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Liashuk OS, Andriashvili VA, Tolmachev AO, Grygorenko OO. Chemoselective Reactions of Functionalized Sulfonyl Halides. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300256. [PMID: 37823680 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemoselective transformations of functionalized sulfonyl fluorides and chlorides are surveyed comprehensively. It is shown that sulfonyl fluorides provide an excellent selectivity control in their reactions. Thus, numerous conditions are tolerated by the SO2 F group - from amide and ester formation to directed ortho-lithiation and transition-metal-catalyzed cross-couplings. Meanwhile, sulfur (VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) is also compatible with numerous functional groups, thus confirming its title of "another click reaction". On the contrary, with a few exceptions, most transformations of functionalized sulfonyl chlorides typically occur at the SO2 Cl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr S Liashuk
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslav A Andriashvili
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Andriy O Tolmachev
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
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Istrefi Q, Türkeş C, Arslan M, Demir Y, Nixha AR, Beydemir Ş, Küfrevioğlu Öİ. Sulfonamides incorporating keteneN,S‐acetal bioisosteres as potent carbonic anhydrase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e1900383. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qëndresa Istrefi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural SciencesUniversity of Prishtina Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyErzincan Binali Yıldırım University Erzincan Turkey
| | - Mustafa Arslan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and SciencesSakarya University Sakarya Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High SchoolArdahan University Ardahan Turkey
| | - Arleta R. Nixha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural SciencesUniversity of Prishtina Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
| | - Ömer İ. Küfrevioğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesAtatürk University Erzurum Turkey
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De Luca V, Vullo D, Del Prete S, Carginale V, Scozzafava A, Osman SM, AlOthman Z, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Cloning, characterization and anion inhibition studies of a new γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4405-4409. [PMID: 26145820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new γ-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was cloned, purified and characterized from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, PhaCAγ. The enzyme has a medium-low catalytic activity for the physiologic reaction of CO2 hydration to bicarbonate and protons, with a kcat of 1.4×10(5)s(-1) and a kcat/Km of 1.9×10(6)M(-1)s(-1). An anion inhibition study of PhaCAγ with inorganic anions and small molecule inhibitors is also reported. Many anions present in sea water, such as chloride, fluoride, sulfate, iodide, but also others such as azide, perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate did not inhibit this enzyme. Pseudohalides such as cyanate, thiocyanate, cyanide, selenocyanide, and also bicarbonate, nitrate, nitrite and many complex inorganic anions showed inhibition in the millimolar range (KI in the range of 1.7-9.3mM). The best PhaCAγ inhibitors detected in this study were diethyldithiocarbamate (KI of 0.96 mM) as well as sulfamide, sulfamate, phenylboronic acid and phenylarsonic acid (KI in the range of 82-91 μM). Since γ-CAs are poorly understood at this moment, being present in carboxysomes and thus involved in photosynthesis, this study may be relevant for a better understanding of these processes in Antarctic bacteria/cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Luca
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Carginale
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sameh M Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid AlOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy.
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Gediz Erturk A, Bekdemir Y. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 5-substituted-1 H,3 H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole 2,2-dioxides (5-substituted benzosulfamides): kinetic behavior and mechanistic interpretations. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliye Gediz Erturk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts; Ordu University - Cumhuriyet Campus; 52200 Ordu Turkey
| | - Yunus Bekdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Arts; Canik Basari University - Gurgenyatak Campus; 55080 Canik/Samsun Turkey
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Hydrophobic substituents of the phenylmethylsulfamide moiety can be used for the development of new selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:523210. [PMID: 25258712 PMCID: PMC4167230 DOI: 10.1155/2014/523210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new series of compounds containing a sulfamide moiety as zinc-binding group (ZBG) has been synthesized and tested for determining inhibitory properties against four human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms, namely, CAs I, II, IX, and XII. The X-ray structure of the cytosolic dominant isoform hCA II in complex with the best inhibitor of the series has also been determined providing further insights into sulfamide binding mechanism and confirming that such zinc-binding group, if opportunely derivatized, can be usefully exploited for obtaining new potent and selective CAIs. The analysis of the structure also suggests that for drug design purposes the but-2-yn-1-yloxy moiety tail emerges as a very interesting substituent of the phenylmethylsulfamide moiety due to its capability to establish strong van der Waals interactions with a hydrophobic cleft on the hCA II surface, delimited by residues Phe131, Val135, Pro202, and Leu204. Indeed, the complementarity of this tail with the cleft suggests that different substituents could be used to discriminate between isoforms having clefts with different sizes.
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Facile, highly efficient, and clean one-pot synthesis of acridine sulfonamide derivatives at room temperature and their inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-1145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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İlkimen H, Yenikaya C, Sarı M, Bülbül M, Tunca E, Süzen Y. Synthesis and characterization of a proton transfer salt between dipicolinic acid and 2-amino-6-methylbenzothiazole and its complexes, and their inhibition studies on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Büyükkıdan N, Büyükkıdan B, Bülbül M, Özer S, Gonca Yalçın H. Synthesis and characterization of phenolic Mannich bases and effects of these compounds on human carbonic anhydrase isozymes I and II. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:337-42. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.693919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nurgün Büyükkıdan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University,
Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Bülent Büyükkıdan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University,
Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Metin Bülbül
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University,
Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Salih Özer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University,
Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Hatice Gonca Yalçın
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University,
Kütahya, Turkey
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9
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Şen E, Alım Z, Duran H, İşgör MM, Beydemir Ş, Kasımoğulları R, Ok S. Inhibitory effect of novel pyrazole carboxamide derivatives on human carbonic anhydrase enzyme. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:328-36. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.651465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elvan Şen
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar University,
Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Alım
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Ataturk University,
Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duran
- Micro and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, TOBB University of Economics and Technology,
Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Mustafa İşgör
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Ataturk University,
Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Ataturk University,
Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Rahmi Kasımoğulları
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar University,
Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Salim Ok
- College of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),
Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Osnabrück,
Osnabrück, Germany
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Kaya M, Basar E, Çakir E, Tunca E, Bülbül M. Synthesis and characterization of novel dioxoacridine sulfonamide derivatives as new carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:509-14. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.599029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muharrem Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupinar University,
43100 Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Erhan Basar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupinar University,
43100 Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Emrah Çakir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupinar University,
43100 Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Tunca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupinar University,
43100 Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Metin Bülbül
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupinar University,
43100 Kütahya, Turkey
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11
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Synthesis and characterization of a novel amino salicylato salt and its Cu(II) complex and their inhibition studies on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. Polyhedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Kasımoğulları R, Bülbül M, Arslan BS, Gökçe B. Synthesis, characterization and antiglaucoma activity of some novel pyrazole derivatives of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4769-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Scozzafava A, Saramet I, Banciu MD, Supuran CT. Carbonic Anhydrase Activity Modulators: Synthesis of Inhibitors and Activators Incorporating 2-substituted-thiazol-4-yl-methyl Scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360109162383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scozzafava
- Universite degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7,1–50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Ioana Saramet
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, T. Vuia Str.6, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea D. Banciu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polytechnic University, Splaiul Independentei 313, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Universite degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7,1–50121, Florence, Italy
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14
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Di Fiore A, Monti SM, Innocenti A, Winum JY, De Simone G, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Crystallographic and solution binding studies for the interaction of a boron-containing aromatic sulfamide with mammalian isoforms I–XV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3601-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Synthesis, characterization and antiglaucoma activity of a novel proton transfer compound and a mixed-ligand Zn(II) complex. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:930-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Granger J, Sigman DM. Removal of nitrite with sulfamic acid for nitrate N and O isotope analysis with the denitrifier method. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3753-62. [PMID: 19908214 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In environmental water samples that contain both nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-), isotopic analysis of nitrate alone by all currently available methods requires pretreatment to remove nitrite. Sulfamic acid addition, used previously for this purpose (Wu JP, Calvert SE, Wong CS. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 1997; 44: 287), is shown here to be compatible with the denitrifier method for both N and O isotope analysis of nitrate. Sulfamic acid at a pH of approximately 1.7 reduces nitrite to N2. Samples are then neutralized with base prior to isotope analysis, to alleviate the buffering demands of the bacterial media and as a precaution to prevent modification of nitrate during storage with the residual sulfamic acid at low pH. Under appropriate reaction conditions, nitrite is completely removed within minutes. Sulfamic acid treatment does not compromise the completeness of the conversion of nitrate into N2O or the precision and accuracy of N and O isotope measurements by the denitrifier method. Nitrite concentrations upwards of 7 times the ambient nitrate can be removed without affecting the isotope composition of nitrate. The method is applied to analyses of the coupled N and O isotopes of nitrate and nitrite in waters of the Mexican Margin, to illustrate its efficacy and utility when employed either in the field upon sample collection or in the lab after months of frozen sample storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Granger
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Kasımoğulları R, Bülbül M, Günhan H, Güleryüz H. Effects of new 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide derivatives on human carbonic anhydrase isozymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Krishnamurthy VM, Kaufman GK, Urbach AR, Gitlin I, Gudiksen KL, Weibel DB, Whitesides GM. Carbonic anhydrase as a model for biophysical and physical-organic studies of proteins and protein-ligand binding. Chem Rev 2008; 108:946-1051. [PMID: 18335973 PMCID: PMC2740730 DOI: 10.1021/cr050262p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M. Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George K. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Adam R. Urbach
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Irina Gitlin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Katherine L. Gudiksen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Hangan A, Borras J, Liu-Gonzalez M, Oprean L. Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Properties of [Cu(L1)2(py)2(H2O)](H2O) [HL1 = N-(5-ethyl-[1,3,4]–thiadiazole-2-yl)-toluenesulfonamidate] and [Cu(L2)2(py)2(H2O)] [HL2 = N-(5-ethyl-[1,3,4]–thiadiazole-2-yl)-benzenesulfonamidate]. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200700214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Winum JY, Scozzafava A, Montero JL, Supuran CT. Therapeutic potential of sulfamides as enzyme inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:767-92. [PMID: 16710859 DOI: 10.1002/med.20068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfamide, a quite simple molecule incorporating the sulfonamide functionality, widely used by medicinal chemists for the design of a host of biologically active derivatives with pharmacological applications, may give rise to at least five types of derivatives, by substituting one to four hydrogen atoms present in it, which show specific biological activities. Recently, some of these compounds started to be exploited for the design of many types of therapeutic agents. Among the enzymes for which sulfamide-based inhibitors were designed, are the carbonic anhydrases (CAs), a large number of proteases belonging to the aspartic protease (HIV-1 protease, gamma-secretase), serine protease (elastase, chymase, tryptase, and thrombin among others), and metalloprotease (carboxypeptidase A (CPA) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)) families. Some steroid sulfatase (STS) and protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors belonging to the sulfamide class of derivatives have also been reported. In all these compounds, many of which show low nanomolar affinity for the target enzymes for which they have been designed, the free or substituted sulfamide moiety plays important roles for the binding of the inhibitor to the active site cavity, either by directly coordinating to a metal ion found in some metalloenzymes (CAs, CPA, STS), usually by means of one of the nitrogen atoms present in the sulfamide motif, or as in the case of the cyclic sulfamides acting as HIV protease inhibitors, interacting with the catalytically critical aspartic acid residues of the active site by means of an oxygen atom belonging to the HN-SO2-NH motif, which substitutes a catalytically essential water molecule. In other cases, the sulfamide moiety is important for inducing desired physico-chemical properties to the drug-like compounds incorporating it, such as enhanced water solubility, better bioavailability, etc., because of the intrinsic properties of this highly polarized moiety when attached to an organic scaffold. This interesting motif is thus of great value for the design of pharmacological agents with a lot of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Winum
- Université Montpellier II, Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, UMR 5032, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France.
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Hillebrecht A, Supuran CT, Klebe G. Integrated approach using protein and ligand information to analyze selectivity- and affinity-determining features of carbonic anhydrase isozymes. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:839-53. [PMID: 16902938 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The application and comparison of selected protein- and ligand-based approaches to elucidate factors important for affinity and selectivity towards the carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II, and IV are described. Carbonic anhydrases are abundant in pro- and eukaryotes. These enzymes catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and H(+) ions and are thus involved in many important physiological and pathophysiological processes. Due to the fact that the human carbonic anhydrase family consists of 16 closely related isozymes, the design of selective inhibitors is a special challenge for medicinal chemists. In order to extract selectivity-determining features, we applied purely ligand-based 3D QSAR techniques as well as qualitative comparative molecular field analyses of the targets' binding sites using consensus principal component analysis (CPCA). The dataset for the QSAR studies was deliberately compiled from 1,748 inhibitors and comprises about 140 ligands, mainly of the sulfonamide type. Additionally, we employed the novel AFMoC approach, which intrinsically combines protein and ligand information. The simultaneous use of these different techniques gives deeper insight into selectivity and affinity-determining features and provides quantitative models for prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hillebrecht
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Winum JY, Scozzafava A, Montero JL, Supuran CT. The sulfamide motif in the design of enzyme inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005; 16:27-47. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Supuran CT, Scozzafava A. Applications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and activators in therapy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Krungkrai J, Scozzafava A, Reungprapavut S, Krungkrai SR, Rattanajak R, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum carbonic anhydrase with aromatic sulfonamides: towards antimalarials with a novel mechanism of action? Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:483-9. [PMID: 15598570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum encodes for an alpha-carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme possessing catalytic properties distinct of that of the human host, which was only recently purified. A series of aromatic sulfonamides, most of which were Schiff's bases derived from sulfanilamide/homosulfanilamide/4-aminoethylbenzenesulfonamide and substituted-aromatic aldehydes, or ureido-substituted such sulfonamides, were investigated for in vitro inhibition of the malarial parasite enzyme (pfCA) and the growth of P. falciparum. Several inhibitors with affinity in the micromolar range (K(I)'s in the range of 0.080-1.230 microM) were detected, whereas the most potent such derivatives were the clinically used sulfonamide CA inhibitor acetazolamide, and 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl-ureidoethyl)-benzenesulfonamide, which showed an inhibition constant of 80 nM against pfCA, being four times more effective an inhibitor as compared to acetazolamide (K(I) of 315 nM). The lipophilic 4-(3,4-dichlorophenylureido-ethyl)-benzenesulfonamide was also an effective in vitro inhibitor for the growth of P. falciparum (IC50 of 2 microM), whereas acetazolamide achieved the same level of inhibition at 20 microM. This is the first study proving that antimalarials possessing a novel mechanism of action can be obtained, by inhibiting a critical enzyme for the life cycle of the parasite. Indeed, by inhibiting pfCA, the synthesis of pyrimidines mediated by carbamoylphosphate synthase is impaired in P. falciparum but not in the human host. Sulfonamide CA inhibitors have the potential for the development of novel antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerapan Krungkrai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 4 Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Pastorekova S, Parkkila S, Pastorek J, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrases: current state of the art, therapeutic applications and future prospects. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2004; 19:199-229. [PMID: 15499993 DOI: 10.1080/14756360410001689540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are wide-spread enzymes, present in mammals in at least 14 different isoforms. Some of these isozymes are cytosolic (CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII, CA XIII), others are membrane-bound (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII and CA XIV), CA V is mitochondrial and CA VI is secreted in the saliva and milk. Three cytosolic acatalytic forms are also known (CARP VIII, CARP X and CARP XI). The catalytically active isoforms, which play important physiological and patho-physiological functions, are strongly inhibited by aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides. The catalytic and inhibition mechanisms of these enzymes are understood in great detail, and this greatly helped the design of potent inhibitors, some of which possess important clinical applications. The use of such CA inhibitors (CAIs) as antiglaucoma drugs are discussed in detail, together with the recent developments that led to isozyme-specific and organ-selective inhibitors. A recent discovery is connected with the involvement of CAs and their sulfonamide inhibitors in cancer: many potent CAIs were shown to inhibit the growth of several tumor cell lines in vitro and in vivo, thus constituting interesting leads for developing novel antitumor therapies. Future prospects for drug design of inhibitors of these ubiquitous enzymes are dealt with. Although activation of CAs has been a controversial issue for some time, recent kinetic, spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic experiments offered an explanation of this phenomenon, based on the catalytic mechanism. It has been demonstrated recently, that molecules that act as carbonic anhydrase activators (CAAs) bind at the entrance of the enzyme active site participating in facilitated proton transfer processes between the active site and the reaction medium. In addition to CA II-activator adducts, X-ray crystallographic studies have been also reported for ternary complexes of this isozyme with activators and anion (azide) inhibitors. Structure-activity correlations for diverse classes of activators is discussed for the isozymes for which the phenomenon has been studied, i.e., CA I, II, III and IV. The possible physiological relevance of CA activation/inhibition is also addressed, together with recent pharmacological/ biomedical applications of such compounds in different fields of life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pastorekova
- Centre of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 842 45 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Abstract
At least 14 different carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms were isolated in higher vertebrates, where these zinc enzymes play crucial physiological roles. Some of these isozymes are cytosolic (CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII), others are membrane-bound (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII, and CA XIV), CA V is mitochondrial and CA VI is secreted in saliva. Three acatalytic forms are also known, which are denominated CA related proteins (CARP), CARP VIII, CARP X, and CARP XI. Several important physiological and physio-pathological functions are played by many CA isozymes, which are strongly inhibited by aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides as well as inorganic, metal complexing anions. The catalytic and inhibition mechanisms of these enzymes are understood in detail, and this helped the design of potent inhibitors, some of which possess important clinical applications. The use of such enzyme inhibitors as antiglaucoma drugs will be discussed in detail, together with the recent developments that led to isozyme-specific and organ-selective inhibitors. A recent discovery is connected with the involvement of CAs and their sulfonamide inhibitors in cancer: several potent sulfonamide inhibitors inhibited the growth of a multitude of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, thus constituting interesting leads for developing novel antitumor therapies. Furthermore, some other classes of compounds that interact with CAs have recently been discovered, some of which possess modified sulfonamide or hydroxamate moieties. Some sulfonamides have also applications as diagnostic tools, in PET and MRI or as antiepileptics or for the treatment of other neurological disorders. Future prospects for drug design applications for inhibitors of these ubiquitous enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Rm 188, Polo Scientifico, 50019-Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
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