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Jalalian R, Maleki M, Ghafari R, Habibi V, Heydari S, Iranian M. Comparing the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine plus carvedilol versus carvedilol in the prevention of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Card Surg 2022; 37:4698-4704. [PMID: 36285551 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.17062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia following open-heart surgery. Agents with antioxidant properties may reduce postoperative complications like postoperative AF (POAF) in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. This study was conducted to assess the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in prevention of AF following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. METHODS Three hundred patients who underwent CABG surgery were entered in the study. Patients with contraindications for beta-blockers and patients were simultaneously replacing or repairing the valve with open-heart surgery were excluded. The patients were randomly divided into two groups (n = 150) and they were received NAC plus carvedilol or carvedilol. The patients were monitored for 5 days after surgery and the incidence of AF during hospitalization was recorded. RESULTS AF was detected in 14 patients in the NAC with Carvedilol group (9.33%) and 23 patients in Carvedilol group (15.33%). There was no significant difference in the incidence of POAF between the two groups (p value = 0.112). The result of multivariable regression model represented that although the incidence of POAF was lower in NAC plus carvedilol group, it wasn't statistically significant (p value = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS NAC was not associated with a decreased incidence of AF following CABG surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Jalalian
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahsa Maleki
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rahman Ghafari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Valiollah Habibi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saman Heydari
- Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Iranian
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Prevention of Ischemic Injury in Cardiac Surgery. Perioper Med (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-56724-4.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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3
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Romano R, Cristescu SM, Risby TH, Marczin N. Lipid peroxidation in cardiac surgery: towards consensus on biomonitoring, diagnostic tools and therapeutic implementation. J Breath Res 2018; 12:027109. [PMID: 29104182 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa9856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on oxidative stress and more specifically lipid peroxidation in cardiac surgery, one of the fundamental theories of perioperative complications. We present the molecular pathways leading to lipid peroxidation and integrate analytical methods that allow detection of lipid peroxidation markers in the fluid phase with those focusing on volatile compounds in exhaled breath. In order to explore the accumulated data in the literature, we present a systematic review of quantitative analysis of malondialdehyde, a widely used lipid peroxidation product at various stages of cardiac surgery. This exploration reveals major limitations of existing studies in terms of variability of reported values and significant gaps due to discrete and variable sampling times during surgery. We also appraise methodologies that allow real-time and continuous monitoring of oxidative stress. Complimentary techniques highlight that beyond the widely acclaimed contribution of the cardiopulmonary bypass technology and myocardial reperfusion injury, the use of diathermy contributes significantly to intraoperative lipid peroxidation. We conclude that there is an urgent need to implement the theory of oxidative stress towards a paradigm change in the clinical practice. Firstly, we need to acquire definite and irrefutable information on the link between lipid peroxidation and post-operative complications by building international consensus on best analytical approaches towards generating qualitatively and quantitatively comparable datasets in coordinated multicentre studies. Secondly, we should move away from routine low-risk surgeries towards higher risk interventions where there is major unmet clinical need for improving patient journey and outcomes. There is also need for consensus on best therapeutic interventions which could be tested in convincing large scale clinical trials. As future directions, we propose combination of fluid phase platforms and 'metabography', an extended form of capnography-including real-time analysis of lipid peroxidation and volatile footprints of metabolism-for better patient phenotyping prior to and during high risk surgery towards molecular prediction, stratification and monitoring of the patient's journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Romano
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Sun S, Wong S, Mak A, Cho M. Impact of oxidative stress on cellular biomechanics and rho signaling in C2C12 myoblasts. J Biomech 2014; 47:3650-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kullisaar T, Türk S, Kilk K, Ausmees K, Punab M, Mändar R. Increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in male partners of infertile couples. Andrology 2013; 1:850-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Kullisaar
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - S. Türk
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - K. Kilk
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | | | - M. Punab
- Andrology Centre; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - R. Mändar
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology; Tartu Estonia
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6
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Mändar R, Kullisaar T, Borovkova N, Punab M. Sexual intercourse with leukocytospermic men may be a possible booster of oxidative stress in female partners of infertile couples. Andrology 2013; 1:464-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Kullisaar
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Tartu; Tartu; Estonia
| | | | - M. Punab
- Andrology Centre; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu; Estonia
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7
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Antioxidative potential of lactobacilli isolated from the gut of Indian people. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7887-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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Cadirci E, Halici Z, Odabasoglu F, Albayrak A, Karakus E, Unal D, Atalay F, Ferah I, Unal B. Sildenafil treatment attenuates lung and kidney injury due to overproduction of oxidant activity in a rat model of sepsis: a biochemical and histopathological study. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 166:374-84. [PMID: 22059996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Sildenafil (SLD) is a selective and potent inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase PDE5. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of sildenafil on caecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rats. Four groups of rats were used, each composed of 10 rats: (i) 10 mg/kg SLD-treated CLP group; (ii) 20 mg/kg SLD-treated CLP group; (iii) CLP group; and (iv) sham-operated control group. A CLP polymicrobial sepsis model was applied to the rats. All groups were killed 16 h later, and lung, kidney and blood samples were analysed histopathologically and biochemically. Sildenafil increased glutathione (GSH) and decreased the activation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and of lipid peroxidase (LPO) and levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the septic rats. We observed a significant decrease in LPO and MPO and a decrease in SOD activity in the sildenafil-treated CLP rats compared with the sham group. In addition, 20 mg/kg sildenafil treatment in the sham-operated rats improved the biochemical status of lungs and kidneys. Histopathological analysis revealed significant differences in inflammation scores between the sepsis group and the other groups, except the CLP + sildenafil 10 mg/kg group. The CLP + sildenafil 20 mg/kg group had the lowest inflammation score. Sildenafil treatment decreased the serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α level when compared to the CLP group. Our results indicate that sildenafil is a highly protective agent in preventing lung and kidney damage caused by CLP-induced sepsis via maintenance of the oxidant-anti-oxidant status and decrease in the level of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cadirci
- Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzurum, Turkey
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9
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Sisillo E, Marenzi G. N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 51:1603-10. [PMID: 21233303 DOI: 10.1177/0091270010384117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erminio Sisillo
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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10
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Karu I, Taal G, Zilmer K, Pruunsild C, Starkopf J, Zilmer M. Inflammatory/oxidative stress during the first week after different types of cardiac surgery. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2010; 44:119-24. [DOI: 10.3109/14017430903490981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Muda P, Kampus P, Teesalu R, Zilmer K, Ristimäe T, Fischer K, Zilmer M. Effects of amlodipine and candesartan on oxidized LDL level in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Blood Press 2009; 15:313-8. [PMID: 17380850 DOI: 10.1080/08037050601037844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of amlodipine and candesartan on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), conjugated dienes (CD) and baseline diene conjugation in circulating low-density lipoproteins (LDL-BDC) level during antihypertensive treatment. METHODS Forty-nine patients with untreated mild to moderate essential hypertension were recruited in a randomized double-blind study to receive a daily dose either of 8 mg candesartan or 5 mg amlodipine for 16 weeks. Blood pressure, OxLDL, CD, LDL-BDC, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol were measured at baseline, at week 2 and at week 16. RESULTS During treatment, in addition to a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high level of OxLDL decreased significantly reaching practically upper kit reference values. Both treatment groups were similar with regard to the studied parameters at all time points. At the same time serum TG, lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels as well as LDL-BDC did not change and CD levels did not exceed endemic normal. Decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was associated with decrease in LDL-BDC/LDL. CONCLUSIONS Besides their antihypertensive effects, both candesartan and amlodipine are efficient drugs for reducing OxLDL level, being neutral with regard to serum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piibe Muda
- Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, L.Puusepa 8, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
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12
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Kullisaar T, Türk S, Punab M, Korrovits P, Kisand K, Rehema A, Zilmer K, Zilmer M, Mändar R. Oxidative stress in leucocytospermic prostatitis patients: preliminary results. Andrologia 2008; 40:161-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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13
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Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Bagshaw SM, Reade MC, Morgera S, Seevenayagam S, Matalanis G, Buxton B, Doolan L, Bellomo R. Phase II, randomized, controlled trial of high-dose N-acetylcysteine in high-risk cardiac surgery patients*. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1324-31. [PMID: 17414730 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000261887.69976.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of high-dose N-acetylcysteine on renal function in cardiac surgery patients at higher risk of postoperative renal failure. DESIGN Multiblind, placebo-controlled, randomized, phase II clinical trial. SETTING Operating rooms and intensive care units of two tertiary referral hospitals. PATIENTS A total of 60 cardiac surgery patients at higher risk of postoperative renal failure. INTERVENTIONS Patients were allocated to either 24 hrs of high-dose N-acetylcysteine infusion (300 mg/kg body weight in 5% glucose, 1.7 L) or placebo (5% glucose, 1.7 L). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary outcome measure was the absolute change in serum creatinine from baseline to peak value within the first five postoperative days. Secondary outcomes included the relative change in serum creatinine, peak serum creatinine level, serum cystatin C, and in urinary output. Further outcomes were needed for renal replacement therapy, length of ventilation, and length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital. Randomization was successful and patients were well balanced for preoperative and intraoperative characteristics. There was no significant attenuation in the increase in serum creatinine from baseline to peak when comparing N-acetylcysteine with placebo (64.5 +/- 91.2 and 38.0 +/- 42.4 mumol/L, respectively; p = .15). Also, there was no attenuation in the increase in serum cystatin C from baseline to peak for N-acetylcysteine compared with placebo (0.45 +/- 0.43 and 0.30 +/- 0.33 mg/L, respectively; p = .40). Likewise, there was no evidence for differences in any other clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS In this phase II, randomized, controlled trial, high-dose N-acetylcysteine was no more effective than placebo in attenuating cardiopulmonary bypass-related acute renal failure in high-risk cardiac surgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haase
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Castillo Caparrós A, Montijano Cabrera ÁM, Olalla Mercadé E, Narbona Vergara I. Análisis comparativo de la defensa antioxidante en cirugía cardíaca con y sin circulación extracorpórea. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2005. [DOI: 10.1157/13077234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Thomas S, Balasubramanian KA. Role of intestine in postsurgical complications: involvement of free radicals. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:745-56. [PMID: 14990353 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2003] [Revised: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Surgery at any location in the body leads to surgical stress response and alterations in normal body homeostasis. The intestine is extremely sensitive to surgical stress even at remote locations and the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in the development of postsurgical complications such as sepsis, the systemic immune response syndrome (SIRS), and multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS). The generation of free radicals and subsequent biochemical alterations at the cellular and subcellular level in the intestine has been suggested to play an important role in this process. These oxidative stress-induced events in the mucosa might act as an initiator of distant organ damage and also facilitate bacterial adherence onto the epithelium and translocation into the systemic circulation. This review attempts to highlight the important role of intestine and oxygen free radicals in initiating post-surgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simmy Thomas
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India
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Pechan I, Danova K, Olejarova I, Halcak L, Rendekova V, Fabian J. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense systems in patients after heart transplantation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2004; 115:648-51. [PMID: 14603736 DOI: 10.1007/bf03040470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Heart transplantation ranks among those surgical interventions associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury to the donor heart as well as to the recipient. These events are connected with increased production of reactive oxygen species which evoke metabolic, structural and functional disturbances. Twenty-four transplant patients were investigated for oxidative stress (plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and antioxidant capacity (plasma total antioxidant status, TAS), and for activities of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) during the first year after heart transplantation. The post-transplant period was characterized by progressive decrease of plasma TAS, indicating a significant long-term drop of antioxidant reserves in patients after successful heart transplantation. The decrease in plasma TAS is accompanied by long-lasting increase of TBARS levels, which may represent oxidative stress of the organism. We conclude that additional therapy with antioxidant substances should be an important component of the complex therapeutic programme of patients after heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pechan
- Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Marczin N, El-Habashi N, Hoare GS, Bundy RE, Yacoub M. Antioxidants in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: therapeutic potential and basic mechanisms. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 420:222-36. [PMID: 14654061 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a constant threat to all living organisms and an immense repertoire of cellular defense systems is being employed by most pro- and eukaryotic systems to eliminate or to attenuate oxidative stress. Ischemia and reperfusion is characterized by both a significant oxidative stress and characteristic changes in the antioxidant defense. By focusing on this antioxidant response of the cardiovascular system in the setting of ischemia-reperfusion injury, the aim of this review was threefold. First, based on recent animal experiments and clinical studies we shall discuss how endogenous antioxidants respond to oxidative stress during ischemia-reperfusion injury and highlight the results of recent trials on the ability of antioxidants to modulate ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this aspect, we will particularly focus on the emerging concept that various lines of antioxidant defenses do not act individually but are linked to each other in a systematic relationship as part of an antioxidant network. It is well known that enzymatic mechanisms are important components of the endogenous antioxidant repertoire; however, the relative importance of the different enzyme systems and isoforms has been much debated. The second part will focus on recent suggestions attributing a potentially key role of mitochondrial MnSOD in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Finally, the third part of the review will critically examine how endogenous antioxidants might regulate the complex signal transduction pathways of cellular activation with particular attention to the NF-kappaB and MAPK systems that appears to determine outcome of injury, survival, and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nándor Marczin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute at the Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex UB9 6JH, UK.
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Põder P, Pulges A, Kals J, Aavik A, Zilmer K, Kullisaar T, Kairane C, Zilmer M. Is elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair accompanied by high grade oxidative stress? Scand J Surg 2003; 92:206-9. [PMID: 14582543 DOI: 10.1177/145749690309200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS During elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (AAAR), lower torso ischaemia-reperfusion event is unavoidable. Previous studies on AAAR have reported the importance of oxidative stress (OS) in ischaemia-reperfusion injury, however, the grade of OS has not been adequately clarified up to now. The aim of this study was to perform a complex investigation of the time-course and grade of systemic and cellular OS in patients undergoing AAAR. MATERIAL AND METHODS Arterial blood samples were taken from 18 patients undergoing elective AAAR (at four points in time: before anaesthesia, 5 min after aortic clamping and 5 min and 30 min after clamp removal). Diene conjugates (DC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidative capacity (TAC), glutathione redox ratio (GSSG/GSH), and levels of antioxidative enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were measured from the radial arterial blood. RESULTS 30 min after the removal of the aortic cross-clamp, arterial CAT showed significant elevation (96.0 vs 56.9 U/l, p < 0.05); GSHPx was significantly elevated (51.5 vs 39.9 U/g Hgb, p < 0.05) and TAC was decreased (31.4 vs 36.5%, p < 0.05) in comparison with preoperative value. CONCLUSIONS We found limited alterations of several OS parameters, which do not characterize either systemic or cellular high-grade OS during elective AAAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Põder
- Department of Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Chong AJ, Hampton CR, Verrier ED. Microvascular Inflammatory Response in Cardiac Surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003. [DOI: 10.1177/108925320300700308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac surgical procedures, with or without cardiopulmonary bypass, elicit a systemic inflammatory response in patients that induces the elaboration of multiple cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and destructive enzymes. This inflammatory reaction involves multiple interdependent and redundant cell types and humoral cascades, which allows for amplification and positive feedback at numerous steps. This systemic inflammatory response ultimately results in a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, with multiple organ failure being the most severe form. Investigative efforts have focused on understanding the mechanism of this systemic inflammatory response syndrome in order to develop potential therapeutic targets to inhibit it, thereby possibly decreasing postoperative morbidity and mortality. Multiple therapeutic methods have been investigated, including pharmacologic inhibitors and modifications of surgical technique and the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. Although studies have demonstrated that the use of these therapies in experimental and clinical settings has attenuated the systemic inflammatory response, they have failed to conclusively show clinical benefit from these therapies. These therapies may be too specific to minimize the deleterious effects of a systemic inflammatory response that results from the activation of multiple, interdependent, and redundant inflammatory cascades and cell types. Hence, further studies that investigate the molecular and cellular events underlying the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the resultant effects of anti-inflammatory therapies are warranted to ultimately achieve improvements in clinical outcome after cardiac surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward D. Verrier
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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20
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Angdin M, Settergren G, Starkopf J, Zilmer M, Zilmer K, Vaage J. Protective effect of antioxidants on pulmonary endothelial function after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003; 17:314-20. [PMID: 12827578 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-0770(03)00053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulmonary endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired after cardiopulmonary bypass. One explanation might be the generation of reactive oxygen species during the period without flow in the pulmonary artery. The aim of the current study was to investigate if treatment with antioxidants could improve pulmonary endothelial function after cardiopulmonary bypass and influence the blood oxidative status. DESIGN A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. SETTING The operating room, intensive care unit, and the biochemistry laboratory in University Hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. INTERVENTIONS Treatment with vitamin E, vitamin C, allopurinol, and acetylcysteine (n = 12) or placebo (n = 10). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The pulmonary reactivity to an infusion of acetylcholine and markers of oxidative stress in blood were measured before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Sixteen control patients received saline instead of acetylcholine. Before surgery the pulmonary vascular resistance index decreased during infusion of acetylcholine by 24% and 21% in the treatment and placebo groups. After surgery the decrease was 20% and 8%, respectively, (p = 0.422 and p = 0.026) compared with preoperative response. Pulmonary vasodilation induced by acetylcholine was better maintained in the group treated with antioxidants (p = 0.048). In the treatment group, the blood concentrations of early intermediates of lipid peroxidation were higher, but not that of the end products. Glutathione and oxidized glutathione increased after cardiopulmonary bypass in the treatment group. CONCLUSION The better maintained endothelium-dependent vasodilation after cardiopulmonary bypass in the treatment group indicated that antioxidant therapy reduced endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Angdin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Karoliniska Institute, Division of Cardiothoracic Anaesthetics and Intensive Care, Karoliniska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Arak-Lukmann A, Zilmer M, Maaroos J, Zilmer K, Vihalemm T, Kullisaar T, Vider J. Oxidative stress before and after exercise conditioning in patients following surgical revascularization of the myocardium. Int J Rehabil Res 2002; 25:305-12. [PMID: 12451306 DOI: 10.1097/00004356-200212000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of the study was to evaluate changes in the extent of oxidative stress and its associations with the indices of cardiorespiratory reserve and functional capacity in 35 patients enrolled in a 12-week exercise conditioning programme 2-4 weeks after surgical revascularization of the myocardium. The following markers of oxidative stress were measured spectrophotometrically before and after the programme: lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, diene conjugates and lipid hydroperoxide) and markers of blood antioxidant status (blood glutathione markers, blood antioxidative capacity and lag phase of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)). To evaluate the functional indices of the cardiorespiratory system the patients underwent bicycle cardiopulmonary testing before entering and after completing the programme. On the basis of peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) +/- 1 SD, three subgroups with different aerobic capacity were identified: >/=19 ml/min per kg (GR I, n = 7), 11-19 ml/min per kg (GR II, n = 24) and </=11 ml/min per kg (GR III, n = 5). The extent of oxidative stress was markedly elevated in all subgroups. The most significant improvement occurred at the level of lipid peroxidation products and lag phase of LDL. The indices of cardiorespiratory reserve and exercise capacity demonstrated highly significant increases, while the most favourable modifications, considering both the biochemical and functional indices, were observed in patients with the lowest aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aet Arak-Lukmann
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia
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22
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Kullisaar T, Zilmer M, Mikelsaar M, Vihalemm T, Annuk H, Kairane C, Kilk A. Two antioxidative lactobacilli strains as promising probiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 72:215-24. [PMID: 11845820 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two antioxidative strains tentatively identified as Lactobacillus fermentum, E-3 and E-18, were isolated from intestinal microflora of a healthy child. Survival time of these strains in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), like hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, was significantly increased compared with a non-antioxidative strain, and also was quite similar to a highly ROS resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium. E-3 and E-8 contain a remarkable level of glutathione, express Mn-SOD, which is important for the prevention of lipid peroxidation, and secrete hydrogen peroxide. Their significant antimicrobial activity combined with antioxidative properties may serve as defensive principles in the intestinal microbial ecosystem and overcome exo- and endogenous oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiiu Kullisaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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23
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Vider J, Laaksonen DE, Kilk A, Atalay M, Lehtmaa J, Zilmer M, Sen CK. Physical exercise induces activation of NF-kappaB in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2001; 3:1131-7. [PMID: 11813986 DOI: 10.1089/152308601317203639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Current understanding of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation is derived mostly from in vitro studies, and in vivo human data are limited. This study provides first evidence showing that physical exercise (80% maximal O2 consumption, 1 h) may trigger NF-kappaB activation, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, in peripheral blood lymphocytes of physically fit young men. Supershift assay showed that the NF-kappaB protein complex contained the transcriptionally active p65 protein. Plasma levels of NF-kappaB-directed gene products such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2 receptor confirmed that physical exercise caused NF-kappaB transactivation. Exercise-induced NF-kappaB activation in lymphocytes was associated with elevated levels of lipid peroxidation by-products in the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vider
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, USA.
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24
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Karelson E, Bogdanovic N, Garlind A, Winblad B, Zilmer K, Kullisaar T, Vihalemm T, Kairane C, Zilmer M. The cerebrocortical areas in normal brain aging and in Alzheimer's disease: noticeable differences in the lipid peroxidation level and in antioxidant defense. Neurochem Res 2001; 26:353-61. [PMID: 11495345 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010942929678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The markers of oxidative stress were measured in four cerebrocortical regions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched control brains. In controls the levels of diene conjugates (DC) and lipid peroxides (LOOH) were significantly higher in the sensory postcentral and occipital primary cortex than in the temporal inferior or frontal inferior cortex. The antioxidant capacity (AOC) was highest in the temporal, and GSH in the frontal inferior cortex. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was found in the occipital primary cortex. Compared with controls, significantly higher level of DC and LOOH and attenuated AOC were evident in AD temporal inferior cortex. In AD frontal inferior cortex moderate increase in LOOH was associated with positive correlation between SOD activity and counts of senile plaques. Our data suggest that in AD cerebral cortex, the oxidative stress is expressed in the reducing sequence: temporal inferior cortex > frontal inferior cortex > sensory postcentral cortex approximately = occipital primary cortex, corresponding to the histopathological spreading of AD from the associative to primary cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Karelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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25
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Vider J, Lehtmaa J, Kullisaar T, Vihalemm T, Zilmer K, Kairane C, Landõr A, Karu T, Zilmer M. Acute immune response in respect to exercise-induced oxidative stress. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2001; 7:263-270. [PMID: 11228396 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4680(00)00057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between exhaustive exercise, oxidative stress, the protective capacity of the antioxidant defense system and cellular immune response has been determined. Exhaustive exercise in well-trained young men (n=19)-induced leukocytosis, decreased proportion of activated-lymphocyte subsets (CD4+ and CD8+) expressing CD69, decreased lymphocyte mitogenic response to concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), increased lipid peroxidation, increased total antioxidant status (TAS) and catalase activity, immediately after exercise. Suppressed blood concentration of T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, NK), increased TAS and blood total glutathione (TGSH) in early recovery period (30 min after exercise) were found. Strong positive correlation was observed between TGSH and lymphocyte mitogenic response to ConA and PHA (r=0.85 and 0.85, respectively) immediately after exercise. Moderate positive correlation was observed between TAS and lymphocyte mitogenic response to PHA (r=0.59) immediately after exercise as well as between TAS and lymphocyte mitogenic response to PHA and ConA (r=0.69 and 0.54, respectively). Moderate to weak correlation was observed between TAS and conjugated dienes with exercise (r=0.66) as well as in 30-min recovery (r=0.50). After a short-term bout of exhaustive exercise, immune system was characterized by acute phase response, which was accompanied with oxidative stress. Suppression of the cellular immunity 30 min after exercise shows that this period is not enough for recovery after exhaustive exercise. The results suggest the interactions between exercise-induced oxidative stress and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vider
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 50406, Puusepa la, Estonia
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26
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Abstract
Surgery on any part of the body results in a wide spectrum of alterations in normal body homeostasis. The gastrointestinal tract is extremely sensitive to surgical stress, even at remote locations. It is now evident that the G.I. tract also plays an important role in development of postoperative complications, such as the systemic immune response syndrome and multiple organ failure syndrome. The amount of information available on the cellular and subcellular changes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract after surgical stress is scant. These changes are important since they would act as initiators of tissue damage seen at a later stage, which in turn lead to postoperative complications. This review looks at the information available on the effect of surgical stress on the small intestine, the role of oxygen free radicals in this process, and the changes occurring at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anup
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore-, 632 004, India
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27
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Anup R, Susama P, Balasubramanian KA. Role of xanthine oxidase in small bowel mucosal dysfunction after surgical stress. Br J Surg 2000; 87:1094-101. [PMID: 10931057 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small intestine is highly susceptible to surgical stress even at remote locations. An earlier study using a rat model indicated that oxidative stress plays an important role in this process. The enzyme xanthine oxidase is an important source of free radicals in the small intestine. The role of this enzyme in intestinal damage after surgical stress was examined. METHODS Rats pretreated with xanthine oxidase inhibitors were subjected to surgical stress by opening the abdomen and handling the intestine, as done during laparotomy. Enterocytes at various stages of differentiation were isolated and the protection offered by xanthine oxidase inhibitors against damage due to surgical stress was determined and compared with normal controls. Protection against ultrastructural changes to the mucosa, as well as mitochondrial function was examined. RESULTS Surgical stress affected both the villus as well as crypt cells, causing increased superoxide generation, accompanied by increased activity of xanthine oxidase. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors ameliorated the increased superoxide generation, and protected against mitochondrial damage and ultrastructural changes in the intestine. CONCLUSION Surgical stress affects both the villus and crypt cell populations in the small intestine. The enzyme xanthine oxidase maybe an important mediator of surgical stress in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anup
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore-632 004, India
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28
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Valen G, Kawakami T, Tähepôld P, Starkopf J, Kairane C, Dumitrescu A, Löwbeer C, Zilmer M, Vaage J. Pretreatment with methylprednisolone protects the isolated rat heart against ischaemic and oxidative damage. Free Radic Res 2000; 33:31-43. [PMID: 10826919 DOI: 10.1080/10715760000300591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylprednisolone (MP), a synthetic glucocorticoid, is widely used clinically and experimentally as acute antiinflammatory treatment. The molecular actions of MP indicate that pretreatment with this drug may be cardioprotective. We investigated if giving rats MP prior to excising their hearts for Langendorff-perfusion protected cardiac function against oxidative stress, and if this was mediated by increasing antioxidant defence or influencing myocardial nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Rats (n=6-11 in each group) were injected with MP (40mg/kg i.m.) or vehicle 24 and 12 h before Langendorff-perfusion with 30 min global ischaemia and 60 min reperfusion, or 10 min perfusion with 180 micromol/L hydrogen peroxide. Other hearts were exposed to 30 min global ischaemia 5 days after MP-injection. Additional hearts were sampled before, during, and after ischaemia for analyzing tissue activity of antioxidant enzymes. Tissue endothelial and inducible NOS (eNOS and iNOS) were investigated by immunoblotting and semiquantitative RT-PCR in a time-course after MP injection. Pretreatment with MP improved left ventricular function and increased coronary flow during postischaemic reperfusion, and this effect was sustained 5 days afterwards. When exposing hearts to hydrogen peroxide, MP improved coronary flow. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and oxidized glutathione were increased during reperfusion of MP-treated hearts compared to vehicle only. MP did not influence eNOS at protein or mRNA level. iNOS could not be detected by immunoblotting, indicating low cardiac enzyme content. Its mRNA initially increased the first hour after injection, thereafter decreased. In conclusions, pretreating rats with MP protects the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion dysfunction. This effect could be due to increase of tissue antioxidant activity during reperfusion. MP did not influence cardiac eNOS. mRNA for iNOS was influenced by MP, but the corresponding protein could not be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valen
- Crafoord Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Valen G, Starkopf J, Takeshima S, Kullisaar T, Vihalemm T, Kengsepp AT, Löwbeer C, Vaage J, Zilmer M. Preconditioning with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or ischemia in H2O2-induced cardiac dysfunction. Free Radic Res 1998; 29:235-45. [PMID: 9802555 DOI: 10.1080/10715769800300271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The possible cardioprotective effects of preconditioning by ischaemia (IPC) or a low dose of H2O2 (HPC) prior to a high dose of H2O2 was investigated. Langendorff-perfused rat hearts (n = 10 in each group) were subjected to 10 min of 140 micromol/L H2O2 and 30 min recovery after either (1) control perfusion, (2) 20 micromol/L H2O2 for 10 min, recovery 10 min, or (3) 2 x 2 min global ischaemia and 5 min reperfusion. 140 micromol/L H2O2 increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from 0 to 68+/-8 mmHg in controls (mean+/-SEM), which was attenuated by IPC (46+/-9 mmHg, p<0.001) and HPC (18+/-4 mmHg, p < 0.001 compared to controls, p < 0.01 compared to IPC). HPC, but not IPC, improved coronary flow (p < 0.02) and left ventricular developed pressure (p < 0.001) during recovery. Troponin T release was similar in all groups. Tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, antioxidant capacity, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were not influenced by 140 micromol/L H2O2. H2O2 decreased the level of tissue glutathione. This reduction was augmented by HPC (p <0.02) and attenuated by IPC (p < 0.02). H2O2 increased superoxide dismutase (p < 0.04). The increase was attenuated by IPC (p < 0.05), but not influenced by HPC. HPC efficiently protected cardiac function in H2O2-induced cardiac injury, while IPC had only a small protective effect. The functional protection cannot be explained by reduction of irreversible injury, attenuation of lipid peroxidation, or modification of tissue antioxidant parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Abstract
Several recent experiments have shown that melatonin is an efficient antioxidant and free radical scavenger. In the present study the antioxidative effect of melatonin was compared with that of pinoline. Pinoline (6-methoxy-tetrahydro-beta-carboline) can be formed in the mammalian body under physiological conditions from 5-hydroxytryptamine or as a tricyclic metabolite of melatonin. Both melatonin and pinoline inhibited lipid peroxidation and showed comparable activity in a total antioxidant status test. Melatonin and pinoline concentration-dependently scavenged hydroxyl radicals with IC50 11.4+/-1.0 microM for melatonin and 62.3+/-3.8 microM for pinoline. These results support the importance of the indolic part of the molecule and the 5-methoxy group common to both compounds in terms of the ability of these molecules to quench the hydroxyl radicals. As pinoline has been shown to exert an antidepressant-like effect in behavioral experiments and has been reported to have a low toxicity, this compound should be further studied as a potential antidepressant with pronounced antioxidative effects. These results further support the importance of pineal gland in antioxidative protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pähkla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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31
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Starkopf J, Tamme K, Zilmer M, Talvik R, Samarütel J. The evidence of oxidative stress in cardiac surgery and septic patients: a comparative study. Clin Chim Acta 1997; 262:77-88. [PMID: 9204211 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(97)06540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In present study, lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and diene conjugates (DC)) and markers of blood antioxidant status (serum antioxidative capacity (AOC) and red blood cells glutathione (RBC-GSH)) were measured to compare the extent of oxidative stress in 12 cardiac surgery and 10 septic general surgery patients. In heart surgery, arterial TBARS were significantly increased 15 min after the start and 15 min after cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass, while AOC at these times was decreased. Eighteen hours after surgery all parameters, except antioxidative capacity, had returned to preoperative levels. In septic patients, the preoperative level of lipid peroxidation was significantly higher and antioxidative capacity lower than in heart surgery patients. Surgery had no influence on oxidative stress markers in this group of patients. Increase in lipid peroxidation and reduction in blood antioxidant capacity, induced either by sepsis or cardiopulmonary bypass, were of comparable extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Starkopf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tartu, Estonia
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32
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Kokk T, Talvik R, Zilmer M, Kütt E, Talvik T. Markers of oxidative stress before and after exchange transfusion for neonatal sepsis. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85:1244-6. [PMID: 8922093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb18239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative status before and after ET was assessed in eight septic newborns who received exchange transfusion (ET). Short-term elevations of conjugated dienes (CDs) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) (p < 0.05) and increased serum antioxidant capacity (AOC) (p = 0.06) were noted. Chromatographic migration of the red blood cells (CM RBCs), a measure of RBC deformability, also improved after ET. ET for neonatal sepsis does not cause significant oxidative stress; rather, it may help to restore the antioxidant depots and improve RBC deformability and microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kokk
- Intensive Care Unit of the Children's Hospital, Tartu University, Estonia
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