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Sreekumar PG, Kannan R. Mechanisms of protection of retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidant injury by humanin and other mitochondrial-derived peptides: Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101663. [PMID: 32768357 PMCID: PMC7767738 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a new class of small open reading frame encoded polypeptides with pleiotropic properties. The prominent members are Humanin (HN) and small HN-like peptide (SHLP) 2, which encode 16S rRNA, while mitochondrial open reading frame of the twelve S c (MOTS-c) encodes 12S rRNA of the mitochondrial genome. While the multifunctional properties of HN and its analog 14-HNG have been well documented, their protective role in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/retina has been investigated only recently. In this review, we have summarized the multiple effects of HN and its analogs, SHLP2 and MOTS-c in oxidatively stressed human RPE and the regulatory pathways of signaling, mitochondrial function, senescence, and inter-organelle crosstalk. Emphasis is given to the mitochondrial functions such as biogenesis, bioenergetics, and autophagy in RPE undergoing oxidative stress. Further, the potential use of HN and its analogs in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are also presented. In addition, the role of novel, long-acting HN elastin-like polypeptides in nanotherapy of AMD and other ocular diseases stemming from oxidative damage is discussed. It is expected MDPs will become a promising group of mitochondrial peptides with valuable therapeutic applications in the treatment of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran G Sreekumar
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Qi Y, Du X, Yao X, Zhao Y. Vildagliptin inhibits high free fatty acid (FFA)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in endothelial cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1067-1074. [PMID: 30945564 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1578783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) are a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Endothelial dysfunction induced by high levels of FFAs is one of the mechanisms related to the progression of diabetes. In clinical diabetes care, DPP-4 inhibitors have been shown to be effective in reducing glucose levels. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the clinically available DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin in the protection of FFA-induced endothelial dysfunction. Treatment of endothelial cells with vildagliptin inhibits FFA-induced cellular LDH release and generation of ROS. Vildagliptin also reverses FFA-induced reduced levels of GSH and elevated expression of the FFA-associated NAPHD oxidase protein NOX-4. Moreover, vildagliptin ameliorates the reduction in mitochondrial potential triggered by FFAs. Mechanistically, we show that vildagliptin suppresses FFA-induced expression of proteins of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, including NLRP3, ASC, p20 and HMGB-1, and mitigates FFA-induced inactivation of the AMPK pathway. Consequently, vildagliptin inhibits production of two cytokines that are favored by NLRP3 inflammasome machinery: IL-1β and IL-18. Finally, we demonstrate that vildagliptin ameliorates FFA-induced reduced eNOS, indicating its protective role against endothelial dysfunction. Collectively, we conclude that the protective role of vildagliptin in endothelial cells is mediated via suppression of the AMPK-NLRP3 inflammasome-HMGB-1 axis pathway. These findings imply that the anti-diabetic drug vildagliptin possesses dual therapeutic applications in lowering glucose and improving vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qi
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Henan Province People's Hospital , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Xianhui Du
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Henan Province People's Hospital , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Xiangyan Yao
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Henan Province People's Hospital , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- b Department of Cardiology , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Qingdao , Shandong , China
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Ge J, Wang J, Xue D, Zhu Z, Chen Z, Li X, Su D, Du J. Why does a high-fat diet induce preeclampsia-like symptoms in pregnant rats. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1872-80. [PMID: 25206496 PMCID: PMC4145971 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.20.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in neurotransmitter levels in the brain play an important role in epilepsy-like attacks after pregnancy-induced preeclampsia-eclampsia. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 participates in the onset of lipid metabolism disorder-induced preeclampsia. Pregnant rats were fed with a high-fat diet for 20 days. Thus, these pregnant rats experienced preeclampsia-like syndromes such as tension and proteinuria. Simultaneously, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 mRNA and protein expressions were upregulated in the rat hippocampus. These findings indicate that increased sion of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 promotes the occurrence of high-fat diet-induced preeclampsia in pregnant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China ; The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, People's Liberation Army No. 202 Hosiptal, Shenyang 110003, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zhu
- Dantu District Sanitary Supervision Institute, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Provicne, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, People's Liberation Army No. 202 Hosiptal, Shenyang 110003, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Li
- The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dongfeng Su
- Department of Neurology, the 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
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Stapor P, Wang X, Goveia J, Moens S, Carmeliet P. Angiogenesis revisited - role and therapeutic potential of targeting endothelial metabolism. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4331-41. [PMID: 25179598 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.153908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically approved therapies that target angiogenesis in tumors and ocular diseases focus on controlling pro-angiogenic growth factors in order to reduce aberrant microvascular growth. Although research on angiogenesis has revealed key mechanisms that regulate tissue vascularization, therapeutic success has been limited owing to insufficient efficacy, refractoriness and tumor resistance. Emerging concepts suggest that, in addition to growth factors, vascular metabolism also regulates angiogenesis and is a viable target for manipulating the microvasculature. Recent studies show that endothelial cells rely on glycolysis for ATP production, and that the key glycolytic regulator 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) regulates angiogenesis by controlling the balance of tip versus stalk cells. As endothelial cells acquire a tip cell phenotype, they increase glycolytic production of ATP for sprouting. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of PFKFB3 causes a transient, partial reduction in glycolysis, and reduces pathological angiogenesis with minimal systemic harm. Although further assessment of endothelial cell metabolism is necessary, these results represent a paradigm shift in anti-angiogenic therapy from targeting angiogenic factors to focusing on vascular metabolism, warranting research on the metabolic pathways that govern angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stapor
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xingwu Wang
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jermaine Goveia
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Moens
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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