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Casteels P, Nekkebroeck J, Tournaye H. Perspectives on sperm donor anonymity: insights from donor-conceived adults in Belgium. Hum Reprod 2024; 39:2021-2031. [PMID: 39008824 PMCID: PMC11373337 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are donor-conceived adults in Belgium interested in obtaining donor information, and do these interests vary based on their family backgrounds? SUMMARY ANSWER Donor-conceived adults express a significant interest in obtaining donor-related information, with the highest interest reported by offspring from heterosexual couples compared to those from lesbian couple-parented or single-parent families. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In Belgium, sperm donation is mainly anonymous, but the rise of direct-to-consumer genetic testing challenges this anonymity. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This was a cross-sectional study involving an online nationwide survey conducted from July 2022 to October 2023. Participants, aged 18 years and older and being aware of their anonymous sperm donor-conceived status, were recruited through various channels. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A total of 203 participants were included: 62.6% grew up in heterosexual families with infertile fathers, 26.1% with lesbian couples, 8.4% with single parents, and 3.0% in various or diverse family structures. The survey was available in both French and Dutch and consisted of 43 questions, including a mix of yes/no questions and multiple-choice items. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The average age of disclosure was 16.5 years, with notably later disclosure in heterosexual couple-parented households. A substantial 82.8% of donor-conceived individuals expressed a keen interest in obtaining non-personally identifiable donor information, while 69% were curious about personally identifiable donor data. Furthermore, 61.6% conveyed a desire for personal contact with their donors, and 26.6% advocated for the inclusion of the donor's name on their birth certificates. Participants raised in lesbian two-parent families exhibited the lowest level of interest in donor-related information compared with those raised in other family structures. An overwhelming 90.1% wondered about the possibility of having half-siblings from the same sperm donor. Analysis of survey responses on DNA database registration revealed that 55.2% of donor-conceived offspring were already registered, with 68.8% discovering the same donor offspring and 30.4% successfully locating their donors. Compared to individuals from other family structures, those raised in heterosexual couple-parented households exhibit a less positive attitude toward their conception through anonymous sperm donation. About 61.6% of donor-conceived individuals reported experiencing distinct emotions compared to their peers, while 44.1% encountered psychological difficulties related to anonymous sperm donation, primarily attributed to late disclosure. The majority supported the idea of informing the donor about the number of children he facilitated to conceive. Lastly, the study highlighted that 21.2% of donor-conceived adults considered becoming donors themselves, and 31.3% expressed willingness to use an anonymous donor whenever faced with fertility challenges. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our sample size may not fully represent all adults conceived through anonymous sperm donation in Belgium. Participation bias may have influenced the results, especially due to the overrepresentation of participants from heterosexual couples. Additionally, an association exists between individuals raised by heterosexual couples and late disclosure, complicating the analysis by introducing a confounding factor. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the needs and preferences of donor-conceived adults, with significant potential impact on patient education and healthcare policy. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Study funding was not obtained for this research. There are no conflicts of interest to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyline Casteels
- Brussels IVF Centre for Reproductive Medicine, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Nekkebroeck
- Brussels IVF Centre for Reproductive Medicine, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman Tournaye
- Brussels IVF Centre for Reproductive Medicine, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Graham S. The opposite of a step parent - The genetics without any of the emotion: 'sperm donors' reflections on identity-release donation and relatedness. REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE & SOCIETY ONLINE 2022; 14:192-203. [PMID: 35024475 PMCID: PMC8732782 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper draws upon data from an online survey with closed- and open-ended questions completed by 168 identity-release sperm donors who had all donated in the UK between 2010 and 2016. Paying particular attention to the qualitative data obtained from the donors' responses to the open-ended questions, this paper explores the sperm donors' thoughts and feelings about being an identity-release donor and about future information exchange and contact with offspring conceived with their gametes. It shows that the majority of donors regarded identity-release donation as their preferred method of donation, supported the removal of anonymity, did not have concerns about being an identity-release donor and indeed saw positives for both the donor-conceived offspring and themselves. However, it also highlights that the donors' thoughts and feelings about being an identity-release sperm donor, how they saw themselves in relation to the individual conceived with their donation, and their preferences for information exchange and contact, varied greatly. The paper explores how identity-release donation is surrounding by many unknowns and consequentially sperm donors struggle to conceptualize what it means to be an identity-release sperm donor. As well as adding to the literature on donor conception, relatedness and kinship, by giving voice to sperm donors' own views and experience of the identity-release regulatory context, and their thoughts and feelings about future information exchange, this paper will help policy makers and clinicians prepare for the imminent time when donor-conceived individuals in the UK can start requesting their donor's identity.
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Lampic C, Skoog Svanberg A, Gudmundsson J, Leandersson P, Solensten NG, Thurin-Kjellberg A, Wånggren K, Sydsjö G. National survey of donor-conceived individuals who requested information about their sperm donor-experiences from 17 years of identity releases in Sweden. Hum Reprod 2021; 37:510-521. [PMID: 34918081 PMCID: PMC8888998 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What characterizes the group of donor-conceived (DC) individuals who request information about their identity-release sperm donor in Sweden, and what are their experiences of disclosure, information receipt and donor contact? SUMMARY ANSWER Following three decades of identity-release donation in Sweden, few DC individuals have requested donor information with varying experiences of information receipt and donor contact. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In 1985, Sweden was the first country worldwide to enact legislation that gave DC individuals the right to obtain identifying information about their donor. Since then, identity-release gamete donation has become available in many countries but there is limited knowledge about the individuals who request donor information. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A nation-wide cross-sectional survey study was performed at all seven University hospitals that provided donation treatment in Sweden during 1985-2002. During this period only donor insemination to heterosexual couples was permitted. Inclusion criteria were being 18 years of age or older, conceived with donor sperm and having requested information about the donor by December 2020. Recruitment was performed during 2016-2020. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A total of 60 individuals had requested information about their donor. Of these, 53 were approached and 40 individuals, representing 34 families, accepted study participation (75% response rate). Participants completed a postal survey with the WHO-10 well-being index and study-specific questions about experiences of disclosure, motivations for requesting donor information, receipt of information, as well as intentions and experiences of donor contact. Independent t-test and chi-square tests were used to compare ratings of participants with early and late disclosure. MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE Of ∼900 DC individuals who had reached adult age, a total of 60 (≈7%) had requested information about the donor. Most of the 40 study participants (78%) made their requests within 2 years after reaching 18 years of age, or following disclosure at later ages (up to 32 years). Several participants had adult DC siblings in the family who had not requested any donor information. All except five participants received identifying information about the donor from the clinic. However, some donors had died or lacked contact information. Among those participants who were able to contact their donor, 41% had done so at the time of the study, while a third of the participants were unsure about potential contact. Several had met the donor in person and a few were in regular contact. About half of the participants had been informed about their donor conception in adolescence or adulthood (age 12-32), and there were significant differences between participants based on age at disclosure. Compared to those with early disclosure, participants with late disclosure were significantly more likely to be dissatisfied with the timing of their disclosure (P = 0.021), to react with negative emotions (P < 0.001), and to subsequently contact the donor (P = 0.047). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The limited population available for inclusion resulted in a small sample size, despite a high response rate. In addition, men's lower participation rate must be taken into consideration when interpreting the results. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The small number of individuals requesting information about their identity-release sperm donor is surprising. While not all DC individuals appear to be interested in donor information, it is reasonable to assume that some are unaware of their donor conception and thus unable to make informed decisions regarding their genetic origins. During the coming years, young women and men in many countries will become eligible to access identifying information about their donor. In order to meet the needs of these individuals, and to support positive outcomes for all involved parties, it is essential that adequate protocols and resources are developed. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST Financial support from The Swedish Research Council. There are no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lampic
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Johannes Gudmundsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Leandersson
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Ann Thurin-Kjellberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Division of Reproductive Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kjell Wånggren
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Sydsjö
- Division of Children's and Women's Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Schrijvers A, Bos H, van Rooij F, Gerrits T, van der Veen F, Mochtar M, Visser M. Being a donor-child: wishes for parental support, peer support and counseling. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 40:29-37. [PMID: 29110558 DOI: 10.1080/0167482x.2017.1396313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed at exploring the wishes of Dutch donor-conceived offspring for parental support, peer support and counseling and sought to contribute to the improvement of health care for all parties involved with assisted reproductive technologies. METHODS We held semi-structured in-depth interviews with 24 donor-conceived offspring (Mage = 26.9, range 17-41) born within father-mother, two-mother and single mother families. The majority of the donor offspring was conceived with semen of anonymous donors. All offspring were recruited by network organizations and snowball sampling. The interviews were fully transcribed and analyzed using the constant comparative method. RESULTS Donor-conceived offspring wished that their parents had talked openly about donor conception and had missed parental support. They wished that their parents would have received counseling before donor sperm treatment on how to talk with their children about donor conception in several stages of life. They valued the availability of peer contact to exchange stories with other donor-conceived offspring and would have liked assistance in getting access to trustworthy information about characteristics and identifying information of their donor. Donor-conceived offspring wished to know where to find specialist counseling when needed. CONCLUSIONS Peer support and counseling by professionals for donor-conceived offspring should be available for those who need it. The findings also support professional counseling for intended parents before treatment to improve parental support for donor-children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schrijvers
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre for Reproductive Medicine , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Henny Bos
- b Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Floor van Rooij
- b Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Trudie Gerrits
- c Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Fulco van der Veen
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre for Reproductive Medicine , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Monique Mochtar
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre for Reproductive Medicine , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Marja Visser
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre for Reproductive Medicine , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Miettinen A, Rotkirch A, Suikkari AM, Söderström-Anttila V. Attitudes of anonymous and identity-release oocyte donors towards future contact with donor offspring. Hum Reprod 2019; 34:672-678. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Miettinen
- Kela (Social Insurance Institution), Nordenskilöldinkatu 12, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Rotkirch
- Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto, Kalevankatu 16, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A -M Suikkari
- Lääkärikeskus Aava (Aava Medical Center), Länsituulentie 1 A, Espoo, Finland
| | - V Söderström-Anttila
- Helsinki University and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, Helsinki, Finland
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de Melo-Martín I, Rubin LR, Cholst IN. "I want us to be a normal family": Toward an understanding of the functions of anonymity among U.S. oocyte donors and recipients. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2018; 9:235-251. [PMID: 30398412 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2018.1528308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anonymity remains the more common practice in gamete donations, but legislation prohibiting anonymity with a goal of protecting donor-conceived children's right to know their genetic origins is becoming more common. However, given the dearth of research investigating the function of anonymity for donors and recipients, it is unclear whether these policies will accomplish their goals. The aim of this study was to explore experiences with anonymity among oocyte donors and recipients who participated in an anonymous donor oocyte program and to understand the ways in which anonymity functions for them. METHODS Semistructured interviews were conducted with 50 women: 28 oocyte donors and 22 recipients who were recruited from an academic center for reproductive medicine in the United States. RESULTS Donors and recipients view anonymity both as a mechanism to protect the interests of all parties (recipients, donors, and donor-conceived children) and as a point of conflict. Specifically, three key areas were identified where both donors and recipients saw anonymity as having an important role: relieving anxieties about family structures and obligations; protecting their interests and those of donor-conceived children (while acknowledging where interests conflict); and managing the future. CONCLUSION As gamete donation increasingly moves away from the practice of anonymity, examining why anonymity matters to stakeholders will be helpful in devising strategies to successfully implement identity-release options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa R Rubin
- b Department of Psychology , New School for Social Research
| | - Ina N Cholst
- c The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College
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Kool EM, Bos AME, van der Graaf R, Fauser BCJM, Bredenoord AL. Ethics of oocyte banking for third-party assisted reproduction: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2018; 24:615-635. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E M Kool
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A M E Bos
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R van der Graaf
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B C J M Fauser
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Goedeke S, Daniels K. We wanted to choose us: how embryo donors choose recipients for their surplus embryos. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2018. [PMID: 29517344 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2018.1424324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore factors affecting donors' choice of recipients for their surplus embryos in the New Zealand context of conditional, known donations. BACKGROUND Internationally, embryo donation has a low uptake in spite of large numbers of cryopreserved embryos. Possible reasons include a lack of knowledge about and concern for the future welfare of the resultant offspring. In New Zealand, donors and recipients meet prior to donation and legislation supports disclosure and access to genetic knowledge. METHOD Twenty-two embryo donors (10 couples, two individuals) were interviewed between March 2012 and February 2013 about their experiences of donation and factors affecting their donation. Interview data were analysed thematically. RESULTS In the interests of the welfare of the child resulting from donation, donors were invested in choosing recipients who would make suitable parents. They attempted to choose recipients similar to themselves, as well as those that they trusted to disclose the manner of conception and facilitate agreed-upon information exchange and contact. CONCLUSION The interest of donors in ensuring offspring well-being may lend support to conditional forms of open donation, allowing for assessment of recipients' suitability to parent, and for negotiation around information exchange and contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goedeke
- a Department of Psychology , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - K Daniels
- b School of Social Work and Human Services , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Frith L, Blyth E, Crawshaw M, van den Akker O. Secrets and disclosure in donor conception. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2018; 40:188-203. [PMID: 29143343 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article considers the disclosure, sharing and exchange of information on being donor conceived within families, drawing on data from a study undertaken with donor-conceived adults registered with UK Donor Link (a voluntary DNA-linking register). This paper considers the narratives of how respondents found out they were donor-conceived and what events triggered disclosure of this information. This paper then goes on to examine the role secrecy played in their family life and uses the concept of 'display' to explore how secrecy affected their relationships with their immediate and extended family. Secrets are notoriously 'leaky' and we found complex patterns of knowing and uncertainty about whom in the family knew that the person was donor-conceived. We argue that what is kept secret and from whom provides insights into the multifaceted web of social relationships that can be created by donor-conception, and how knowledge can be managed and controlled in attempts to display and maintain family narratives of biogenetic connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Frith
- Health Services Research, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Eric Blyth
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK
| | - Marilyn Crawshaw
- Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, UK
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Searching for ‘relations’ using a DNA linking register by adults conceived following sperm donation. BIOSOCIETIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1057/s41292-017-0063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Crawshaw M. Direct-to-consumer DNA testing: the fallout for individuals and their families unexpectedly learning of their donor conception origins. HUM FERTIL 2017; 21:225-228. [DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2017.1339127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Crawshaw
- Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, York, UK
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Blyth E, Crawshaw M, Frith L, van den Akker O. Gamete donors' reasons for, and expectations and experiences of, registration with a voluntary donor linking register. HUM FERTIL 2017. [PMID: 28635412 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2017.1292005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on a study of the views and experiences of 21 sperm donors and five egg donors registered with UK DonorLink (UKDL), a voluntary DNA-based contact register established to facilitate contact between adults who wish to identify and locate others to whom they are genetically related following donor conception. Specifically, the paper examines donors' reasons for searching for, or making information about themselves available to donor-conceived offspring. Their expectations of registration with UKDL, experiences of being registered and finally, the experiences of those who had contacted donor-conceived offspring and other genetic relatives are investigated. While most respondents reported largely positive experiences of registration, the study found significant issues relating to concerns about donation, DNA testing, possible linking with offspring and expectations of any relationship that might be established with offspring that have implications for support, mediation and counselling. Research that puts the experiences, perceptions and interests of gamete donors as the central focus of study is a relatively recent phenomenon. This study contributes to this debate and highlights directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Blyth
- a School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , UK
| | - Marilyn Crawshaw
- b Department of Social Policy and Social Work , University of York , York , UK
| | - Lucy Frith
- c Department of Health Services Research , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Olga van den Akker
- d Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology , Middlesex University , London , UK
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Sherr L, Roberts KJ, Croome N. Emotional distress, resilience and adaptability: a qualitative study of adults who experienced infant abandonment. Health Psychol Behav Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2017.1297238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Sherr
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn J. Roberts
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Natasha Croome
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, King's College London, London, UK
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Scheib JE, Ruby A, Benward J. Who requests their sperm donor's identity? The first ten years of information releases to adults with open-identity donors. Fertil Steril 2016; 107:483-493. [PMID: 27887716 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report findings from 10 years of requests from adults eligible to obtain their open-identity sperm donor's information. DESIGN Analysis of archived family and donor data. Semistructured interviews at information releases. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) A total of 85 DI adults requesting 43 donor identities; program data on 256 DI families. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We identified [1] demographic predictors of requesting donor identities, [2] information release timing and length, and [3] request motives. RESULT(S) Just >35% of eligible DI adults requested their donor's identity. Adults ranged from 18-27 years, requesting at median age 18 years. More women than men requested. Proportionally fewer adults requested when they had heterosexual-couple parents, and proportionally more when they had one rather than two parents. In interviews, the common theme was wanting to know more about the donor, especially about shared characteristics. Most adults planned to contact their donor. More than 94% of adults had donors who were open to contact; adults expressed modest expectations about this contact. CONCLUSION(S) In 2001, the first adults became eligible to obtain their open-identity sperm donor's information. Ten years of identity requests at one program indicates that information about one's donor is important to a significant proportion of these DI adults. Most requested their donor's identity soon after becoming eligible, suggesting some urgency to wanting the information. Interview data highlighted the role of donor information in helping adults better understand themselves and their ancestry. Findings hold important implications for practice and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Scheib
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California; The Sperm Bank of California, Berkeley, California.
| | - Alice Ruby
- The Sperm Bank of California, Berkeley, California
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Goedeke S, Daniels K, Thorpe M. Embryo donation and counselling for the welfare of donors, recipients, their families and children. Hum Reprod 2015; 31:412-8. [PMID: 26677957 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How do counsellors facilitating known 'open' embryo donation (ED) experience their roles and responsibilities? SUMMARY ANSWER Counsellors regard counselling for ED as entailing significant responsibility to ensure that the longer-term implications of the practice are understood and that positive relationships are established that will promote the well-being of donors, recipients, their families and the children involved. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY While counselling is frequently recommended in third-party assisted reproduction, there has been little research into the experiences of counsellors and their perceptions of their roles and responsibilities. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Fertility counsellors were interviewed between March and October 2012 as to their experiences and perceptions of their roles and responsibilities. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Fertility counsellors were recruited from across New Zealand and interviews were conducted with all nine counsellors involved in ED counselling. Interview data were analysed thematically to identify main themes. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Counsellors regard ED as a complex practice with enduring implications arising from the genetic link between donors and offspring, which is seen to bestow immutable social ties. They see their role as the provision of implications counselling and the facilitation of ongoing positive relationships between donors and recipients in an 'open' context. Counsellors express concern about their responsibility for promoting the welfare of all parties--including that of the child--the limitations of counselling, and the conflation of assessment and counselling roles. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Experiences of counselling for ED may change over time as longer-term outcomes become more apparent. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Further consideration needs to be given as to how the welfare principle may best be operationalised in counselling practice, particularly in contexts of 'open' donation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was funded by an AUT University Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences research grant. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goedeke
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - K Daniels
- School of Social Work and Human Services, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 1, New Zealand
| | - M Thorpe
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Crawshaw M, Daniels K, Adams D, Bourne K, van Hooff J, Kramer W, Pasch L, Thorn P. Emerging models for facilitating contact between people genetically related through donor conception: a preliminary analysis and discussion. REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE & SOCIETY ONLINE 2015; 1:71-80. [PMID: 29911188 PMCID: PMC6001351 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous research indicates interest among some donor-conceived people, donors and recipient parents in having contact. Outcomes of such contact appear largely, but not universally, positive. This paper seeks to understand better the characteristics of associated support services. Information gathered using the authors' direct experiences and professional and personal networks in different parts of the world indicates the emergence of four main groupings: (i) publically funded services outside of treatment centers; (ii) services provided by fertility treatment or gamete bank services; (iii) services provided privately by independent psychosocial or legal practitioners; and (4) services organized by offspring and/or recipient parents. Key operational features examined were: (i) who can access such services and when; (ii) what professional standards and funding are in place to provide them; and (iii) how 'matching' and contact processes are managed. Differences appear influenced variously by the needs of those directly affected, local policies, national legislation and the interests of the fertility services which recruit gamete donors and/or deliver donor conception treatments. The paper is intended to inform fuller debate about how best to meet the needs of those seeking information and contact, the implications for the way that fertility treatment and gametes donation services are currently provided and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Crawshaw
- Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ken Daniels
- School of Social Work and Human Services, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Damian Adams
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Kate Bourne
- Victorian Assisted Reproductive Treatment Authority, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Wendy Kramer
- Donor Sibling Registry, Nederland, CO 80466, USA
| | - Lauri Pasch
- Departments of Psychiatry and Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, University of California San Francisco, USA
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Goedeke S, Daniels K, Thorpe M, Du Preez E. Building extended families through embryo donation: the experiences of donors and recipients. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:2340-50. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rodino IS, Chester H, Harris M, Maslin-Prothero S. A qualitative study exploring counselling for release of information to participants of a donor-assisted conception programme. HUM FERTIL 2015; 18:134-40. [PMID: 25594244 DOI: 10.3109/14647273.2014.992982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, donor-assisted conceptions are increasing with legislative reforms in some countries providing opportunities for participants of a donor-assisted conception programme, i.e. recipients, donors, donor-conceived adults and their genetically related siblings and half-siblings, to access information. Whilst policy and practice for accessing donor-identifying information vary, there has been no research exploring the perceptions and experiences of those who provide the service. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of Australian and New Zealand infertility counsellors who provide counselling for release of information to participants of a donor-assisted conception programme. Using a qualitative research design, in-depth interview data of six infertility counsellors were thematically analysed to identify key themes. We report the primary themes that emerged from the data which include professional perspectives on the role of counsellor in the counselling process, the professional and societal responsibility to provide counselling, and influences on professional practice. Findings from this qualitative study can be used as a platform for larger international studies on the clinical practice of donor information release and to inform clinical practice and service delivery. The implications of these results for policy and future longitudinal research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda S Rodino
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
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Crawshaw M, Montuschi O. It ‘did what it said on the tin’ – Participant's views of the content and process of donor conception parenthood preparation workshops. HUM FERTIL 2014; 17:11-20. [DOI: 10.3109/14647273.2014.881562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kirkman M, Bourne K, Fisher J, Johnson L, Hammarberg K. Gamete donors' expectations and experiences of contact with their donor offspring. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:731-8. [PMID: 24549216 PMCID: PMC3949499 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the expectations and experiences of anonymous gamete donors about contact with their donor offspring? SUMMARY ANSWER Rather than consistently wanting to remain distant from their donor offspring, donors' expectations and experiences of contact with donor offspring ranged from none to a close personal relationship. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Donor conception is part of assisted reproduction in many countries, but little is known about its continuing influence on gamete donors' lives. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A qualitative research model appropriate for understanding participants' views was employed; semi-structured interviews were conducted during January–March 2013. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Before 1998, gamete donors in Victoria, Australia, were subject to evolving legislation that allowed them to remain anonymous or (from 1988) to consent to the release of identifying information. An opportunity to increase knowledge of donors' expectations and experiences of contact with their donor offspring recently arose in Victoria when a recommendation was made to introduce mandatory identification of donors on request from their donor offspring, with retrospective effect. Pre-1998 donors were invited through an advertising campaign to be interviewed about their views, experiences and expectations; 36 sperm donors and 6 egg donors participated. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE This research is unusual in achieving participation by donors who would not normally identify themselves to researchers or government inquiries. Qualitative thematic analysis revealed that most donors did not characterize themselves as parents of their donor offspring. Donors' expectations and experiences of contact with donor offspring ranged from none to a close personal relationship. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION It is not possible to establish whether participants were representative of all pre-1998 donors. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Anonymous donors' needs and desires are not homogeneous; policy and practice should be sensitive and responsive to a wide range of circumstances and preferences. Decisions made to restrict or facilitate contact or the exchange of information have ramifications for donors as well as for donor-conceived people. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was funded by the Victorian Department of Health. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Kirkman
- Jean Hailes Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
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21
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Wilde R, McTavish A, Crawshaw M. Family building using donated gametes and embryos in the UK: Recommendations for policy and practice on behalf of the British Infertility Counselling Association and the British Fertility Society in collaboration with the Association of Clinical Embryologists and the Royal College of Nurses Fertility Nurses Forum. HUM FERTIL 2013; 17:1-10. [PMID: 24329028 DOI: 10.3109/14647273.2013.862041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Wilde
- Complete Fertility Centre Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital , Southampton, Hampshire , UK
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Hammarberg K, Johnson L, Bourne K, Fisher J, Kirkman M. Proposed legislative change mandating retrospective release of identifying information: consultation with donors and Government response. Hum Reprod 2013; 29:286-92. [PMID: 24319103 PMCID: PMC3896224 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How do gamete donors who presumed they could remain anonymous respond to proposed legislation to retrospectively remove anonymity? SUMMARY ANSWER A little more than half of the donors opposed the recommendation to introduce legislation to remove donor anonymity with retrospective effect. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY An increasing proportion of parents disclose their origins to their donor-conceived children and growing numbers of donor-conceived adults are aware of how they were conceived. Research indicates that access to information about the donor is important to donor-conceived people. However, worldwide most donor-conceived people are unable to find any identifying information about the donor because of the practice of anonymous gamete donation. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study adopted a qualitative research model using semi-structured interviews with gamete donors that included open questions. Interviews with 42 volunteers were conducted between December 2012 and February 2013. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Before 1998 gamete donors in Victoria, Australia, were able to remain anonymous. Pre-1998 donors were invited through an advertising campaign to be interviewed about their views on a recommendation that legislation mandating retrospective release of identifying information be introduced. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Donors were almost evenly split between those who supported and those who rejected the recommendation to introduce legislation to remove donor anonymity with retrospective effect. About half of the donors who rejected the recommendation suggested the compromise of persuading donors voluntarily to release information (whether identifying or non-identifying) to donor-conceived people. These donors were themselves willing to supply information to their donor offspring. The findings of this study informed the Victorian Government's response to the proposed legislative change. While acknowledging donor-conceived people's right of access to information about their donors, the Government decided that identifying information should be released only with the consent of donors and that donors should be encouraged to allow themselves to be identifiable to their donor offspring. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION There is no way of knowing whether participants were representative of all pre-1998 donors. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The balancing of donors' and donor-conceived people's rights requires utmost sensitivity. All over the world, increasing numbers of donor-conceived people are reaching adulthood; of those who are aware of their mode of conception, some are likely to have a strong wish to know the identity of their donors. Legislators and policy-makers in jurisdictions permitting anonymous gamete donations will need to respond when these desires are expressed, and may choose to be guided by the model of consultation described in this paper. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS The study was funded by the Victorian Department of Health. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hammarberg
- Jean Hailes Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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