ( ACTINEMYS MARMORATA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:538-547. [PMID: 34130396 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently characterized fungal pathogen, Emydomyces testavorans, has been associated with ulcerative shell disease and significant morbidity in Western pond turtles. Voriconazole is a second-generation triazole antifungal medication that prevents fungal growth through disruption of ergosterol synthesis, causing abnormalities in the fungal cell membrane. Preliminary reports of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) indicate that voriconazole is effective in vitro against E. testavorans. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography was used to measure voriconazole plasma concentrations in blood samples from healthy Western pond turtles after administration of a single SC injection of 10 mg/kg and after multiple doses (10 mg/kg SC q48h for seven doses). The data were analyzed using a naïve pooled approach. Mean (SE) observed time to maximum concentration was 2 (0.18) h for a single dose and 50 (2.2) h for multiple doses; the multiple-dose trial observed mean (SE) maximum concentration was 12.4 (2.2) µg/ml, and observed mean (SE) trough concentration was 1.7 (0.7) µg/ml. Multifocal skin sloughing following the single-dose trial was observed in one turtle and there was a significant increase in polychromatophilic cells amongst the study turtles after the multiple-dose voriconazole trial. No other adverse effects were observed. When voriconazole was administered at 10 mg/kg SC q48h, observed trough plasma concentrations were consistently higher than reported E. testavorans MIC concentrations. Further study is needed to determine the clinical safety and in vivo efficacy of this dose in Western pond turtles.
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Emydomyces testavorans, a New Genus and Species of Onygenalean Fungus Isolated from Shell Lesions of Freshwater Aquatic Turtles. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00628-18. [PMID: 30487306 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00628-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal order Onygenales includes many pathogens of humans and animals, and recent studies have shown some onygenalean fungi to be significant emerging pathogens of reptiles. Although many of these fungi have similar morphological features in histologic tissue sections, recent molecular analyses have revealed a genetically complex and diverse group of reptile pathogens comprising several genera, most notably Nannizziopsis, Ophidiomyces, and Paranannizziopsis Infections by members of these genera have been previously reported in a variety of reptile species, including crocodilians, lizards, snakes, and tuataras, with negative impacts on conservation efforts for some reptiles. Despite the well-documented pathogenicity of these fungi in all other extant reptile lineages, infection has not yet been reported in aquatic turtles. In this study, we report the isolation of an onygenalean fungus associated with shell lesions in freshwater aquatic turtles. The morphologic and genetic characteristics of multiple isolates (n = 21) are described and illustrated. Based on these features and results of a multigene phylogenetic analysis, a new genus and species, Emydomyces testavorans, are proposed for these fungi isolated from turtle shell lesions.
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8
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Schneider J, Heydel T, Klasen L, Pees M, Schrödl W, Schmidt V. Characterization of Nannizziopsis guarroi with genomic and proteomic analysis in three lizard species. Med Mycol 2017; 56:610-620. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schneider
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilo Heydel
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Linus Klasen
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Pees
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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A virulent clone of Devriesea agamarum affects endangered Lesser Antillean iguanas (Iguana delicatissima). Sci Rep 2017; 7:12491. [PMID: 28970515 PMCID: PMC5624884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases affecting wildlife are drivers of global biodiversity loss. Here we report a bacterial threat to endangered wild reptiles. Since April 2011, a severe skin disease has affected free-ranging, endangered Lesser Antillean iguanas (Iguana delicatissima) on the French Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy and we identified Devriesea agamarum as the causative agent. The presence of this bacterium was also demonstrated in healthy lizards (anoles) co-inhabiting the island. All isolates from the iguanas corresponded to a single AFLP genotype that until now has exclusively been associated with infections in lizard species in captivity. The clonal relatedness of the isolates and recent emergence of the disease suggest recent arrival of a virulent D. agamarum clone on the island. The presence of healthy but infected lizards suggests the presence of asymptomatic reservoir hosts. This is the first description of a bacterial disease that poses a conservation threat towards free-ranging squamates.
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10
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Martel-Arquette A, Chen S, Hempstead J, Pacheco R, Antinoff N, Teixeira L. Microsporidial Keratoconjunctivitis in a Pet Bearded Dragon ( Pogona vitticeps ). J Exot Pet Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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PHARMACOKINETICS, EFFICACY, AND SAFETY OF VORICONAZOLE AND ITRACONAZOLE IN HEALTHY COTTONMOUTHS (AGKISTRODON PISCIVORUS) AND MASSASAUGA RATTLESNAKES (SISTRURUS CATENATUS) WITH SNAKE FUNGAL DISEASE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:757-766. [DOI: 10.1638/2016-0179.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Kane LP, Allender MC, Archer G, Leister K, Rzadkowska M, Boers K, Souza M, Cox S. Pharmacokinetics of nebulized and subcutaneously implanted terbinafine in cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus
). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:575-579. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. P. Kane
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - M. C. Allender
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - G. Archer
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - K. Leister
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - M. Rzadkowska
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - K. Boers
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - M. Souza
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - S. Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
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13
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14
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Scheelings TF, Dobson EC, Hooper C, Eden P. Cutaneous and systemic mycoses from infection with Lecanicillium spp. in captive Guthega skinks (Liopholis guthega). Aust Vet J 2016; 93:248-51. [PMID: 26113350 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guthega skinks have been listed as critically endangered and are considered particularly vulnerable to extinction because of their isolation and restricted distribution. There is no information on their captive husbandry, or the diseases that affect them. CASE REPORT Cutaneous and systemic mycosis from infection with Lecanicillium spp. was diagnosed in a captive colony of Guthega skinks (Liopholis guthega). Infection resulted in the death of five lizards. Diagnosis of infection was confirmed using a combination of histopathology, fungal culture and DNA sequencing from all affected animals. An additional four similarly affected individuals were successfully treated with a combination of voriconazole (10 mg/kg PO once daily) and shallow baths of benzalkonium chloride and polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (F10) (1 : 250, 20 min once daily). This is the first report of Lecanicillium spp. infection in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Scheelings
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Healesville, Victoria, 3777, Australia
| | - E C Dobson
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Hooper
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Eden
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Healesville, Victoria, 3777, Australia
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15
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Masters NJ, Alexander S, Jackson B, Sigler L, Chatterton J, Harvey C, Gibson R, Humphrey S, Rawdon TG, Spence RP, Ha HJ, McInnes K, Jakob-Hoff R. Dermatomycosis caused by Paranannizziopsis australasiensis in five tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) and a coastal bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) in a zoological collection in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2016; 64:301-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1177473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NJ Masters
- Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - S Alexander
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
| | - B Jackson
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
| | - L Sigler
- University of Alberta Microfungus Collection and Herbarium, Devonian Botanic Garden, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - J Chatterton
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
| | - C Harvey
- New Zealand Veterinary Pathology, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
| | - R Gibson
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
| | - S Humphrey
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
| | - TG Rawdon
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
| | - RP Spence
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
| | - HJ Ha
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
| | - K McInnes
- Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - R Jakob-Hoff
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
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16
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Le Donne V, Crossland N, Brandão J, Sokolova Y, Fowlkes N, Nevarez JG, Langohr IM, Gaunt SD. Nannizziopsis guarroi infection in 2 Inland Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps): clinical, cytologic, histologic, and ultrastructural aspects. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:368-375. [PMID: 27010762 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chrysosporium-related infections have been increasingly reported in reptiles over the last 2 decades. In this report, we describe clinical, cytologic, histopathologic, and ultrastructural aspects of Chrysosporium-related infection in 2 Inland Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Case 1 was presented for an enlarging raised lesion over the left eye and multiple additional masses over the dorsum. Case 2 was submitted to necropsy by the referring veterinarian for suspected yellow fungus disease. Impression smears of the nodules in case 1 revealed granulomatous to pyogranulomatous inflammation and many septate, variably long, 4-10 μm wide, often undulated hyphae, and very rare conidia. Postmortem impression smears of the superficial lesions of case 2 contained large numbers of solitary conidia and arthroconidia and low numbers of hyphae with similar morphology to case 1. Histopathology of the 2 cases revealed severe, multifocal, chronic, ulcerative, nodular pyogranulomatous dermatitis, with myriad intralesional septate hyphae, and arthroconidia. Fungal culture and molecular sequencing in both cases indicated infection with Nannizziopsis guarroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Le Donne
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Nicholas Crossland
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - João Brandão
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Yuliya Sokolova
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Natalie Fowlkes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Javier G Nevarez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Stephen D Gaunt
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Schmidt-Ukaj S, Loncaric I, Spergser J, Richter B, Hochleithner M. Dermatomycosis in three central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) associated with Nannizziopsis chlamydospora. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:319-22. [PMID: 26951329 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716636422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic dermatomycosis was identified in 3 central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), held as companion animals by the same owner. Clinical signs of dermatomycosis included subcutaneous masses as well as crusty, erosive, and ulcerative skin lesions. The facial region was affected in 2 of the 3 cases. Masses were surgically excised, and histology confirmed necrotizing and granulomatous inflammatory processes associated with fungal hyphae. Two of the bearded dragons were euthanized because of their deteriorating condition. In both cases, postmortem histology confirmed systemic fungal infections despite treatment of 1 animal with itraconazole. In the third bearded dragon, therapy with voriconazole at 10 mg/kg was initially effective, but mycotic lesions reappeared 15 months later. Nannizziopsis chlamydospora was identified by PCR and subsequent DNA sequencing in 2 of these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Schmidt-Ukaj
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses (Schmidt-Ukaj) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Loncaric, Spergser) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Richter) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Hospital (Tierklinik) Strebersdorf, Vienna, Austria (Hochleithner)
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses (Schmidt-Ukaj) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Loncaric, Spergser) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Richter) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Hospital (Tierklinik) Strebersdorf, Vienna, Austria (Hochleithner)
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses (Schmidt-Ukaj) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Loncaric, Spergser) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Richter) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Hospital (Tierklinik) Strebersdorf, Vienna, Austria (Hochleithner)
| | - Barbara Richter
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses (Schmidt-Ukaj) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Loncaric, Spergser) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Richter) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Hospital (Tierklinik) Strebersdorf, Vienna, Austria (Hochleithner)
| | - Manfred Hochleithner
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses (Schmidt-Ukaj) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Loncaric, Spergser) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Richter) of the Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Hospital (Tierklinik) Strebersdorf, Vienna, Austria (Hochleithner)
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Paré JA, Sigler L. An Overview of Reptile Fungal Pathogens in the Genera Nannizziopsis, Paranannizziopsis, and Ophidiomyces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-26.1-2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean A. Paré
- 1. Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Lynne Sigler
- 2. University of Alberta, Microfungus Collection and Herbarium, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Deanna A. Sutton
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Josep Guarro
- Mycology Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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Schmidt-Ukaj S, Loncaric I, Klang A, Spergser J, Häbich AC, Knotek Z. Infection withDevriesea agamarumandChrysosporium guarroiin an inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:555-8, e97. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Schmidt-Ukaj
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals; Department/Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Department for Pathobiology; Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene; University of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinärplatz 1 A-1210 Wien Austria
| | - Andrea Klang
- Department for Pathobiology; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinärplatz 1 A-1210 Wien Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Department for Pathobiology; Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene; University of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinärplatz 1 A-1210 Wien Austria
| | - Annett-Carolin Häbich
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals; Department/Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Zdenek Knotek
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Palackého 1/3 61242 Brno Czech Republic
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Molecular characterization of reptile pathogens currently known as members of the chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii complex and relationship with some human-associated isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3338-57. [PMID: 23926168 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01465-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV), Chrysosporium guarroi, Chrysosporium ophiodiicola, and Chrysosporium species have been reported as the causes of dermal or deep lesions in reptiles. These infections are contagious and often fatal and affect both captive and wild animals. Forty-nine CANV isolates from reptiles and six isolates from human sources were compared with N. vriesii based on their cultural characteristics and DNA sequence data. Analyses of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal gene revealed that the reptile pathogens and human isolates belong in well-supported clades corresponding to three lineages that are distinct from all other taxa within the family Onygenaceae of the order Onygenales. One lineage represents the genus Nannizziopsis and comprises N. vriesii, N. guarroi, and six additional species encompassing isolates from chameleons and geckos, crocodiles, agamid and iguanid lizards, and humans. Two other lineages comprise the genus Ophidiomyces, with the species Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola occurring only in snakes, and Paranannizziopsis gen. nov., with three new species infecting squamates and tuataras. The newly described species are Nannizziopsis dermatitidis, Nannizziopsis crocodili, Nannizziopsis barbata, Nannizziopsis infrequens, Nannizziopsis hominis, Nannizziopsis obscura, Paranannizziopsis australasiensis, Paranannizziopsis californiensis, and Paranannizziopsis crustacea. Chrysosporium longisporum has been reclassified as Paranannizziopsis longispora. N. guarroi causes yellow fungus disease, a common infection in bearded dragons and green iguanas, and O. ophiodiicola is an emerging pathogen of captive and wild snakes. Human-associated species were not recovered from reptiles, and reptile-associated species were recovered only from reptiles, thereby mitigating concerns related to zoonosis.
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Mitchell MA, Walden MR. Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii: an emerging fungal pathogen of captive and wild reptiles. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2013; 16:659-68. [PMID: 24018030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii is a recent pathogen associated with infections in lizards, snakes, and crocodilians. It seems to be an obligate pathogen. It has been isolated from wild reptiles in addition to captive animals. Affected animals often present with aggressive, pyogranulomatous lesions that can affect the integument and musculoskeletal systems. Diagnosis can be done using culture, histopathology, and polymerase chain reaction assay. Ancillary diagnostic tests can be useful in characterizing the health status of the affected reptile and aid in planning supportive care and therapy. Treatment using antifungals has shown mixed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Phylogeny of chrysosporia infecting reptiles: proposal of the new family Nannizziopsiaceae and five new species. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2013; 31:86-100. [PMID: 24761037 PMCID: PMC3904055 DOI: 10.3767/003158513x669698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have performed a phenotypic and phylogenetic study of a set of fungi, mostly of veterinary origin, morphologically similar to the Chrysosporium asexual morph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (Onygenales, Eurotiomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Ascomycota). The analysis of sequences of the D1-D2 domains of the 28S rDNA, including representatives of the different families of the Onygenales, revealed that N. vriesii and relatives form a distinct lineage within that order, which is proposed as the new family Nannizziopsiaceae. The members of this family show the particular characteristic of causing skin infections in reptiles and producing hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, small, mostly sessile 1-celled conidia and colonies with a pungent skunk-like odour. The phenotypic and multigene study results, based on ribosomal ITS region, actin and β-tubulin sequences, demonstrated that some of the fungi included in this study were different from the known species of Nannizziopsis and Chrysosporium and are described here as new. They are N. chlamydospora, N. draconii, N. arthrosporioides, N. pluriseptata and Chrysosporium longisporum. Nannizziopsis chlamydospora is distinguished by producing chlamydospores and by its ability to grow at 5 °C. Nannizziopsis draconii is able to grow on bromocresol purple-milk solids-glucose (BCP-MS-G) agar alkalinizing the medium, is resistant to 0.2 % cycloheximide but does not grow on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) with 3 % NaCl. Nannizziopsis arthrosporioides is characterised by the production of very long arthroconidia. Nannizziopsis pluriseptata produces 1- to 5-celled sessile conidia, alkalinizes the BCP-MS-G agar and grows on SDA supplemented with 5 % NaCl. Chrysosporium longisporum shows long sessile conidia (up to 13 μm) and does not produce lipase.
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Raiti P. Husbandry, Diseases, and Veterinary Care of the Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-22.3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Raiti
- Beverlie Animal Hospital, Mt. Vernon, New York 10552, USA
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Dermatological diseases in lizards. Vet J 2012; 193:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Burcham GN, Miller MA, Hickok TS. Pathology in practice. Mycotic dermatitis, cellulitis, and myositis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 239:1305-7. [PMID: 22044326 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.10.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant N Burcham
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Johnson RSP, Sangster CR, Sigler L, Hambleton S, Paré JA. Deep fungal dermatitis caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii in captive coastal bearded dragons (Pogona barbata). Aust Vet J 2012; 89:515-9. [PMID: 22103953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deep fungal dermatitis caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV) was diagnosed in a group of coastal bearded dragons (Pogona barbata). The outbreak extended over a 6-month period, with four of six lizards from the same zoological outdoor enclosure succumbing to infection. A fifth case of dermatomycosis was identified in a pet lizard originally sourced from the wild. Diagnosis of infection with the CANV was based on similar clinical signs and histopathology in all animals and confirmed by culture and sequencing of the fungus from one animal. This is the first report of the CANV causing disease in a terrestrial reptile species in Australia and the first in the coastal bearded dragon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S P Johnson
- Taronga Wildlife Hospital, Taronga Zoo, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia.
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