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Ahmed HO, Mahdy A, Nasser SAM, El-Wakeil KFA, Obuid-Allah AH, Hassan MM. Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e246309. [PMID: 34133577 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.246309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Ahmed
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kayet Bey, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - A Mahdy
- Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Assiut Branch, Egypt
| | - S A M Nasser
- Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Assiut, Egypt.,Aden University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, Aden, Yemen
| | - K F Abd El-Wakeil
- Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Assiut, Egypt
| | - A H Obuid-Allah
- Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Assiut, Egypt
| | - M M Hassan
- Taif University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Ain Shams University, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Kellershohn J, Thomas L, Hahnel SR, Grünweller A, Hartmann RK, Hardt M, Vilcinskas A, Grevelding CG, Haeberlein S. Insects in anthelminthics research: Lady beetle-derived harmonine affects survival, reproduction and stem cell proliferation of Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007240. [PMID: 30870428 PMCID: PMC6436750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products have moved into the spotlight as possible sources for new drugs in the treatment of helminth infections including schistosomiasis. Surprisingly, insect-derived compounds have largely been neglected so far in the search for novel anthelminthics, despite the generally recognized high potential of insect biotechnology for drug discovery. This motivated us to assess the antischistosomal capacity of harmonine, an antimicrobial alkaloid from the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis that raised high interest in insect biotechnology in recent years. We observed remarkably pleiotropic effects of harmonine on physiological, cellular, and molecular processes in adult male and female Schistosoma mansoni at concentrations as low as 5 μM in vitro. This included tegumental damage, gut dilatation, dysplasia of gonads, a complete stop of egg production at 10 μM, and increased production of abnormally shaped eggs at 5 μM. Motility was reduced with an EC50 of 8.8 μM and lethal effects occurred at 10–20 μM within 3 days of culture. Enzyme inhibition assays revealed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as one potential target of harmonine. To assess possible effects on stem cells, which represent attractive anthelminthic targets, we developed a novel in silico 3D reconstruction of gonads based on confocal laser scanning microscopy of worms after EdU incorporation to allow for quantification of proliferating stem cells per organ. Harmonine significantly reduced the number of proliferating stem cells in testes, ovaries, and also the number of proliferating parenchymal neoblasts. This was further supported by a downregulated expression of the stem cell markers nanos-1 and nanos-2 in harmonine-treated worms revealed by quantitative real-time PCR. Our data demonstrate a multifaceted antischistosomal activity of the lady beetle-derived compound harmonine, and suggest AChE and stem cell genes as possible targets. Harmonine is the first animal-derived alkaloid detected to have antischistosomal capacity. This study highlights the potential of exploiting insects as a source for the discovery of anthelminthics. Natural compounds represent one of the richest sources for the discovery of new active compounds against diseases such as cancer or infections, including helminth infections that cause the highest disease burden in tropical countries. Surprisingly, insects have been almost completely neglected with respect to anthelminthics discovery although they represent the most species-rich class of animals known on earth, producing a wide spectrum of compounds with biological activities. In insect biotechnology, the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis raised high interest being a rich source of antimicrobial compounds such as the alkaloid harmonine. Harmonine is thought to act as a chemical weapon keeping otherwise detrimental microsporidia in the beetle under control. Testing the antiparasitic potential of harmonine against adult Schistosoma mansoni, one of the most harmful helminths worldwide, resulted in multifaceted negative effects. The compound damaged tissues essential for survival and reproduction of schistosomes (tegument, intestine, gonads) and also affected stem-cell proliferation. Furthermore, we obtained first evidence for acetylcholinesterase as one potential molecular target, which was partially inhibited by harmonine. This is the first time to proof a direct effect of a defined insect-derived compound on a helminth parasite, a finding that will encourage further studies to explore insects as sources of novel anthelminthics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josina Kellershohn
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura Thomas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Steffen R. Hahnel
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland K. Hartmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hardt
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg—Imaging Unit, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Simone Haeberlein
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kareh M, El Nahas R, Al-Aaraj L, Al-Ghadban S, Naser Al Deen N, Saliba N, El-Sabban M, Talhouk R. Anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities of the sea cucumber Holothuria polii aqueous extract. SAGE Open Med 2018; 6:2050312118809541. [PMID: 30455947 PMCID: PMC6236865 DOI: 10.1177/2050312118809541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sea cucumbers are considered among the most important functional foods.
Following bioassay guided fractionation, we assessed the anti-proliferative
and anti-inflammatory activities of Holothuria polii
(H. polii) extracts. Methods: Sea cucumber ethanolic extract and the partially purified aqueous fractions
were assessed for their anti-proliferative activities. These latter
bioactivities were evaluated in the highly invasive MDA-MB-231 human breast
cancer cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures using trypan
blue exclusion assay. The tumor-suppressive effects of sea cucumber
ethanolic extract and aqueous fractions were assayed by measuring the
trans-well invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells and the expression of some
epithelial mesenchymal transition markers using quantitative
reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis.
The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous fraction was tested by
measuring the secreted levels of interleukin-6, nitric oxide, and matrix
metalloproteinase 9 in endotoxin-induced mammary epithelial SCp2 cells and
interleukin-1β in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-activated human monocytic
THP-1 cells. Results: Sea cucumber ethanolic extract and the aqueous fraction significantly
decreased the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells by more than 50% at similar
and noncytotoxic concentrations and caused an arrest in the S-phase of the
cell cycle of treated cells. In contrast, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl
acetate, and n-butanol organic fractions did not show any
significant activity. Furthermore, sea cucumber ethanolic extract and
aqueous fraction reduced the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells in
three-dimensional cultures by more than 60% at noncytotoxic concentrations.
In addition, treatment with these concentrations resulted in the loss of
stellate outgrowths in favor of spherical aggregates and a 30% decrease in
invasive properties. Both sea cucumber ethanolic extract and aqueous
decreased the transcription of vimentin and the protein expression levels of
vimentin and N-cadherin in three-dimensional cultures. The aqueous fraction
decreased the levels of inflammatory markers interleukin-6, nitric oxide,
and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in the mouse mammary SCp2 cells, and the
level of interleukin-1β produced by
phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-activated THP-1 human monocytic cells. Conclusion: The data reveal for the first time promising anti-proliferative and
anti-inflammatory activities in H. polii water extract in
two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Kareh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana El Nahas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lamis Al-Aaraj
- Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sara Al-Ghadban
- Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nataly Naser Al Deen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat Saliba
- Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Talhouk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Zhang JJ, Zhu KQ. A novel antitumor compound nobiliside D isolated from sea cucumber ( Holothuria nobilis Selenka). Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1653-1658. [PMID: 28810632 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An anticancer compound, triterpene glycoside, was isolated from Holothuria nobilis Selenka. Its chemical structure and configuration were determined by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The novel active compound was identified as nobiliside D, with the molecular formula C40H61O17SNa and chemical name 3-O-[-β-D-pyranosyl (1-2)-4'-O-sulfon-ate-β-D-xylopyranosyl]-alkoxy-9-ene-3β, 12α, 17α, 25β-4 alcohol. An antitumor test was performed using xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analysis. Nobiliside D exhibited inhibitory effects on human leukemic cell line K562, human leukemia cell line U937, human lung cancer cell line A-549, human cervix carcinoma cell line HeLa, human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and human liver carcinoma cell line HepG2. Nobiliside exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect on K562 and MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of 0.83±0.14 and 0.82±0.11 µg/ml, respectively. When human tumor cell lines K562 and MCF-7 were treated by nobiliside D (0.5 µg/ml) for 24 h, 45.8% of K562 cells and 58.7% of MCF-7 cells were apoptotic, whereas only 0.5% of un-treated control cells were apoptotic. These data indicate the compound should offer potential as a novel drug for the treatment of a range of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Qi Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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Honey-Escandón M, Arreguín-Espinosa R, Solís-Marín FA, Samyn Y. Biological and taxonomic perspective of triterpenoid glycosides of sea cucumbers of the family Holothuriidae (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 180:16-39. [PMID: 25263252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of saponins in sea cucumbers, more than 150 triterpene glycosides have been described for the class Holothuroidea. The family Holothuriidae has been increasingly studied in search for these compounds. With many species awaiting recognition and formal description this family currently consists of five genera and the systematics at the species-level taxonomy is, however, not yet fully understood. We provide a bibliographic review of the triterpene glycosides that has been reported within the Holothuriidae and analyzed the relationship of certain compounds with the presence of Cuvierian tubules. We found 40 species belonging to four genera and 121 compounds. Holothurin A and B are the most common saponins for Actinopyga, Holothuria, and Pearsonothuria. The genus Bohadschia presents mainly bivittoside C and D. Actinopyga has only sulfated saponins mainly oxidized, Bohadschia non-sulfated ones mainly non-oxidized, Holothuria and Pearsonothuria contain both types of compounds, mainly oxidized. Within the genus Holothuria, the subgenus Panningothuria only has non-sulfated saponins. The presence of sulfated and non-sulfated compounds seemingly relates to the expellability or the absence of Cuvierian tubules and the temporal or permanent concealing habits of the species. Our study concludes that better insights into the systematic distribution of saponins in Holothuriidae will only be possible if the identifications of the investigated species are confirmed by a taxonomist, especially in this group wherein cryptic species and variation between life-history stages are common and yet poorly understood. Understanding of saponin distribution within the Holothuriidae would also benefit from a stabilization of triterpene glycoside nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Honey-Escandón
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 México, D. F., Mexico.
| | - Roberto Arreguín-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Ecología de Equinodermos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-350, C.P. 04510 México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Yves Samyn
- Scientific Service of Heritage, Invertebrates Collections, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Omran NE, Khedr AM. Structure elucidation, protein profile and the antitumor effect of the biological active substance extracted from sea cucumber Holothuria polii. Toxicol Ind Health 2012. [PMID: 23188650 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712466135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Holothuria polii (Delle Chiaje, 1823) (Holothuriidae) is a sea cucumber inhabiting Mediterranean Sea coast of Egypt. The bioactive compound of its tegument has antifungal, antibacterial and antiparasitic effects. The present study aims to elucidate the structure of the bioactive material of H. polii for pharmacological and chemotaxonomic purposes. Furthermore, the study demonstrates its efficacy as a cytotoxic agents against two tumor cell lines HCT116 (colon adenocarcinoma cell line) and MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma cell line). The biological active compound of the ethanol extract has been characterized by means of infrared (IR), proton-nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and mass spectra. Protein profile was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cytotoxic activity was carried out according to sulforhodamine-B assay. IR, (1)H NMR, UV-Vis and mass spectra showed that the extracted bioactive material is a nonsulfated hexaosides called bivittoside. This glycoside is composed of aglycone and a glycosidic chain (carbohydrate chain) enclosed with six sugar units, including xylose, glucose, 3-O-methylglucose and quinovose. There were no traces of dissolved proteins. The preliminary cytotoxic assay of bivittoside exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against two types of cultured tumor cell lines of HCT116 and MCF7. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration was 17.4 µg/ml and 18 µg/ml for MCF7 and HCT116, respectively. Although H. polii belongs to the genus Holothuria, the lacking of sulfate group and the fact that it contains up to six monosaccharides make it different from this genus. The present study suggests separation of H. polii from its genus to a new one. On the other hand, results support the hypothesis that H. polii bioactive compound has an antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Ee Omran
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Abdalla M Khedr
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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