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Güçer Öz Y, Naharcı Mİ, Çelebi F, Rakıcıoğlu N, Göktaş Z. The effect of black mulberry (Morus nigra) consumption on cognition in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's dementia: A pilot feasibility study. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 55:229-236. [PMID: 38052130 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility and the possible effects of black mulberry on cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A total of 39 participants aged 65+ with mild-to-moderate AD were involved and 20 subjects were administered 20g of black mulberry concentrate daily for 12 weeks (intervention group), while 19 received no intervention (control group). Cognitive assessment utilized with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and AD Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) tests; Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) used for depression screening. At the end of the study, although MMSE scores decreased (p = 0.003) and GDS-15 scores increased (p = 0.034) in control group, there was no change in intervention group. On the contrary, ADAS-Cog scores decreased in intervention group (p = 0.002) while the control group showed no improvement. This study showed that treatment of black mulberry (Morus nigra) for 12 weeks may slightly improve cognitive function in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Güçer Öz
- Yuksek Ihtisas University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Türkiye; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet İlkin Naharcı
- University of Health Sciences Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Department of Geriatrics, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Fatih Çelebi
- University of Health Sciences Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Department of Geriatrics, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Neslişah Rakıcıoğlu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Göktaş
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Türkiye.
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Zhu Y, Han Y, Wang W, Liang G, Qi J. Mulberry leaves attenuate D-galactose-induced aging in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116286. [PMID: 36965545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mulberry leaves contain many bioactive compounds and have been widely used in traditional medicines and functional foods for prevention and treatment of age-related diseases, such as diabetes, cognitive impairment and obesity-mediated liver cancer. Aging has an irreversible negative impact on human health for many years, even decades, before death, which is a social and economic burden on society. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as a model organism to observe the effects of different concentrations of MLE (1, 2, 4, 8 mg/mL) on nematodes' healthy lifespan, reproductive capacity, locomotion, stress resistance, and antioxidation. In addition, D-galactose (D-gal) induced liver aging in mice and L-02 cells were established. The antioxidant and anti-aging effects of MLE were evaluated by body weight, organ indexes, malondialdehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal). Besides, the expressions of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α and Nrf2-Keap1 were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS MLE could significantly prolonged nematodes' average life span and improved most physiological indicators related to aging of C. elegans. Moreover, Treatment with MLE ameliorated the decreased body weight and organ index (weight of organ/body weight) in model mice, and protected against oxidative stress in mice and liver cells, in a dose-dependent manner, up-regulating T-SOD and T-AOC, while reducing ROS and MDA levels. MLE decreased both liver and cell levels of AST and ALT, and enhanced the mitochondrial membrane potential. MLE activated the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathways, participated in mitochondrial biosynthesis and oxidative metabolism and delayed D-gal-induced aging. MLE promoted the accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus, indicating that the improved oxidative stress response was mediated by the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION MLE appeared to have great potential for stimulating the oxidative stress response and attenuating the aging process of in vivo and in vitro, and provide a novel health-promoting resource against aging and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yaping Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Wuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Guangming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Jin Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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Carneiro ADA, Sinoti SBP, de Freitas MM, Simeoni LA, Fagg CW, Magalhães PDO, Silveira D, Fonseca-Bazzo YM. Hydroethanolic Extract of Morus nigra L. Leaves: A Dual PPAR-α/γ Agonist with Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11223147. [PMID: 36432875 PMCID: PMC9693183 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of systemic inflammation has been a beneficial strategy in treating several non-communicable diseases, which represent one of the major causes of mortality in the world. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) are interesting pharmacological targets, since they can act both through the metabolic and anti-inflammatory pathways. Morus nigra L. has flavonoids in its chemical composition with recognized anti-oxidant activity and often associated with anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the hydroethanolic extract of M. nigra leaves' ability to activate PPAR and promote anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage cells. The leaf extract was prepared by cold maceration, and the chemical profile was obtained by HPLC-DAD. Activation of PPAR α and γ was evaluated by the luciferase reporter assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 cells after stimulation with LPS from Escherichia coli. The HPLC-DAD analysis identified two major compounds: rutin and isoquercitrin. The extract showed agonist activity for the two types of PPAR, α and γ, although its major compounds, rutin and isoquercitrin, did not significantly activate the receptors. In addition, the extract significantly reduced the production of ROS, NO, and TNF-α. Treatment with the specific PPAR-α antagonist, GW 6471, was able to partially block the anti-inflammatory effect caused by the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda de Assis Carneiro
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Simone Batista Pires Sinoti
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcela Medeiros de Freitas
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Simeoni
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Christopher William Fagg
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Science, School of Pharmacy, Ceilândia Campus, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Pérola de Oliveira Magalhães
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Dâmaris Silveira
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Yris Maria Fonseca-Bazzo
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Li H, Xu G, Zhu W, Yuan G. Editorial: Application of natural medicinal products in preventing and ameliorating aging-caused cognitive impairment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1059398. [PMID: 36408250 PMCID: PMC9670168 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1059398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Guangyu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Wenhe Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Guangxin Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Guangxin Yuan,
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Memete AR, Timar AV, Vuscan AN, Miere (Groza) F, Venter AC, Vicas SI. Phytochemical Composition of Different Botanical Parts of Morus Species, Health Benefits and Application in Food Industry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020152. [PMID: 35050040 PMCID: PMC8777750 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mulberry has acquired a special importance due to its phytochemical composition and its beneficial effects on human health, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory effects. Botanical parts of Morus sp. (fruits, leaves, twigs, roots) are considered a rich source of secondary metabolites. The aim of our study was to highlight the phytochemical profile of each of the botanical parts of Morus tree, their health benefits and applications in food industry with an updated review of literature. Black and white mulberries are characterized in terms of predominant phenolic compounds in correlation with their medical applications. In addition to anthocyanins (mainly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), black mulberry fruits also contain flavonols and phenolic acids. The leaves are a rich source of flavonols, including quercetin and kaempferol in the glycosylated forms and chlorogenic acid as predominant phenolic acids. Mulberry bark roots and twigs are a source of prenylated flavonoids, predominantly morusin. In this context, the exploitation of mulberry in food industry is reviewed in this paper, in terms of developing novel, functional food with multiple health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ramona Memete
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Science, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Adrian Vasile Timar
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
| | - Adrian Nicolae Vuscan
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
| | - Florina Miere (Groza)
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (F.M.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Alina Cristiana Venter
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (F.M.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Simona Ioana Vicas
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Chen CP, Chan KC, Ho HH, Huang HP, Hsu LS, Wang CJ. Mulberry polyphenol extracts attenuated senescence through inhibition of Ras/ERK via promoting Ras degradation in VSMC. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:89-97. [PMID: 34975302 PMCID: PMC8692108 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.64763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is one of the major risk factors of human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Mulberry exhibits a wide range of functions, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-diabetes. In this study, we investigated the role of mulberry polyphenol extract (MPE) in K-Ras-induced senescence of smooth muscle cells. Forced expression of K-Ras enhanced senescence of smooth muscle A7r5 cells as shown by the elevation of β-galactosidase activity. Treatment with MPE significantly repressed the Ras, phosphorylated ERK, and β-galactosidase level. MPE triggered the association of cyclins with their corresponding cyclin-dependent protein kinases and hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma (RB). MPE also down-regulated the levels of K-Ras-induced CDK inhibitors. MPE enhanced the phosphorylated AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level in the presence of K-Ras. Pretreatment with either L-NAME or AMPK inhibitor reversed the effects of MPE. In addition, L-NAME and AMPK inhibitor repressed the MPE-induced total and phosphorylated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-Co A) level. MPE repressed K-Ras-induced G0/G1 arrest, whereas L-NAME and AMPK inhibitor blocked the effects of MPE. Our results indicated that MPE recovered the K-Ras-induced senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells through iNOS and AMPK-dependent pathway. Our findings suggested that MPE may prevent ageing-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Pei Chen
- Cardiovascular division of Changhua Cristian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Chuan Chan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Hsun Ho
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Tai-chung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Pei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Medical College, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Department of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Silva DHADA, Barbosa HM, Silva JFDA, Moura CA, Gomes DA, Almeida JRGS, Lira EC. Antidiabetic properties of oral treatment of hexane and chloroform fractions of Morus nigra leaves in streptozotocin-induced rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20210744. [PMID: 34909830 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120210744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morus nigra L. has been widely used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. We evaluate the chemical composition and antidiabetic properties of the hexane (Hex-Mn) and chloroform (Chlo-Mn) fractions obtained by partition of the crude ethanolic extract from the leaves in rats. Chemical composition analysis of Hex-Mn and Chlor-Mn was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). In vivo and in vitro studies were carried out to compare the antidiabetic activities of the Hex-Mn and Chlor-Mn fractions. Most of the compounds identified in Hex-Mn were α-linolenic acid, stigmast-5-en-3-ol and linolenic acid ethyl ester, while in Chlor-Mn, stigmast-5-en-3-ol, palmitic acid and α-linolenic acid were mainly identified. Only Hex-Mn treatment reduced both fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. Additionally, Hex-Mn preserved body weight gain, preserved the hepatic glycogen content, and also reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and nitrite levels, as well as restored the superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, digestion of complex carbohydrates and intestinal glucose absorption was prevented by Hex-Mn treatment. Our results suggest that the antidiabetic activity of Hex-Mn may be explained, at least in part, by the insulin sensitivity increase, antioxidant properties and reduction in carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionísio H A DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Humberto M Barbosa
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - July F DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Celuane A Moura
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas de Plantas Medicinais, Campus Petrolina/Centro, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba, s/n, 56304-205 Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Dayane A Gomes
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jackson R G S Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas de Plantas Medicinais, Campus Petrolina/Centro, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba, s/n, 56304-205 Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Lira
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas de Plantas Medicinais, Campus Petrolina/Centro, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba, s/n, 56304-205 Petrolina, PE, Brazil
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Cacao powder supplementation attenuates oxidative stress, cholinergic impairment, and apoptosis in D-galactose-induced aging rat brain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17914. [PMID: 34504131 PMCID: PMC8429651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging, a critical risk factor of several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, affects an ever-growing number of people. Cacao supplementation has been suggested to improve age-related neuronal deficits. Therefore, this study investigated the protective effects of raw cacao powder on oxidative stress-induced aging. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (C), D-galactose-induced aging (G), D-galactose injection with 10% (LC), and 16% (HC) cacao powder mixed diet. D-galactose (300 mg/3 mL/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into all but the control group for 12 weeks. Cacao supplemented diets were provided for 8 weeks. The levels of serum Malondialdehyde (MDA), Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), brain and liver MDA, the indicators of the D-galactose induced oxidative stress were significantly decreased in LC and HC but increased in G. The Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of brain showed that the cholinergic impairment was significantly lower in LC, and HC than G. Furthermore, the expression levels of catalase (CAT), phospho-Akt/Akt, and procaspase-3 were significantly increased in LC and HC. In conclusion, cacao consumption attenuated the effects of oxidative stress, cholinergic impairment and apoptosis, indicating its potential in future clinical studies.
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Xie Y, Zhi K, Meng X. Effects and Mechanisms of Synaptotagmin-7 in the Hippocampus on Cognitive Impairment in Aging Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5756-5771. [PMID: 34403042 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an irreversible biological process that involves oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis, and eventually leads to cognitive dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role and potential mechanisms of Synaptotagmin-7, a calcium membrane transporter in cognitive impairment in aging mice. Our results indicated that Synaptotagmin-7 expression significantly decreased in the hippocampus of D-galactose-induced or naturally aging mice when compared with healthy controls, as detected by western blot and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Synaptotagmin-7 overexpression in the dorsal CA1 of the hippocampus reversed long-term potentiation and improved hippocampus-dependent spatial learning in D-galactose-induced aging mice. Synaptotagmin-7 overexpression also led to fully preserved learning and memory in 6-month-old mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Synaptotagmin-7 improved learning and memory by elevating the level of fEPSP and downregulating the expression of aging-related genes such as p53 and p16. The results of our study provide new insights into the role of Synaptotagmin-7 in improving neuronal function and overcoming memory impairment caused by aging, suggesting that Synaptotagmin-7 overexpression may be an innovative therapeutic strategy for treating cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kaining Zhi
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xianfang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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10
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Liu L, Guo P, Wang P, Zheng S, Qu Z, Liu N. The Review of Anti-aging Mechanism of Polyphenols on Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:635768. [PMID: 34327192 PMCID: PMC8314386 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.635768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrients extracted from natural plants or made by biological synthesis are widely used in anti-aging research and applications. Among more than 30 effective anti-aging substances, employing polyphenol organic compounds for modification or delaying of the aging process attracts great interest because of their distinct contribution in the prevention of degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. There is a profound potential for polyphenol extracts in the research of aging and the related diseases of the elderly. Previous studies have mainly focused on the properties of polyphenols implicated in free radical scavenging; however, the anti-oxidant effect cannot fully elaborate its biological functions, such as neuroprotection, Aβ protein production, ion channel coupling, and signal transduction pathways. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been considered as an ideal model organism for exploring the mechanism of anti-aging research and is broadly utilized in screening for natural bioactive substances. In this review, we have described the molecular mechanisms and pathways responsible for the slowdown of aging processes exerted by polyphenols. We also have discussed the possible mechanisms for their anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties in C. elegans from the perspective of different classifications of the specific polyphenols, such as flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, and stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Peisen Guo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peixi Wang
- Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shanqing Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhi Qu
- Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Nan Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Institute of Environment and Health, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Ghorbani A, Hooshmand S. Protective Effects of Morus nigra and Its Phytochemicals against Hepatotoxicity: A Review of Preclinical Studies. Pharmacology 2021; 106:233-243. [PMID: 33849010 DOI: 10.1159/000515032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our liver has a variety of vital functions including removing poisons, storing energy, immunological roles, and secretory and excretory functions. It may face some kinds of diseases caused by viruses, hepatotoxic chemicals, drugs, alcohol, and inherited disorders. Oxidative stress and inflammation are in the core of mechanisms of liver damages induced by viruses or chemical agents. SUMMARY Morus nigra (M. nigra), generally known as black mulberry, exhibited wide-spectrum pharmacological effects including antidiabetic, antinociceptive, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. Different parts of this plant particularly the fruit and leaf have shown beneficial effects on hepatocytes in cell culture and animal models of liver damages induced by chemicals (e.g., CCl4), drugs (e.g., paracetamol), diet (e.g., high fat), diabetes, etc. The beneficial effects of M. nigra on the liver are attributed to the presence of considerable amounts of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids. The present review is aimed to focus on the hepatoprotective activities of M. nigra and its phytochemicals and the mechanisms responsible for these activities. Key Messages: The evidence reviewed in this study can help design clinical trials on M. nigra in patients with liver disorders and develop a hepatoprotective herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ghorbani
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Hooshmand
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Tam DNH, Nam NH, Elhady MT, Tran L, Hassan OG, Sadik M, Tien PTM, Elshafei GA, Huy NT. Effects of Mulberry on The Central Nervous System: A Literature Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:193-219. [PMID: 32379591 PMCID: PMC8033976 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200507081531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mulberry, including several species belonging to genus Morus, has been widely used as a traditional medicine for a long time. Extracts and active components of mulberry have many positive neurological and biological effects and can become potential candidates in the search for new drugs for neurological disorders. Objectives We aimed to systematically review the medical literature for evidence of mulberry effects on the central nervous system. Methods We conducted a systematic search in nine databases. We included all in vivo studies investigating the effect of mulberry on the central nervous system with no restrictions. Results We finally included 47 articles for quality synthesis. Our findings showed that mulberry and its components possessed an antioxidant effect, showed a reduction in the cerebral infarct volume after stroke. They also improved the cognitive function, learning process, and reduced memory impairment in many animal models. M. alba and its extracts ameliorated Parkinson's disease-like behaviors, limited the complications of diabetes mellitus on the central nervous system, possessed anti-convulsant, anti-depressive, and anxiolytic effects. Conclusion Mulberry species proved beneficial to many neurological functions in animal models. The active ingredients of each species, especially M. alba, should be deeper studied for screening potential candidates for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen Hai Nam
- Department of General Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Linh Tran
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | | | - Mohamed Sadik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
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Firdaus Z, Singh N, Prajapati SK, Krishnamurthy S, Singh TD. Centella asiatica prevents D-galactose-Induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in the adult rat brain. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1417-1426. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1833907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Firdaus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pathology, MSR Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Tryambak Deo Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Costa JPL, Brito HO, Galvão-Moreira LV, Brito LGO, Costa-Paiva L, Brito LMO. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of the effect of Morus nigra L. (black mulberry) leaf powder on symptoms and quality of life among climacteric women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2019; 148:243-252. [PMID: 31736077 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of Morus nigra L. (MN) leaf powder for treating climacteric symptoms by comparison with hormone therapy (HT) and placebo. METHODS A randomized controlled trial among 62 climacteric women attending Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil. Women were divided into MN, HT, and placebo groups, and received 250 mg of MN leaf powder, 1 mg of estradiol, or placebo for 60 days. Primary outcomes were the Blatt-Kupperman index (BKI) for climacteric symptoms and SF-36 health questionnaire scores. RESULTS Baseline sociodemographic variables, BKI scores, symptoms, and SF-36 domains did not differ among the groups. There was a reduction in mean BKI in the MN (17.5 vs 9.7, P<0.001), HT (15.4 vs 8.6, P=0.001), and placebo (16.1 vs 12.4, P=0.040) groups. Analysis of quality of life (QoL) showed that functional capacity (P=0.006), vitality (P=0.031), mental health (P=0.017), and social aspect (P<0.01) improved after treatment in the MN group. The HT group showed improvement in emotional limitation (P=0.040), and the placebo group showed better functional capacity (P=0.030) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Climacteric symptoms and QoL improved after administration of 250 mg of MN leaf powder for 60 days, similar to the effects of HT. The trial is registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (REBEC) under registration number RBR-9t4xxk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce P L Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Haissa O Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz G O Brito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia Costa-Paiva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane M O Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
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Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites as Therapeutic Agents for Neurodegenerative Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090333. [PMID: 31443476 PMCID: PMC6770078 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are characterized by the death of neurons within specific regions of the brain or spinal cord. While the etiology of many neurodegenerative diseases remains elusive, several factors are thought to contribute to the neurodegenerative process, such as oxidative and nitrosative stress, excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein aggregation, and neuroinflammation. These processes culminate in the death of vulnerable neuronal populations, which manifests symptomatically as cognitive and/or motor impairments. Until recently, most treatments for these disorders have targeted single aspects of disease pathology; however, this strategy has proved largely ineffective, and focus has now turned towards therapeutics which target multiple aspects underlying neurodegeneration. Anthocyanins are unique flavonoid compounds that have been shown to modulate several of the factors contributing to neuronal death, and interest in their use as therapeutics for neurodegeneration has grown in recent years. Additionally, due to observations that the bioavailability of anthocyanins is low relative to that of their metabolites, it has been proposed that anthocyanin metabolites may play a significant part in mediating the beneficial effects of an anthocyanin-rich diet. Thus, in this review, we will explore the evidence evaluating the neuroprotective and therapeutic potential of anthocyanins and their common metabolites for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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16
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Nutraceutical Properties of Mulberries Grown in Southern Italy (Apulia). Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070223. [PMID: 31315226 PMCID: PMC6680737 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, were analyzed mulberry genotypes grown in Apulia (Southern Italy, Salento region) were analyzed. Two local varieties of Morus alba (cv. Legittimo nero and cv. Nello) and one of Morus nigra were characterized for content in simple sugars, organic acids, phenols, anthocyanins; fruit antioxidant activity (AA) was also evaluated by three different methods (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH; 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS; and Ferric reducing antioxidant potential, FRAP test). The results showed that the sugars amount ranged between 6.29 and 7.66 g/100 g fresh weight (FW) while the malic and citric acids content was low, at about 0.1–1 g/100 g FW. Mulberries are a good source of phenols which are present in higher values in M. nigra and M. alba cv. Legittimo nero (485 and 424 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/ 100 g FW, respectively). The high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector/mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD/MS) analysis identified 5 main anthocyanin compounds present in different concentrations in each variety of mulberry: cyanidin 3-sophoroside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside. The highest concentration of anthocyanins was determined in Morus alba Legittimo (about 300 mg/100 g FW) while the lowest content (about 25 mg/100 g FW) was measured in M. alba cv. Nello. Morus nigra showed a good AA in comparison with the different M. alba genotypes with all the used methods; its AA was equal to 33, 26 and 21 μmols Trolox/g FW when using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP tests, respectively. All genotypes showed an anti-inflammatory activity (measured by cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory assay) which was also compared with two commercial anti-inflammatory drugs. The data obtained support the high biological qualities of mulberry fruits and their diffusion in human nutrition.
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Inhibitory effects of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) against local paw edema and mechanical hypernociception induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1046-1056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Pharmacological Properties of Morus nigra L. (Black Mulberry) as A Promising Nutraceutical Resource. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020437. [PMID: 30791521 PMCID: PMC6412198 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mulberry plants belonging to the Moraceae family have been grown for the purpose of being the nutrient source for silk worm and raw materials for the preparation of jams, marmalades, vinegars, juices, wines, and cosmetics. Morus nigra L. (black mulberry) is native to Southwestern Asia, and it has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for animals and humans. In this article, recent research progress on various biological and pharmacological properties of extracts, fractions, and isolated active constituents from different parts of M. nigra are reviewed. M. nigra exhibited a wide-spectrum of biological and pharmacological therapeutic effects including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-melanogenic, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anticancer activities. M. nigra also showed protective effects against various human organs and systems, mainly based on its antioxidant capacity. These findings strongly suggest that M. nigra can be used as a promising nutraceutical resource to control and prevent various chronic diseases.
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Fahimi Z, Jahromy MH. Effects of blackberry ( Morus nigra) fruit juice on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a mice model of Parkinson's disease. J Exp Pharmacol 2018; 10:29-35. [PMID: 30013404 PMCID: PMC6037159 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s161782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a movement disorder that occurs due to levodopa consumption for a long period to attenuate Parkinsonism. Plants have been the basis for medical treatments in human history and still widely practiced. Blackberry (Morus nigra) is one of the fruits rich in anthocyanin. The present study examined the effect of blackberry fruit juice on LID in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice. Materials and methods In this study, 42 male mice were used, which were divided into six groups equally: one control group and five groups receiving MPTP injection. After confirmation of Parkinsonism in MPTP groups, one group was preserved without treatment and four other groups were treated with levodopa (50 mg/kg ip). After the onset of LID (2 weeks), one group was kept without additional treatment and three other groups were treated with three different doses of blackberry fruit juice (5, 10, and 15 mL/kg) with levodopa orally for 7 days. Abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) and cylinder behavioral test were carried out according to the schedule. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS software with the significant level of P<0.05. Results Parkinson’s disease was confirmed with AIMS test on the fourth day after MPTP injection. The onset of LID was observed after 2 weeks of levodopa treatment using both behavioral tests. The result of administration of M. nigra fruit juice for 1 week showed that this addition is useful in hindering LID. These effects were more pronounced at doses 10 and 15 mL/kg with nearly the same results on attenuating AIMS. Low dose of the fruit juice does not seem to affect LID significantly. Conclusion M. nigra fruit juice is effective to attenuate LID in an MPTP-induced Parkinson mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fahimi
- Herbal Pharmacology Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Mahsa Hadipour Jahromy
- Herbal Pharmacology Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,
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Sun C, Wu W, Ma Y, Min T, Lai F, Wu H. Physicochemical, functional properties, and antioxidant activities of protein fractions obtained from mulberry (morus atropurpurea roxb.) leaf. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1238389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhen Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjia Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yurong Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Furao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of ellagic acid in liver and brain of rats treated by D-galactose. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1465. [PMID: 29362375 PMCID: PMC5780521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that oxidative stress and apoptosis are involved in the ageing process. D-galactose (gal) has been reported to cause symptoms of ageing in rats, accompanied by liver and brain injuries. Our study aimed to investigate the potential antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of ellagic acid and to explore how these effects act on rats in a D-gal-induced ageing model. Ageing was induced by subcutaneous injection of D-gal (100 mg/kg/d for 8 weeks). Ellagic acid was simultaneously administered to the D-gal-induced ageing rats once daily by intragastric gavage. Finally, the mental condition, body weight, organ index, levels of inflammatory cytokines, antioxidative enzymes, and liver function, as well as the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, were monitored. Our results showed that ellagic acid could improve the mental condition, body weight, organ index and significantly decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines, normalize the activities of antioxidative enzymes, and modulate the expression of apoptotic protein in ageing rats. In conclusion, the results of this study illustrate that ellagic acid was suitable for the treatment of some ageing-associated problems, such as oxidative stress, and had beneficial effects for age-associated diseases.
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Guo YR, Lee HC, Lo YC, Yu SC, Huang SY. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids preventd-galactose-induced cognitive deficits in prediabetic rats. Food Funct 2018; 9:2228-2239. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional deficit of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is closely related to cognitive impairment and depression in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ru Guo
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Lee
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chun Lo
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chuan Yu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences
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