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Hou J, Wen X, Long P, Xiong S, Liu H, Cai L, Deng H, Zhang Z. The role of post-translational modifications in driving abnormal cardiovascular complications at high altitude. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:886300. [PMID: 36186970 PMCID: PMC9515308 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.886300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-altitude environment is characterized by hypobaric hypoxia, low temperatures, low humidity, and high radiation, which is a natural challenge for lowland residents entering. Previous studies have confirmed the acute and chronic effects of high altitude on the cardiovascular systems of lowlanders. Abnormal cardiovascular complications, including pulmonary edema, cardiac hypertrophy and pulmonary arterial hypertension were commonly explored. Effective evaluation of cardiovascular adaptive response in high altitude can provide a basis for early warning, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of altitude diseases. At present, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are a key step to regulate their biological functions and dynamic interactions with other molecules. This process is regulated by countless enzymes called “writer, reader, and eraser,” and the performance is precisely controlled. Mutations and abnormal expression of these enzymes or their substrates have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases associated with high altitude. Although PTMs play an important regulatory role in key processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, proliferation, and hypoxia response, little attention has been paid to abnormal cardiovascular response at high altitude. Here, we reviewed the roles of PTMs in driving abnormal cardiovascular complications at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chengdu First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Long
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiqiang Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanxiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Cai,
| | - Haoyu Deng
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Center for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Haoyu Deng,
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Zhen Zhang,
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Jain K, Suryakumar G, Prasad R, Singh SN, Ganju L. Myocardial ER chaperone activation and protein degradation occurs due to synergistic, not individual, cold and hypoxic stress. Biochimie 2013; 95:1897-908. [PMID: 23816873 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress at high altitude affects the myocardium at the physiological and molecular level. Characterized by hypobaric hypoxia and low temperatures, the cumulative impact of these stressors on the protein folding homeostasis in the heart is yet unexplored. The present study evaluates the collective effect of cold and hypoxia on the myocardial protein oxidation and activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Adult rats were exposed to either a singular acute stress of cold (10 °C; C), hypobaric hypoxia (7620 m; H) or simultaneously to both cold and hypobaric hypoxia (CH) for 6 h. Hypoxic stress amplified the free radical generation in H and CH groups, leading to enhanced HIF-1α expression. Coupled to cold stress, reduced oxygen availability caused substantial protein oxidative modifications, as well as cardiac tissue injury and matrix remodeling, evident in the histological staining. Presence of oxidized proteins caused a significant upregulation in expression of ER chaperones GRP78 and PDI in the cold hypoxia exposed animals. Enhanced proteolytic activity signaled the removal of misfolded proteins. Linked intricately to cellular stress response, cell survival kinases were expressed higher in CH group; however apoptotic CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein) expression remained unaltered. Administration of ER stress inducer, tunicamycin along with cold hypoxic stress, caused a discernible increase in protein oxidation and GRP78 expression, along with a significant elevation in proteasome and apoptotic activity. Highlighting the significance of a synergistic, rather than individual, effect of low oxygen and temperature on the protein folding machinery, our study provides evidence for the activation of ER stress response in the myocardium under acute high altitude stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Jain
- Cellular Biochemistry Group, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
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