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Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells Using Naturally Occurring Phytoestrogens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126813. [PMID: 35743256 PMCID: PMC9224163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer therapies have made significant strides in improving survival for patients over the past decades. However, recurrence and drug resistance continue to challenge long-term recurrence-free and overall survival rates. Mounting evidence supports the cancer stem cell model in which the existence of a small population of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) within the tumor enables these cells to evade conventional therapies and repopulate the tumor, giving rise to more aggressive, recurrent tumors. Thus, successful breast cancer therapy would need to target these BCSCs, as well the tumor bulk cells. Since the Women’s Health Initiative study reported an increased risk of breast cancer with the use of conventional hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, many have turned their attention to phytoestrogens as a natural alternative. Phytoestrogens are plant compounds that share structural similarities with human estrogens and can bind to the estrogen receptors to alter the endocrine responses. Recent studies have found that phytoestrogens can also target BCSCs and have the potential to complement conventional therapy eradicating BCSCs. This review summarized the latest findings of different phytoestrogens and their effect on BCSCs, along with their mechanisms of action, including selective estrogen receptor binding and inhibition of molecular pathways used by BCSCs. The latest results of phytoestrogens in clinical trials are also discussed to further evaluate the use of phytoestrogen in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
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Poschner S, Maier-Salamon A, Thalhammer T, Jäger W. Resveratrol and other dietary polyphenols are inhibitors of estrogen metabolism in human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:11-18. [PMID: 30851384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols in foods and dietary supplements are commonly used for the prevention and treatment of a variety of malignancies, including breast cancer. However, daily intake by patients with breast cancer is controversial, as these compounds may stimulate cancer growth. Estrogens serve key roles in breast cancer cell proliferation; therefore, understanding the interaction between endogenous steroid hormones and natural dietary polyphenols is essential. Currently, comprehensive knowledge regarding these effects remains limited. The current review summarizes the dose-dependent in vitro and in vivo interactions of resveratrol and other dietary polyphenols with estrogen precursors, active estrogens, catechol estrogens and their respective glucuronidated, sulfated, glutathionated or O-methylated metabolites in estrogen receptor alpha negative (ERα-) and positive (ERα+) breast cancer. Which estrogen-metabolizing enzymes are affected by polyphenols is also reviewed in detail. Furthermore, the impacts of dose and therapy duration on disease development and progression in patients with breast cancer are discussed. The present article is part of a Special Issue titled 'CSR 2018'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Poschner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Maier-Salamon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia Thalhammer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Austria.
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Chen FP, Chien MH. Effects of phytoestrogens on the activity and growth of primary breast cancer cells ex vivo. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45:1352-1362. [PMID: 31099163 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the ex vivo effects of phytoestrogens on primary human breast cancer cells. METHODS Breast cancer cells were obtained from patients who underwent primary breast cancer surgery, which were treated with 10-8 M 17β-estradiol (E2 ), one of three phytoestrogens (genistein, resveratrol and quercetin, 10-7 M), and a combination of E2 and one of the three phytoestrogens for 48 h. These cells were then extracted for viability and apoptosis assay. The proteins involved in the proliferative and apoptotic pathways were evaluated by western blot analysis. RESULTS Human breast cancer cell viability was inhibited by all phytoestrogens but induced by E2 with or without phytoestrogen. Apoptotic cells, as well as the proteins involved in apoptotic pathway and estrogen receptor (ER) β, were significantly increased in the cells treated with phytoestrogen alone. The use of E2 with or without a phytoestrogen revealed completely opposite results. The proteins involved in the proliferative pathway and ER α expression were all increased in the cultures with E2 with or without phytoestrogens. CONCLUSION In the presence of E2 , these phytoestrogens lose the effects of suppressing breast cancer cells; contrastingly, induce growth stimulatory effects by inhibiting apoptosis and stimulating proliferation in primary breast cancer cells. Thus, the effects of phytoestrogens on breast cancer should be considered as E2 still present in breast cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hua Chien
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Cipolletti M, Solar Fernandez V, Montalesi E, Marino M, Fiocchetti M. Beyond the Antioxidant Activity of Dietary Polyphenols in Cancer: the Modulation of Estrogen Receptors (ERs) Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2624. [PMID: 30189583 PMCID: PMC6165334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential "health benefits" of dietary polyphenols have been ascribed to their direct antioxidant activity and their impact on the regulation of cell and tissue redox balance. However, because of the relative poor bioavailability of many of these compounds, their effects could not be easily explained by the antioxidant action, which may occur only at high circulating and tissue concentrations. Therefore, many efforts have been put forward to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlining the biological effect of polyphenols in physiological and pathological conditions. Polyphenols' bioavailability, metabolism, and their effects on enzyme, membrane, and/or nuclear receptors and intracellular transduction mechanisms may define the overall impact of these compounds on cancer risk and progression, which is still debated and not yet clarified. Polyphenols are able to bind to estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ), and therefore induce biological effects in human cells through mimicking or inhibiting the action of endogenous estrogens, even at low concentrations. In this work, the role and effects of food-contained polyphenols in hormone-related cancers will be reviewed, mainly focusing on the different polyphenols' mechanisms of action with particular attention on their estrogen receptor-based effects, and on the consequences of such processes on tumor progression and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cipolletti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy.
| | | | - Emiliano Montalesi
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy.
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy.
| | - Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy.
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Poschner S, Maier-Salamon A, Zehl M, Wackerlig J, Dobusch D, Meshcheryakova A, Mechtcheriakova D, Thalhammer T, Pachmann B, Jäger W. Resveratrol Inhibits Key Steps of Steroid Metabolism in a Human Estrogen-Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Model: Impact on Cellular Proliferation. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:742. [PMID: 30042681 PMCID: PMC6048268 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of resveratrol (RES) in preventing breast cancer is controversial, as low concentrations may stimulate the proliferation of estrogen-receptor alpha positive (ERα+) breast cancer cells. As metabolism is the key factor in altering cellular estrogens, thereby influencing breast tumor growth, we investigated the effects of RES on the formation of estrogen metabolites, namely 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone-3-O-sulfate (DHEA-S), estrone (E1), estrone-3-sulfate (E1-S), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17β-estradiol-3-O-(β-D-glucuronide) (E2-G), 17β-estradiol-3-O-sulfate (E2-S), 16α-hydroxy-17β-estradiol (estriol, E3), and testosterone (T) in ERα- MDA-MB-231 and ERα+ MCF-7 cells. Incubation of both of the cell lines with the hormone precursors DHEA and E1 revealed that sulfation and glucuronidation were preferred metabolic pathways for DHEA, E1 and E2 in MCF-7 cells, compared with in MDA-MB-231 cells, as the Vmax values were significantly higher (DHEA-S: 2873.0 ± 327.4 fmol/106 cells/h, E1-S: 30.4 ± 2.5 fmol/106 cells/h, E2-S: 24.7 ± 4.9 fmol/106 cells/h, E2-G: 7.29 ± 1.36 fmol/106 cells/h). RES therefore significantly inhibited DHEA-S, E1-S, E2-S and E2-G formation in MCF-7, but not in MDA-MB-231 cells (Kis: E2-S, 0.73 ± 0.07 μM < E1-S, 0.94 ± 0.03 μM < E2-G, 7.92 ± 0.24 μM < DHEA-S, 13.2 ± 0.2 μM). Suppression of these metabolites subsequently revealed twofold higher levels of active E2, concomitant with an almost twofold increase in MCF-7 cell proliferation, which was the most pronounced upon the addition of 5 μM RES. As the content of RES in food is relatively low, an increased risk of breast cancer progression in women is likely to only be observed following the continuous consumption of high-dose RES supplements. Further long-term human studies simultaneously monitoring free estrogens and their conjugates are therefore highly warranted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RES supplementation, particularly in patients diagnosed with ERα+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Poschner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Maier-Salamon
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Zehl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Wackerlig
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Dobusch
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasia Meshcheryakova
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana Mechtcheriakova
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia Thalhammer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Pachmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kocyigit A, Guler EM, Karatas E, Caglar H, Bulut H. Dose-dependent proliferative and cytotoxic effects of melatonin on human epidermoid carcinoma and normal skin fibroblast cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 829-830:50-60. [PMID: 29704993 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
New in vitro studies have demonstrated that N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (Melatonin) has cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on various cell types although most of the previous investigations document that it is a potent antioxidant. However, the precise molecular mechanism(s) of its effects are not fully elucidated. In this study, we examined dose-dependent cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating effects of melatonin in human epidermoid carcinoma cells (A-431) and human normal skin fibroblastic cells (CCD-1079Sk). The cells were incubated with different doses of melatonin (0.031-5 mM) for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed based on luminometric ATP cell viability assay. Intracellular ROS was detected using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (H2DCF-DA) fluorescent probes. Genotoxicity was evaluated by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet Assay). Apoptosis was evaluated by western blotting, DAPI staining, acridine orange/ethidium bromide and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide double staining methods Mitochondrial membrane potentials were measured by flow cytometry. Although lower doses of melatonin (0.031-0.06 mM) increased cell proliferation and decreased ROS generation, higher doses (0.125-5 mM) markedly inhibited the cell viability, induced DNA damage, apoptosis and ROS generation. Cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic and ROS generating effects were significantly higher in cancer cells than those observed in normal cells. Melatonin-induced cell death, and ROS generating activity were effectively inhibited by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) In conclusion, at low doses, melatonin has proliferative effects on both cancer and normal cells, whereas high concentrations have cytotoxic effects. Cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic effects at higher doses of melatonin may be due to its ROS production capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, 93034 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eray Metin Guler
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, 93034 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ersin Karatas
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, 93034 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hifa Caglar
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, 93034 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Huri Bulut
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, 93034 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lin HY, Hsieh MT, Cheng GY, Lai HY, Chin YT, Shih YJ, Nana AW, Lin SY, Yang YCSH, Tang HY, Chiang IJ, Wang K. Mechanisms of action of nonpeptide hormones on resveratrol-induced antiproliferation of cancer cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1403:92-100. [PMID: 28759712 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonpeptide hormones, such as thyroid hormone, dihydrotestosterone, and estrogen, have been shown to stimulate cancer proliferation via different mechanisms. Aside from their cytosolic or membrane-bound receptors, there are receptors on integrin αv β3 for nonpeptide hormones. Interaction between hormones and integrin αv β3 can induce signal transduction and eventually stimulate cancer cell proliferation. Resveratrol induces inducible COX-2-dependent antiproliferation via integrin αv β3 . Resveratrol and hormone-induced signals are both transduced by activated extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2); however, hormones promote cell proliferation, while resveratrol induces antiproliferation in cancer cells. Hormones inhibit resveratrol-stimulated phosphorylation of p53 on Ser15, resveratrol-induced nuclear COX-2 accumulation, and formation of p53-COX-2 nuclear complexes. Subsequently, hormones impair resveratrol-induced COX-2-/p53-dependent gene expression. The inhibitory effects of hormones on resveratrol action can be blocked by different antagonists of specific nonpeptide hormone receptors but not integrin αv β3 blockers. Results suggest that nonpeptide hormones inhibit resveratrol-induced antiproliferation in cancer cells downstream of the interaction between ligand and receptor and ERK1/2 activation to interfere with nuclear COX-2 accumulation. Thus, the surface receptor sites for resveratrol and nonpeptide hormones are distinct and can induce discrete ERK1/2-dependent downstream antiproliferation biological activities. It also indicates the complex pathways by which antiproliferation is induced by resveratrol in various physiological hormonal environments. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yun Lin
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ti Hsieh
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Yun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Lai
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Chin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jung Shih
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - André Wendindondé Nana
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ying Lin
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S H Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Yuan Tang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | | | - Kuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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The regulation of tumor suppressor protein, p53, and estrogen receptor (ERα) by resveratrol in breast cancer cells. Genes Cancer 2017; 7:414-425. [PMID: 28191286 PMCID: PMC5302041 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) is a natural antioxidant found abundantly in grapes, peanuts, and berries, and is known to possess anti-tumorigenic properties. However, there is a noticeable lack of studies on the mechanistic effects of Resveratrol on tumor suppressors. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown the tumor suppressor protein p53 and estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) to be possible molecular targets for RES. In this study, the anti-estrogenic effects of RES were analyzed on the expression of ERα and p53. The breast cancer cells grown in stripped serum were treated with 60 μM RES, as the optimum concentration based on data obtained from a concentration study using 1-100 μM RES. Our studies indicate that RES caused a decrease in the levels of protein expression of p53 and ERα as compared to the control. Increasing concentrations of RES caused a four-fold decrease in cell number in comparison to estradiol. RES, in conjunction with ICI 182,780 (ICI), caused a down-regulation of both p53 and ERα as compared to the control. These observed effects on cell proliferation and regulation of both p53 and ERα by RES may lead to further understanding of the relationship between tumor suppressor proteins and steroid receptors in breast cancer cells.
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Bak MJ, Das Gupta S, Wahler J, Suh N. Role of dietary bioactive natural products in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:170-191. [PMID: 27016037 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, including luminal-A and -B, is the most common type of breast cancer. Extended exposure to estrogen is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Both ER-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms have been implicated in estrogen-mediated carcinogenesis. The ER-dependent pathway involves cell growth and proliferation triggered by the binding of estrogen to the ER. The ER-independent mechanisms depend on the metabolism of estrogen to generate genotoxic metabolites, free radicals and reactive oxygen species to induce breast cancer. A better understanding of the mechanisms that drive ER-positive breast cancer will help optimize targeted approaches to prevent or treat breast cancer. A growing emphasis is being placed on alternative medicine and dietary approaches toward the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Many natural products and bioactive compounds found in foods have been shown to inhibit breast carcinogenesis via inhibition of estrogen induced oxidative stress as well as ER signaling. This review summarizes the role of bioactive natural products that are involved in the prevention and treatment of estrogen-related and ER-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Bak
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Soumyasri Das Gupta
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joseph Wahler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Uifălean A, Schneider S, Ionescu C, Lalk M, Iuga CA. Soy Isoflavones and Breast Cancer Cell Lines: Molecular Mechanisms and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2015; 21:E13. [PMID: 26703550 PMCID: PMC6273223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential benefit of soy isoflavones in breast cancer chemoprevention, as suggested by epidemiological studies, has aroused the interest of numerous scientists for over twenty years. Although intensive work has been done in this field, the preclinical results continue to be controversial and the molecular mechanisms are far from being fully understood. The antiproliferative effect of soy isoflavones has been commonly linked to the estrogen receptor interaction, but there is growing evidence that other pathways are influenced as well. Among these, the regulation of apoptosis, cell proliferation and survival, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis or antioxidant properties have been recently explored using various isoflavone doses and various breast cancer cells. In this review, we offer a comprehensive perspective on the molecular mechanisms of isoflavones observed in in vitro studies, emphasizing each time the dose-effect relationship and estrogen receptor status of the cells. Furthermore, we present future research directions in this field which could provide a better understanding of the inner molecular mechanisms of soy isoflavones in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Uifălean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, Cluj-Napoca 400349, Romania.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Felix-Hausdorff Street 4, Greifswald 17487, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Felix-Hausdorff Street 4, Greifswald 17487, Germany.
| | - Corina Ionescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, Cluj-Napoca 400349, Romania.
| | - Michael Lalk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Felix-Hausdorff Street 4, Greifswald 17487, Germany.
| | - Cristina Adela Iuga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, Cluj-Napoca 400349, Romania.
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