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Wang P, Zou L, Han H, Zhang T. A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of loganic acid in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetic analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5951. [PMID: 38956830 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Loganic acid is an iridoid compound extracted from Gentianaceae plant Gentiana macrophylla Pall. It can effectively inhibit inflammation and tumor migration and has antioxidant activity. In this paper, we establish a simple, fast, sensitive and validated LC-MS method with the purpose of quantification of loganic acid in rat plasma with gliclazide as an internal standard (IS). Methanol was used to precipitate the protein in the plasma sample, and a C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) was used for the separation of the target compound. Meanwhile, 0.1% formic acid water-methanol was employed as the mobile phase. Multiple reaction monitoring detection mode was adopted in detection with m/z 375.1 > 213.2 for loganic acid and m/z 322.1 > 169.9 for the IS, respectively, in negative ion scan mode. The linear range of calibration curve was 5.77-11,540.00 ng/ml, and the lower limit of detedtion was 2.89 ng/ml. The inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy were <15% for lower limit of quantitation, low, middle and high quality control samples. This method was successfully used for the pharmacokinetic study of loganic acid in rat plasma at a dose range of 50-150 mg/kg for oral administration and 2 mg/kg for intravenous administration. The pharmacokinetic results showed that the oral bioavailability of loganic acid was low (2.71-5.58%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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López-López D, Razo-Hernández RS, Millán-Pacheco C, Leyva-Peralta MA, Peña-Morán OA, Sánchez-Carranza JN, Rodríguez-López V. Ligand-Based Drug Design of Genipin Derivatives with Cytotoxic Activity against HeLa Cell Line: A Structural and Theoretical Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1647. [PMID: 38139774 PMCID: PMC10748106 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplastic disease, mainly associated to HPV infection, with high mortality rates. Among natural products, iridoids have shown different biological activities, including cytotoxic and antitumor effects, in different cancer cell types. Geniposide and its aglycone Genipin have been assessed against different types of cancer. In this work, both iridoids were evaluated against HeLa and three different cervical cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we performed a SAR analysis incorporating 13 iridoids with a high structural similarity to Geniposide and Genipin, also tested in the HeLa cell line and at the same treatment time. Derived from this analysis, we found that the dipole moment (magnitude and direction) is key for their cytotoxic activity in the HeLa cell line. Then, we proceeded to the ligand-based design of new Genipin derivatives through a QSAR model (R2 = 87.95 and Q2 = 62.33) that incorporates different quantum mechanic molecular descriptor types (ρ, ΔPSA, ∆Polarizability2, and logS). Derived from the ligand-based design, we observed that the presence of an aldehyde or a hydroxymethyl in C4, hydroxyls in C1, C6, and C8, and the lack of the double bond in C7-C8 increased the predicted biological activity of the iridoids. Finally, ten simple iridoids (D9, D107, D35, D36, D55, D56, D58, D60, D61, and D62) are proposed as potential cytotoxic agents against the HeLa cell line based on their predicted IC50 value and electrostatic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana López-López
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (D.L.-L.); (C.M.-P.); (J.N.S.-C.)
| | - Rodrigo Said Razo-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Quimioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - César Millán-Pacheco
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (D.L.-L.); (C.M.-P.); (J.N.S.-C.)
| | - Mario Alberto Leyva-Peralta
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca, Sonora 83621, Mexico;
| | - Omar Aristeo Peña-Morán
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Quintana Roo, Chetumal 77019, Mexico;
| | | | - Verónica Rodríguez-López
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (D.L.-L.); (C.M.-P.); (J.N.S.-C.)
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Iridoid Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: An Updated Review from 1970-2022. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030770. [PMID: 36765728 PMCID: PMC9913650 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of cancer cases has coincided with the urgent need for the development of potent chemical entities and/or modification of existing commodities to improve their efficacy. Increasing evidence suggests that cancer remains one of the leading causes of death globally, with colon cancer cases alone likely to rise exponentially by 2030. The exponential rise in cancer prevalence is largely attributable to the growing change toward a sedentary lifestyle and modern diets, which include genetically modified foods. At present, the prominent treatments for cancer are chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. Despite slowing cancer progression, these treatments are known to have devastating side effects that may deteriorate the health of the patient, thus, have a low risk-benefit ratio. In addition, many cancer drugs have low bioavailability, thereby limiting their therapeutic effects in cancer patients. Moreover, the drastic rise in the resistance of neoplastic cells to chemotherapeutic agents is rendering the use of some drugs ineffective, thereby signaling the need for more anticancer chemical entities. As a result, the use of natural derivatives as anticancer agents is gaining considerable attention. Iridoids have the potential to form conjugates with other anticancer, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, and antimalarial drugs, which synergistically have the potential to increase their effects. Published studies have identified the role of iridoids, which, if fully explored, may result in cheaper and less toxic alternative/adjuvant cancer drugs. The subject of this article is natural and synthetic iridoid derivatives and their potential therapeutic roles as anticancer agents.
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Fahmy MA, Abd-Alla HI, Hassan EE, Hassan ZM, Sweelam HTM. Genotoxicity and sperm defects induced by 5-FU in male mice and the possible protective role of Pentas lanceolata-iridoids. Mutat Res 2020; 850-851:503145. [PMID: 32247555 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used antineoplastic drug. In this work, a comprehensive study was performed to detect the extent of chromosomal damage and morphological sperm defects induced by 5-FU in male mice and the possible protective role of the iridoids-rich fraction of Pentas lanceolata leaves (IFPL). Six main groups were examined in micronucleus and chromosomal assays: I- control negative, II- control positive (i.p. treated with single dose of 75 mg/kg 5-FU), III- control plant (orally administrated IFPL, 300 mg/kg, 5 consecutive days), and IV-VI- treated with IFPL (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, 5 consecutive days) plus 5-FU (i.p. treated at the last day). Samples were taken 24 h post treatment. The study of morphological sperm anomalies, single and repeated treatments were examined and samples were taken after 35 days from the 1st treatment. In bone marrow, 5-FU induced a significant increase in the micro-nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, chromosome anomalies (CAs) and also cytotoxic effects. A significant percentage of CAs was recorded in spermatocytes after 5-FU treatment reached 22.80 ± 1.32 vs 4.20 ± 0.37 for control (mainly X-Y univalent, 90%). IFPL was recorded to be non-mutagenic in all tests examined. In addition, it alleviated the previous defects in a dose-dependent manner. A significant and dramatic increase in the percentage of morphological sperm defects was recorded after single and repeated treatments with 5-FU reached 13.24 ± 0.24, 30.42 ± 0.32 respectively vs 2.56 ± 0.14 for control. Amorphous head-sperm and sperm with coiled tail were the most pronounced types of abnormalities. Significant protection was detected with the highest tested dose of IFPL. In conclusion: 5-FU demonstrated to be a genotoxic agent. Its genotoxicity in germ cells is serious and may lead to reproductive toxicity, infertility or heritable defects. The results also demonstrated the biosafety of IFPL and its possible protective role in combined treatment with 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A Fahmy
- Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Howaida I Abd-Alla
- Natural Compounds Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Entesar E Hassan
- Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeinab M Hassan
- Natural Compounds Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba-Tollah M Sweelam
- Natural Compounds Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Plant-Derived Anticancer Agents: Lessons from the Pharmacology of Geniposide and Its Aglycone, Genipin. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020039. [PMID: 29587429 PMCID: PMC6027249 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, plants have been exploited by mankind as sources of numerous cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Good examples of anticancer compounds of clinical significance today include the taxanes (e.g., taxol), vincristine, vinblastine, and the podophyllotoxin analogues that all trace their origin to higher plants. While all these drugs, along with the various other available therapeutic options, brought some relief in cancer management, a real breakthrough or cure has not yet been achieved. This critical review is a reflection on the lessons learnt from decades of research on the iridoid glycoside geniposide and its aglycone, genipin, which are currently used as gold standard reference compounds in cancer studies. Their effects on tumour development (carcinogenesis), cancer cell survival, and death, with particular emphasis on their mechanisms of actions, are discussed. Particular attention is also given to mechanisms related to the dual pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of these compounds, the mitochondrial mechanism of cancer cell killing through reactive oxygen species (ROS), including that generated through the uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2), the inflammatory mechanism, and cell cycle regulation. The implications of various studies for the evaluation of glycosidic and aglycone forms of natural products in vitro and in vivo through pharmacokinetic scrutiny are also addressed.
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Song M, Han M, Kim Kwon Y. Effect of aucubin on neural precursor cell survival during neuronal differentiation. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:899-905. [PMID: 29384407 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1435535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Aucubin (ACB) is an iridoid glycoside with various biological activities. Previously, it is reported that ACB reduces cell survival and proliferation in many human tumors, whereas it facilitates cell survival and neuroprotection in damaged neuronal cells and disease models. However, its effects on cell survival in the non-proliferating or differentiated neurons are not known. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined whether ACB facilitated cell survival in differentiating neural precursor cells, HiB5, compared with the proliferating HiB5 cells at various concentrations. RESULTS The cell viabilities were evaluated by measuring MTT values, cell numbers, amounts of neurotransmittersD1 and protein amounts of neuronal markers. Here, we showed that ACB promotes cell survival in differentiated neurons (10-200 μg/mL), but reduces it in proliferating NPCs (200-400 μg/mL). Protein amounts of neurofilament proteins, NF-H, NF-M, PSD-95 in post-synaptic density, GAP-43 in growing neurites and NeuN in differentiated neurons were upregulated by addition of ACB, indicating that cell survival increased in differentiated neurons, shown by immunoblot analysis. Especially, when PDGF was added into N2 media to facilitate neuronal differentiation of HiB5 cells, the viability of differentiated HiB5 cells was significantly elevated following the increase of ACB concentration. Furthermore, ACB promoted cell survival of specific neuron types, such as GABAergic neurons and glutamatergic neurons. When differentiated neurons were immunostained with markers for specific neurons, neuronal subtypes producing GABA and GAD 65/67 were immunostained more than subtypes producing glutamate and vGluT1. CONCLUSION These results indicate that ACB improves neuronal cell survival in differentiated cells, suggesting it may be a therapeutic compound for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyeoun Song
- a Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Maeum Han
- a Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhee Kim Kwon
- a Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Biazi BI, D'Epiro GFR, Zanetti TA, de Oliveira MT, Ribeiro LR, Mantovani MS. Risk Assessment via Metabolism and Cell Growth Inhibition in a HepG2/C3A Cell Line Upon Treatment with Arpadol and its Active Component Harpagoside. Phytother Res 2016; 31:387-394. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Isabela Biazi
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina Paraná Brazil
| | - Gláucia Fernanda Rocha D'Epiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina Paraná Brazil
| | - Thalita Alves Zanetti
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina Paraná Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tempesta de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina Paraná Brazil
| | - Lucia Regina Ribeiro
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Av. Prof. Montenegro, Distrito de Rubião Junior Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina Paraná Brazil
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West BJ, Deng S, Uwaya A, Isami F, Abe Y, Yamagishi SI, Jensen CJ. Iridoids are natural glycation inhibitors. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:671-81. [PMID: 27306206 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycation of amino acid residues in proteins leads to the eventual formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGE formation significantly influences human health and the aging process. AGE accumulation rates may be slowed by modifications to lifestyle or by pharmacological strategies. But the use of therapeutic drugs is not an appropriate means of controlling AGEs within the general population. However, phytochemical constituents in plant-based foods exhibit anti-glycation activities and may be more appropriate for general consumption. Among these phytochemicals are iridoids. The anti-AGE potential of iridoids has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, while also revealing possible mechanisms of action. Inclusion of iridoid food sources in the diet may be a useful component of strategies intended to mitigate AGE accumulation within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J West
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA.
| | - Shixin Deng
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Akemi Uwaya
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Fumiyuki Isami
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Yumi Abe
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center and Glycation Stress Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - C Jarakae Jensen
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
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Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Activities of Methanolic Subfractions of Scrophularia oxysepala against Human Breast Cancer Cell Line. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:8540640. [PMID: 27034697 PMCID: PMC4789403 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8540640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Herbs have played a positive role in medicine for thousands of years. In the current study, we investigated the cytotoxicity effects of Scrophularia oxysepala methanolic subfractions and the underlying mechanism responsible for cell death in human breast carcinoma (MCF-7 cells) and mouse fibrosarcoma (WEHI-164 cells). From 60% and 80% methanolic fractions, four subfractions (Fa, Fb, Fc, and Fd), yielded from size exclusion by Sephadex-LH20 column chromatography, were chosen. MTT assay revealed that all subfractions significantly reduced cell viability after 24 h and 36 h in a dose-dependent manner; it is worth noting that Fa and Fb subfractions had the highest cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 52.9 and 61.2 μg/mL in MCF-7 at 24 h, respectively. ELISA, TUNEL, and DNA fragmentation assay revealed that antiproliferative effects of all subfractions were associated with apoptosis on cancer cells, without any significant effect on L929 normal cells. qRT-PCR data showed that, after 24 h treatment with IC50 concentrations of the subfractions, caspase-3 expression was increased in cancer cells while the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased. S. oxysepala methanolic subfractions induce apoptosis in MCF-7 and WEHI-164 cells and could be considered as a source of natural anticancer agents.
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Kim MB, Kim C, Chung WS, Cho JH, Nam D, Kim SH, Ahn KS. The Hydrolysed Products of Iridoid Glycosides Can Enhance Imatinib Mesylate-Induced Apoptosis in Human Myeloid Leukaemia Cells. Phytother Res 2015; 29:434-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Beom Kim
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegidong Dongdaemungu Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Chulwon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegidong Dongdaemungu Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Won-Seok Chung
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegidong Dongdaemungu Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Cho
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegidong Dongdaemungu Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Dongwoo Nam
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegidong Dongdaemungu Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegidong Dongdaemungu Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegidong Dongdaemungu Seoul 130-701 Korea
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