Neurodegenerative Genes Polymorphisms of the -491A/T APOE, the -877T/C APP and the Risk of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma in the Polish Population

A case-control association study of APOE promoter region variants with glaucoma in North Indian population

PURPOSE

Genetic variants in apolipoprotein E (APOE) are reported as risk factors for glaucoma in different ethnic populations, however, there is a scarcity of data from North India. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association of APOE promoter region variants c.-219T > G, c.-427T > C, and c.-491A > T with glaucoma in the North Indian population.

METHODS

286 primary glaucoma patients and 300 healthy controls were included in the present study. Promoter region variants (c.-219T > G, c.-427T > C, c.-491A > T) of APOE were genotyped by Sanger sequencing followed by statistical analyses.

RESULTS

Present case-control association analysis indicated that the GG genotype of the c.-219T > G variant is more common in glaucoma patients (18.53 %) than in controls (11.33 %) and conferred a 1.9-fold increased risk of glaucoma (OR = 1.92, 95 % CI 1.16-3.16, p = 0.010). This risk is particularly higher in females, showing a 2.7-fold increase (OR = 2.66, 95 % CI 1.10-6.41, p = 0.028). In the recessive model, the GG genotype also exhibited a 1.8-fold increased risk of glaucoma development (OR = 1.78, 95 % CI 1.12-2.83, p = 0.014). During sub-group analysis, GG genotype was more prevalent in POAG group compared to controls, with a 2.3-fold increased risk (OR = 2.27, 95 % CI 1.32-3.89, p = 0.002). However, no significant differences in genotype distribution were found between PACG and PCG vs. controls. Additionally, the genotype and allele frequency distributions for the c.-427T > C and c.-491A > T variants were not statistically significant between cases and controls.

CONCLUSION

Our study shows the association of the c.-219T > G variant in the development of glaucoma in the analyzed Indian population. The present study analyzed the genotype-phenotype correlation between APOE promoter region variants and glaucoma characteristics in the Indian population.

Glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease: Their clinical similarity and future therapeutic strategies for glaucoma

Glaucoma refers to a group of diseases characterized by optic neuropathies that are commonly associated with degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells. Although intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only proven treatable factor, several studies indicate that other factors are involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Since normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is the most common glaucoma at least in Japan and South Korea, development of new therapeutic strategies for glaucoma, besides reduction of IOP, is crucial. The clinical characteristics and mechanisms underlying neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease, are similar to those of glaucoma. Impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) is common to both these diseases; therefore, improving CBF may be considered a new treatment for glaucoma, especially for NTG. In addition, targeting the formation and aggravation pathway for amyloid-β and administration of apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins may be potential strategies for glaucoma treatment.

Apolipoprotein E gene ε4ε4 is associated with elevated risk of primary open angle glaucoma in Asians: a meta-analysis

Background

Epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism and glaucoma susceptibility. However, the published data are still inconclusive. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of APOE gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism on glaucoma risk by using meta-analysis.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Elsevier Science Direct and CNKI databases was conducted to identify relevant articles, with the last report up to January 5, 2014. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the strength of association by using the fixed or random effect model.

Results

Fifteen separate studies including 2,700 cases and 2,365 controls were included in the meta-analysis. We did not detect a significant association between APOE gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism and glaucoma in overall population (P > 0.0083). In Asians, we detected an association of the ε4ε4 genotype with elevated risk for glaucoma (OR = 5.22, 95% CI = 1.85-14.68, P = 0.002), mainly for primary open angle glaucoma (OR = 4.98, 95% CI = 1.75-14.20, P = 0.003).

Conclusions

The meta-analysis suggests that APOE gene ε4ε4 may be associated with elevated risk for primary open angle glaucoma in Asians. However, more epidemiologic studies based on larger sample size, case–control design and stratified by ethnicity as well as types of glaucoma are suggested to further clarify the relationship between APOE gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism and genetic predisposition to glaucoma.