1
|
Praça MSL, de Sousa FTR, Cândido EB, Lamaita RM, Wender MCO, Silva AL. Beyond the diagnosis: gender disparities in the social and emotional impact of cancer. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2024; 70:e2024S115. [PMID: 38865535 PMCID: PMC11164259 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.2024s115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Seabra Leite Praça
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Batista Cândido
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Rívia Mara Lamaita
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Maria Celeste Osório Wender
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics – Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Lopes Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lobo RA, Gompel A. Management of menopause: a view towards prevention. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:457-470. [PMID: 35526556 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Women spend approximately one-third of their lives with menopause, which occurs around 50 years of age. It is now appreciated that several important metabolic and cardiovascular disease risks emerge during the menopausal transition. Many important conditions occur 10-15 years after menopause, including weight gain and obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, dementia, and cancer; therefore, the occurrence of menopause heralds an important opportunity to institute preventative strategies. These strategies will lead to improved quality of life and decreased mortality. Various strategies are presented for treating symptoms of menopause and diseases that are asymptomatic. Among several strategies is the use of hormone therapy, which has efficacy for symptoms and osteoporosis, and can improve metabolic and cardiovascular health. When instituted early, which is key, in younger postmenopausal women (under 60 years) oestrogen has been found to consistently decrease mortality with a favourable risk-benefit profile in low-risk women. Prospective data show that long-term therapy might not be required for this benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Lobo
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Anne Gompel
- Pr Emérite de l'Université de Paris, Unité de Gynécologie Médicale, Reproductive Medicine Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rod Baber
- Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma Y, Jia Y, Chen L, Ezeogu L, Yu B, Xu N, Liao DJ. Weaknesses and Pitfalls of Using Mice and Rats in Cancer Chemoprevention Studies. J Cancer 2015; 6:1058-65. [PMID: 26366220 PMCID: PMC4565856 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies, using different chemical agents, have shown excellent cancer prevention efficacy in mice and rats. However, equivalent tests of cancer prevention in humans require decades of intake of the agents while the rodents' short lifespans cannot give us information of the long-term safety. Therefore, animals with a much longer lifespan should be used to bridge the lifespan gap between the rodents and humans. There are many transgenic mouse models of carcinogenesis available, in which DNA promoters are used to activate transgenes. One promoter may activate the transgene in multiple cell types while different promoters are activated at different ages of the mice. These spatial and temporal aspects of transgenes are often neglected and may be pitfalls or weaknesses in chemoprevention studies. The variation in the copy number of the transgene may widen data variation and requires use of more animals. Models of chemically-induced carcinogenesis do not have these transgene-related defects, but chemical carcinogens usually damage metabolic organs or tissues, thus affecting the metabolism of the chemopreventive agents. Moreover, many genetically edited and some chemically-induced carcinogenesis models produce tumors that exhibit cancerous histology but are not cancers because the tumor cells are still mortal, inducer-dependent, and unable to metastasize, and thus should be used with caution in chemoprevention studies. Lastly, since mice prefer an ambient temperature of 30-32°C, it should be debated whether future mouse studies should be performed at this temperature, but not at 21-23°C that cold-stresses the animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukui Ma
- 1. Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Jia
- 1. Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China
| | - Lichan Chen
- 2. Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Lewis Ezeogu
- 2. Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Baofa Yu
- 3. Beijing Baofa Cancer Hospital, Shahe Wangzhuang Gong Ye Yuan, Chang Pin Qu, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- 4. Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - D Joshua Liao
- 2. Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of aging, and therefore is more prevalent after menopause. Menopausal symptoms resulting from cancer treatments are an important survivorship issue in cancer care. This article reviews the preventive strategies, utilization of health resources, and management of menopausal symptoms after cancer treatment. Preventive screening as informed by genetic and lifestyle risk, and lifestyle modification, may mitigate the risk of cancer and cancer mortality. Despite potential benefits to quality of life, hormone replacement is rarely prescribed to survivors of gynecologic malignancies. Special considerations are needed for the treatment and supportive care of menopausal symptoms in cancer survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Einstein
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Montefiore Medical Center, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nanci F Levine
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Montefiore Medical Center, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nicole S Nevadunsky
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Montefiore Medical Center, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baccaro LF, Conde DM, Costa-Paiva L, Machado VDSS, Pinto-Neto AM. Cancer in Women over 50 Years of Age: A Focus on Smoking. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:450-9. [PMID: 25790469 PMCID: PMC4381268 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in life expectancy worldwide has resulted in a greater prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with the occurrence of cancer among Brazilian women over the age of 50. A cross-sectional study with 622 women over the age of 50 was performed using a population survey. The outcome variable was the occurrence of a malignant tumor in any location. The independent variables were sociodemographic characteristics, self-perception of health, health-related habits and morbidities. Statistical analysis was carried out using the chi-square test and Poisson regression. The mean age of the women was 64.1 years. The prevalence of cancer was 6.8%. The main sites of occurrence of malignant tumors were the breast (31.9%), colorectal (12.7%) and skin (12.7%). In the final statistical model, the only factor associated with cancer was smoking > 15 cigarettes/day either currently or in the past: PR 2.03 (95% CI 1.06-3.89). The results have improved understanding of the prevalence and factors associated with cancer in Brazilian women aged 50 years or more. They should be encouraged to maintain a healthy lifestyle and pay particular attention to modifiable risk factors such as smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Francisco Baccaro
- Department of Gynecology, State University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 101, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo 13.083-881, Brazil
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +55-19-3521-9306
| | - Délio Marques Conde
- Breast Clinic, Hospital for Maternal and Child Healthcare, Goiânia, Goiás 74.125-120, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Lúcia Costa-Paiva
- Department of Gynecology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13.083-881, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.C.-P.); (V.S.S.M.); (A.M.P.-N.)
| | - Vanessa de Souza Santos Machado
- Department of Gynecology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13.083-881, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.C.-P.); (V.S.S.M.); (A.M.P.-N.)
| | - Aarão Mendes Pinto-Neto
- Department of Gynecology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13.083-881, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.C.-P.); (V.S.S.M.); (A.M.P.-N.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Panoulis K, Christantoni E, Pliatsika P, Anagnostis P, Goulis DG, Kondi-Pafiti A, Armeni E, Augoulea A, Triantafyllou N, Creatsa M, Lambrinoudaki I. Expression of gonadal steroid receptors in the ovaries of post-menopausal women with malignant or benign endometrial pathology: a pilot study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:613-7. [PMID: 26036714 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1021324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to investigate the expression of estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), as well as their subtypes [alpha (ERα), beta (ERβ)], in the ovaries of postmenopausal women with benign or malignant endometrial pathology. Twenty postmenopausal women (age 66.2 ± 7.4 years) were included, diagnosed with benign (n = 10) or malignant [(serous/papillary (n = 4), endometrioid (n = 6)] endometrial lesions. Higher ERβ and PR ovarian expressions were observed comparing women with endometrioid versus non-endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (p = 0.022 and p = 0.029, respectively). Age, age at menarche and presence of hypertension were negatively associated with ERs and PR expression. The expression of ERα and ERβ was inversely correlated with menopausal age, which was not verified for PR. No significant association was observed between ERs or PR expression and benign or malignant endometrial pathology. Higher expression of ERβ and PR in the postmenopausal ovary is associated with the presence of a less aggressive type of endometrial cancer, comparing women with endometrioid versus non-endometrioid lesions. The expression pattern of ovarian receptors did not differ regarding the development of benign or malignant endometrial lesions. Larger observational studies are necessary to confirm the significance of our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Panoulis
- a Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Evanthia Christantoni
- a Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Paraskevi Pliatsika
- a Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Panagiotis Anagnostis
- b Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece , and
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- b Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece , and
| | - Agathi Kondi-Pafiti
- a Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Eleni Armeni
- a Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Areti Augoulea
- a Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos Triantafyllou
- c First Neurology Department , Aiginiteion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Maria Creatsa
- a Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Irene Lambrinoudaki
- a Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lobo RA, Davis SR, De Villiers TJ, Gompel A, Henderson VW, Hodis HN, Lumsden MA, Mack WJ, Shapiro S, Baber RJ. Prevention of diseases after menopause. Climacteric 2014; 17:540-56. [PMID: 24969415 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2014.933411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Women may expect to spend more than a third of their lives after menopause. Beginning in the sixth decade, many chronic diseases will begin to emerge, which will affect both the quality and quantity of a woman's life. Thus, the onset of menopause heralds an opportunity for prevention strategies to improve the quality of life and enhance longevity. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, cognitive decline, dementia and depression, and cancer are the major diseases of concern. Prevention strategies at menopause have to begin with screening and careful assessment for risk factors, which should also include molecular and genetic diagnostics, as these become available. Identification of certain risks will then allow directed therapy. Evidence-based prevention for the diseases noted above include lifestyle management, cessation of smoking, curtailing excessive alcohol consumption, a healthy diet and moderate exercise, as well as mentally stimulating activities. Although the most recent publications from the follow-up studies of the Women's Health Initiative do not recommend menopause hormonal therapy as a prevention strategy, these conclusions may not be fully valid for midlife women, on the basis of the existing data. For healthy women aged 50-59 years, estrogen therapy decreases coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality; this interpretation is entirely consistent with results from other randomized, controlled trials and observational studies. Thus. as part of a comprehensive strategy to prevent chronic disease after menopause, menopausal hormone therapy, particularly estrogen therapy may be considered as part of the armamentarium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Lobo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
There is a school of thought that believes that menopausal symptoms are a peculiarly 'Western' phenomenon, not experienced by women from other regions and particularly not from Asia where, it has been claimed, dietary, social and cultural factors afforded protection for women living in that region. More recently, studies conducted in multi-ethnic communities living in Western countries as well as in Asian communities have found that the menopause and its consequences are similar world-wide. Ethnic differences within Asia account for small differences in endogenous hormone levels and age at menopause between Asian and Western women, and the type of menopause symptoms and their prevalence also differ between those two communities. However, like in the West and perhaps because of a Western influence, the long-term health problems of postmenopausal women including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and breast cancer are of major importance to Asian women and health services in the 21st century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Baber
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Australia
| |
Collapse
|