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Mariani NAP, Silva JV, Fardilha M, Silva EJR. Advances in non-hormonal male contraception targeting sperm motility. Hum Reprod Update 2023; 29:545-569. [PMID: 37141450 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high rates of unintended pregnancy and the ever-growing world population impose health, economic, social, and environmental threats to countries. Expanding contraceptive options, including male methods, are urgently needed to tackle these global challenges. Male contraception is limited to condoms and vasectomy, which are unsuitable for many couples. Thus, novel male contraceptive methods may reduce unintended pregnancies, meet the contraceptive needs of couples, and foster gender equality in carrying the contraceptive burden. In this regard, the spermatozoon emerges as a source of druggable targets for on-demand, non-hormonal male contraception based on disrupting sperm motility or fertilization. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE A better understanding of the molecules governing sperm motility can lead to innovative approaches toward safe and effective male contraceptives. This review discusses cutting-edge knowledge on sperm-specific targets for male contraception, focusing on those with crucial roles in sperm motility. We also highlight challenges and opportunities in male contraceptive drug development targeting spermatozoa. SEARCH METHODS We conducted a literature search in the PubMed database using the following keywords: 'spermatozoa', 'sperm motility', 'male contraception', and 'drug targets' in combination with other related terms to the field. Publications until January 2023 written in English were considered. OUTCOMES Efforts for developing non-hormonal strategies for male contraception resulted in the identification of candidates specifically expressed or enriched in spermatozoa, including enzymes (PP1γ2, GAPDHS, and sAC), ion channels (CatSper and KSper), transmembrane transporters (sNHE, SLC26A8, and ATP1A4), and surface proteins (EPPIN). These targets are usually located in the sperm flagellum. Their indispensable roles in sperm motility and male fertility were confirmed by genetic or immunological approaches using animal models and gene mutations associated with male infertility due to sperm defects in humans. Their druggability was demonstrated by the identification of drug-like small organic ligands displaying spermiostatic activity in preclinical trials. WIDER IMPLICATIONS A wide range of sperm-associated proteins has arisen as key regulators of sperm motility, providing compelling druggable candidates for male contraception. Nevertheless, no pharmacological agent has reached clinical developmental stages. One reason is the slow progress in translating the preclinical and drug discovery findings into a drug-like candidate adequate for clinical development. Thus, intense collaboration among academia, private sectors, governments, and regulatory agencies will be crucial to combine expertise for the development of male contraceptives targeting sperm function by (i) improving target structural characterization and the design of highly selective ligands, (ii) conducting long-term preclinical safety, efficacy, and reversibility evaluation, and (iii) establishing rigorous guidelines and endpoints for clinical trials and regulatory evaluation, thus allowing their testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemia A P Mariani
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Joana V Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Erick J R Silva
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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2
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Vizuete AFK, Fróes F, Seady M, Zanotto C, Bobermin LD, Roginski AC, Wajner M, Quincozes-Santos A, Gonçalves CA. Early effects of LPS-induced neuroinflammation on the rat hippocampal glycolytic pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:255. [PMID: 36221097 PMCID: PMC9552490 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02612-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature during the development of neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, where glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, play key roles in the activation and maintenance of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation is now known to involve a neurometabolic shift, in addition to an increase in energy consumption. We used two approaches (in vivo and ex vivo) to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation on neurometabolic reprogramming, and on the modulation of the glycolytic pathway during the neuroinflammatory response. For this, we investigated inflammatory cytokines and receptors in the rat hippocampus, as well as markers of glial reactivity. Mitochondrial respirometry and the glycolytic pathway were evaluated by multiple parameters, including enzymatic activity, gene expression and regulation by protein kinases. Metabolic (e.g., metformin, 3PO, oxamic acid, fluorocitrate) and inflammatory (e.g., minocycline, MCC950, arundic acid) inhibitors were used in ex vivo hippocampal slices. The induction of early inflammatory changes by LPS (both in vivo and ex vivo) enhanced glycolytic parameters, such as glucose uptake, PFK1 activity and lactate release. This increased glucose consumption was independent of the energy expenditure for glutamate uptake, which was in fact diverted for the maintenance of the immune response. Accordingly, inhibitors of the glycolytic pathway and Krebs cycle reverted neuroinflammation (reducing IL-1β and S100B) and the changes in glycolytic parameters induced by LPS in acute hippocampal slices. Moreover, the inhibition of S100B, a protein predominantly synthesized and secreted by astrocytes, inhibition of microglia activation and abrogation of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly confirmed the role of neuroinflammation in the upregulation of glycolysis in the hippocampus. Our data indicate a neurometabolic glycolytic shift, induced by inflammatory activation, as well as a central and integrative role of astrocytes, and suggest that interference in the control of neurometabolism may be a promising strategy for downregulating neuroinflammation and consequently for diminishing negative neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fernanda K Vizuete
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90035-003, Brazil. .,Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Fróes
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90035-003, Brazil.,Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Seady
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90035-003, Brazil.,Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Zanotto
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90035-003, Brazil.,Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Roginski
- Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90035-003, Brazil.,Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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5 ALA Is a Potent Lactate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor But Not a Substrate: Implications for Cell Glycolysis and New Avenues in 5 ALA-Mediated Anticancer Action. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164003. [PMID: 36010996 PMCID: PMC9406570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the present work, we found that 5-ALA, a natural precursor of heme, can hinder cell glycolysis, which is the main path of energy production for most cancer cells. More specifically, we found that 5-ALA can block an enzyme involved in glycolysis, called lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). We found that 5-ALA has a potency of LDH inhibition comparable to other established LDH inhibitors, such as oxamate or tartronic acid. Nevertheless, 5-ALA has a high accumulation rate in cancers and specifically in the incurable brain cancer glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is an important advantage. In fact, because of its high specificity to GBM, 5-ALA is used in the clinic to accurately guide the resection of the tumours, through the light emission of its photoactive product protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). PpIX is the penultimate step in the heme production. Importantly, we show here that continuous administration of 5-ALA killed GBM cells according to their dependence on glycolysis. We additionally found that 20% of externally administered 5-ALA is engaged in the inhibition of LDH, as when LDH was pre-loaded by another inhibitor, tartronic acid, then the cell production of PpIX from 5-ALA was increased by 20%. Since PpIX is an important drug for photodynamic therapy of cancer (excitation by light of PpIX produces oxygen by-products that can kill cancer cells), we additionally discovered that preloading LDH with its inhibitor tartronic acid before performing 5-ALA PDT increases the cancer cell death by 15%. Abstract In a course of metabolic experiments, we determined that the addition of δ-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to a panel of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells caused a steep reduction in their glycolytic activity. This reduction was accompanied by a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production from glycolysis. These results suggested that 5-ALA is an inhibitor of glycolysis; due to the structural similarity of 5-ALA to the established lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibitors oxamate (OXM) and tartronate (TART), we initially investigated LDH inhibition by 5-ALA in silico. The modelling revealed that 5-ALA could indeed be a competitive inhibitor of LDH but not a substrate. These theoretical findings were corroborated by enzymatic and cell lysate assays in which 5-ALA was found to confer a potent LDH inhibition comparable to that of OXM and TART. We subsequently evaluated the effect of 5-ALA-induced glycolysis inhibition on the viability of GBM cells with diverse metabolic phenotypes. In the Warburg-type cell lines Ln18 and U87, incubation with 5-ALA elicited profound and irreversible cell death (90–98%) at 10 mM after merely 24 h. In T98G, however, which exhibited both high respiratory and glycolytic rates, LD95 was achieved after 72 h of incubation with 20 mM 5-ALA. We additionally examined the production of the 5-ALA photosensitive metadrug protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), with and without prior LDH inhibition by TART. These studies revealed that ~20% of the 5-ALA taken up by the cells was engaged in LDH inhibition. We subsequently performed 5-ALA photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Ln18 GBM cells, again with and without prior LDH inhibition with TART, and found a PDT outcome enhancement of ~15% upon LDH pre-inhibition. We expect our findings to have a profound impact on contemporary oncology, particularly for the treatment of otherwise incurable brain cancers such as GBM, where the specific accumulation of 5-ALA is very high compared to the surrounding normal tissue.
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Tan H, Wang H, Ma J, Deng H, He Q, Chen Q, Zhang Q. Identification of human LDHC4 as a potential target for anticancer drug discovery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2348-2357. [PMID: 35646544 PMCID: PMC9136605 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the distinct hallmarks of cancer cells is aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is thought to play a key role in aerobic glycolysis and has been extensively studied, while lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC), an isoform of LDHA, has received much less attention. Here we showed that human LDHC was significantly expressed in lung cancer tissues, overexpression of Ldhc in mice could promote tumor growth, and knock-down of LDHC could inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer A549 cells. We solved the first crystal structure of human LDHC4 and found that the active-site loop of LDHC4 adopted a distinct conformation compared to LDHA4 and lactate dehydrogenase B4 (LDHB4). Moreover, we found that (ethylamino) (oxo)acetic acid shows about 10 times selective inhibition against LDHC4 over LDHA4 and LDHB4. Our studies suggest that LDHC4 is a potential target for anticancer drug discovery and (ethylamino) (oxo)acetic acid provides a good start to develop lead compounds for selective drugs targeting LDHC4.
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Altinoz MA, Ozpinar A. Oxamate targeting aggressive cancers with special emphasis to brain tumors. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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He M, Chi X, Shi X, Sun Y, Yang X, Wang L, Wang B, Li H. Value of pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase as a prognostic and predictive factor for small-cell lung cancer patients treated with first-line platinum-containing chemotherapy. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:3101-3109. [PMID: 34725930 PMCID: PMC8636211 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study aimed to evaluate the serum pretreatment lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and overall survival (OS) in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients who received first-line platinum-containing chemotherapy. METHODS A total of 234 SCLC patients, who received first-line platinum-based chemotherapy between 2013 and 2018, were retrospectively analyzed. The data of hematological characteristics, age, gender, ECOG score, staging, metastatic site, smoking history, chemotherapy cycle, thoracic radiotherapy and hyponatremia were collected. Overall survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The statistically significant factors in the univariate analysis were selected for the multivariate COX model analysis. RESULTS Age, ECOG score, stage, thoracic radiotherapy, hyponatremia, liver metastasis, brain metastasis, bone metastasis, LDH, NSE and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were closely correlated to OS in the univariate analysis. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis revealed that age (<65 years), ECOG score (<2 points), limited-stage (LD), thoracic radiotherapy and LDH <215.70 U/L were the independent prognostic factors for survival. The median OS time was worse for patients with LDH ≥215.70 U/L. In the subgroup analysis, LDH ≥215.70 U/L was significant for survival in both limited and extensive disease. Patients who achieved CR + PR in the first-line treatment had lower initial LDH levels. It was found that the pretreatment LDH increased the incidence of patients with liver metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Positive independent prognostic factors for SCLC patients were age < 65 years old, ECOG score < 2 points, LD-SCLC, and pretreatment LDH <215.70 U/L. These factors may be useful for stratifying patients with SCLC for treatment approaches. KEY POINTS SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: Age < 65 years old, ECOG score < 2 points, LD-SCLC, and pretreatment LDH <215.70 U/L are the positive independent prognostic factors for SCLC patients. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS The current study provided more references for SCLC diagnosis and treatment and determined more factors for stratifying patients with SCLC for treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man He
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaorui Chi
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyan Shi
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Leirong Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bingrui Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Naik A, Decock J. Targeting of lactate dehydrogenase C dysregulates the cell cycle and sensitizes breast cancer cells to DNA damage response targeted therapy. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:885-903. [PMID: 34050611 PMCID: PMC8847988 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer testis antigen (CTA) lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC) is a promising anticancer target with tumor-specific expression and immunogenicity. Interrogation of breast cancer patient cohorts from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) indicate that upregulation of LDHC expression correlates with unfavorable prognosis. Although the role of LDHC is well characterized in spermatocytes, its role in tumors remains largely unknown. We investigated whether LDHC is involved in regulating genomic stability and whether it could be targeted to affect tumor cellular fitness. Silencing LDHC in four breast cancer cell lines significantly increased the presence of giant cells, nuclear aberrations, DNA damage, and apoptosis. LDHC-silenced cells demonstrated aberrant cell cycle progression with differential expression of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA damage response regulators. In addition, LDHC silencing-induced microtubule destabilization, culminating in increased mitotic catastrophe and reduced long-term survival. Notably, the clonogenicity of LDHC-silenced cells was further reduced by treatment with the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib and with the DNA-damaging drug cisplatin. This study supports the therapeutic potential of targeting LDHC to mitigate cancer cell survival and improve sensitivity to agents that cause DNA damage or inhibit its repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adviti Naik
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
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Goldberg E. The sperm-specific form of lactate dehydrogenase is required for fertility and is an attractive target for male contraception (a review). Biol Reprod 2020; 104:521-526. [PMID: 33252126 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent upsurge in the interest about contraceptive development, evidenced by the Contraceptive Special Issue of Biology of Reproduction [1], with research funding from the Male Contraceptive Initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Support from the Contraceptive Research Branch of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development continues with a marked change in focus in the funding announcements. This has motivated me to reflect on research, mostly from my laboratory starting in the 1960s to the present, on the development of a male contraceptive based on the sperm-specific glycolytic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC4). This review considers the rationale behind this research, the development paths pursued, obstacles encountered, and the renewed interest in going forward toward development of a male contraceptive mediated by the inhibition of the sperm-specific form of LDHC. I will address how some papers published many years ago are relevant to the present goals of non-hormonal contraception and will mention about innovative technology now available that can advance this project. This review presumably will serve as an instructive guide for a research program with a focused program related to contraception. As an aside, many of the citations in this review are to most of the 26 publications in Biology of Reproduction co-authored by this investigator and collaborators from 1974 through 2020 not long after the first issue of BOR which was published in April 1969.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Laganá G, Barreca D, Calderaro A, Bellocco E. Lactate Dehydrogenase Inhibition: Biochemical Relevance and Therapeutical Potential. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3242-3252. [PMID: 28183261 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170209103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) is a key enzyme of anaerobic metabolism in almost all living organisms and it is also a functional checkpoint for glucose restoration during gluconeogenesis and single-stranded DNA metabolism. This enzyme has a well preserved structure during evolution and among the species, with little, but sometimes very useful, changes in the amino acid sequence, which makes it an attractive target for the design and construction of functional molecules able to modulate its catalytic potential and expression. Research has focused mainly on the selection of modulator especially as far as LDH isozymes (especially LDH-5) and lactate dehydrogenases of Plasmodium falciparum (pfLDH) are concerned. This review summarizes the recent advances in the design and development of inhibitors, pointing out their specificity and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Laganá
- University of Messina, Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- University of Messina, Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Calderaro
- University of Messina, Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Ersilia Bellocco
- University of Messina, Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
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Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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Andrews BA, Dyer RB. Small molecule cores demonstrate non-competitive inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1369-1376. [PMID: 30151092 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00309b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has recently garnered attention as an attractive target for cancer therapies, owing to the enzyme's critical role in cellular metabolism. Current inhibition strategies, employing substrate or cofactor analogues, are insufficiently specific for use as pharmaceutical agents. The possibility of allosteric inhibition of LDH was postulated on the basis of theoretical docking studies of a small molecule inhibitor to LDH. The present study examined structural analogues of this proposed inhibitor to gauge its potency and attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanism of action. These analogues display encouraging in vitro inhibition of porcine heart LDH, including micromolar Ki values and a maximum inhibition of up to 50% in the steady state. Furthermore, Michaelis-Menten kinetics and fluorescence data both suggest the simple, acetaminophen derivatives are non-competitive in binding to the enzyme. Kinetic comparisons of a panel of increasingly decorated structural analogues imply that the binding is specific, and the small molecule core provides a privileged scaffold for further pharmaceutical development of a novel, allosteric drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Andrews
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , 30322 , Georgia , USA .
| | - R Brian Dyer
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , 30322 , Georgia , USA .
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Tang P, Xu J, Oliveira CL, Li ZJ, Liu S. A mechanistic kinetic description of lactate dehydrogenase elucidating cancer diagnosis and inhibitor evaluation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:564-571. [PMID: 28114833 PMCID: PMC6010104 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1275606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key enzyme for glycolysis, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) remains as a topic of great interest in cancer study. Though a number of kinetic models have been applied to describe the dynamic behavior of LDH, few can reflect its actual mechanism, making it difficult to explain the observed substrate and competitor inhibitions at wide concentration ranges. A novel mechanistic kinetic model is developed based on the enzymatic processes and the interactive properties of LDH. Better kinetic simulation as well as new enzyme interactivity information and kinetic properties extracted from published articles via the novel model was presented. Case studies were presented to a comprehensive understanding of the effect of temperature, substrate, and inhibitor on LDH kinetic activities for promising application in cancer diagnosis, inhibitor evaluation, and adequate drug dosage prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Tang
- a Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering , SUNY ESF , Syracuse , NY , USA.,b Biologics Process Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , USA
| | - Jianlin Xu
- b Biologics Process Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , USA
| | - Christopher L Oliveira
- b Biologics Process Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- b Biologics Process Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , USA
| | - Shijie Liu
- a Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering , SUNY ESF , Syracuse , NY , USA
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He Q, Zhang Q, Huang L, Ma J. Characterization and Inhibitor Screening of Plateau Zokor Lactate Dehydrogenase C4. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:927-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kong L, Du W, Cui Z, Wang L, Yang Z, Zhang H, Lin D. Expression of lactate dehydrogenase C in MDA‑MB‑231 cells and its role in tumor invasion and migration. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3533-8. [PMID: 26935238 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer/testis antigen (CTA) lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC) is a unique LDH isoenzyme associated with glucose and adenosine triphosphate production in mammalian germ cells. However, the role of LDHC in cancer has thus far largely remained elusive. The present study described the expression status of LDHC in human MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cells as well as its role in tumor invasion and migration. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed endogenous LDHC expression in the cytoplasm and nuclei of MDA‑MB‑231 cells yielded. In addition, in vitro cell invasion and migration assays revealed that when LDHC expression was blocked by its specific inhibitor, cell invasion and migration were compromised in MDA‑MB‑231 cells. Of note, inhibition of LDHC was unable to induce apoptosis in MDA‑MB‑231 cells. The present study provided evidence that the LDHC enzyme acts as a CTA in breast carcinoma and exerts an essential role in tumor invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingying Kong
- Department of Pathology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated People's Hospital, Taijiang, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Pathology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated People's Hospital, Taijiang, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Zhaolei Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Taijiang, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated People's Hospital, Taijiang, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated People's Hospital, Taijiang, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated People's Hospital, Taijiang, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Donghong Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Taijiang, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
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15
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Wang Y, Wei L, Wei D, Li X, Xu L, Wei L. Enzymatic Kinetic Properties of the Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzyme C₄ of the Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E39. [PMID: 26751442 PMCID: PMC4730284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-C₄) is one of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes that catalyze the terminal reaction of pyruvate to lactate in the glycolytic pathway. LDH-C₄ in mammals was previously thought to be expressed only in spermatozoa and testis and not in other tissues. Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) belongs to the genus Ochotona of the Ochotonidea family. It is a hypoxia-tolerant species living in remote mountain areas at altitudes of 3000-5000 m above sea level on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Surprisingly, Ldh-c is expressed not only in its testis and sperm, but also in somatic tissues of plateau pika. To shed light on the function of LDH-C₄ in somatic cells, Ldh-a, Ldh-b, and Ldh-c of plateau pika were subcloned into bacterial expression vectors. The pure enzymes of Lactate Dehydrogenase A₄ (LDH-A₄), Lactate Dehydrogenase B₄ (LDH-B₄), and LDH-C₄ were prepared by a series of expression and purification processes, and the three enzymes were identified by the method of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The enzymatic kinetics properties of these enzymes were studied by Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal plots. The results showed the Michaelis constant (Km) of LDH-C₄ for pyruvate and lactate was 0.052 and 4.934 mmol/L, respectively, with an approximate 90 times higher affinity of LDH-C₄ for pyruvate than for lactate. At relatively high concentrations of lactate, the inhibition constant (Ki) of the LDH isoenzymes varied: LDH-A₄ (Ki = 26.900 mmol/L), LDH-B₄ (Ki = 23.800 mmol/L), and LDH-C₄ (Ki = 65.500 mmol/L). These data suggest that inhibition of lactate by LDH-A₄ and LDH-B₄ were stronger than LDH-C₄. In light of the enzymatic kinetics properties, we suggest that the plateau pika can reduce reliance on oxygen supply and enhance its adaptation to the hypoxic environments due to increased anaerobic glycolysis by LDH-C₄.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Lian Wei
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Dengbang Wei
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Lina Xu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Linna Wei
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
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16
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Liu Z, Sun Y, Tan S, Liu L, Hu S, Huo H, Li M, Cui Q, Yu M. Nutrient deprivation-related OXPHOS/glycolysis interconversion via HIF-1α/C-MYC pathway in U251 cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6661-71. [PMID: 26646563 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Warburg effect is a dominant metabolic phenotype observed in cancers, the metabolic changes and adaptation occurring in tumors have been demonstrated to extend beyond the Warburg effect and thus considered a secondary effect to the transformation process of carcinogenesis, including nutritional deficiencies. However, the role of nutritional deficiencies in this metabolic reprogramming (e. g., oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)/glycolysis interconversion) is not completely known yet. Here, we showed that under regular culture condition, the proliferation of U251 cells, but not other tumor cell lines, preferentially performed the Warburg effect and was remarkably inhibited by oxamic acid which can inhibit the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); whereas under serum starvation, glycolysis was depressed, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) was enhanced, and the activity of OXPHOS was reinforced to maintain cellular ATP content in a high level, but interestingly, we observed a decreased expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the upregulated activity of mitochondrial complex I was confirmed by Western blots and showed that the mitochondrial-related protein, NDUFA9, NDUFB8, ND1, and VDAC1 were remarkably increased after serum starved. Mechanistically, nutritional deficiencies could reduce hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-1α) protein expression to increase C-MYC protein level, which in turn increased nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) transcription to enhance the activity of OXPHOS, suggesting that metabolic reprogramming by the changes of microenvironment during the carcinogenesis can provide some novel therapeutic clues to traditional cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Shirui Tan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Suqiong Hu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Hongyu Huo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Meizhang Li
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Min Yu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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17
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Testis-Specific Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH-C4) in Skeletal Muscle Enhances a Pika's Sprint-Running Capacity in Hypoxic Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9218-36. [PMID: 26262630 PMCID: PMC4555275 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LDH-C4 is a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. In mammals, ldh-c was originally thought to be expressed only in testis and spermatozoa. Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), which belongs to the genus Ochotona of the Ochotonidea family, is a hypoxia tolerant mammal living 3000-5000 m above sea level on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, an environment which is strongly hypoxic. Ldh-c is expressed not only in testis and sperm but also in somatic tissues of plateau pika. In this study, the effects of N-propyl oxamate and N-isopropyl oxamate on LDH isozyme kinetics were compared to screens for a selective inhibitor of LDH-C4. To reveal the role and physiological mechanism of LDH-C4 in skeletal muscle of plateau pika, we investigated the effect of N-isopropyl oxamate on the pika exercise tolerance as well as the physiological mechanism. Our results show that Ki of N-propyl oxamate and N-isopropyl oxamate for LDH-A4, LDH-B4, and LDH-C4 were 0.094 mmol/L and 0.462 mmol/L, 0.119 mmol/L and 0.248 mmol/L, and 0.015 mmol/L and 0.013 mmol/L, respectively. N-isopropyl oxamate is a powerful selective inhibitor of plateau pika LDH-C4. In our exercise tolerance experiment, groups treated with inhibitors had significantly lower swimming times than the uninhibited control group. The inhibition rates of LDH, LD, and ATP were 37.12%, 66.27%, and 32.42%, respectively. Our results suggested that ldh-c is expressed in the skeletal muscle of plateau pika, and at least 32.42% of ATP in the skeletal muscle is catalyzed by LDH-C4 by anaerobic glycolysis. This suggests that pika has reduced dependence on oxygen and enhanced adaptation to hypoxic environment due to increased anaerobic glycolysis by LDH-C4 in skeletal muscle. LDH-C4 in plateau pika plays the crucial role in anaerobic glycolysis and generates ATP rapidly since this is the role of LDH-A4 in most species on plain land, which provide evidence that the native humans and animals in Qinghai-Tibet plateau can adapt to the hypoxia environment.
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18
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Cordero-Martínez J, Aguirre-Alvarado C, Wong C, Rodríguez-Páez L. Effect of oxamic analogues on functional mice sperm parameters. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2014; 60:189-98. [PMID: 24654556 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2014.902144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effect of oxamate derivatives (N-ethyl, N-propyl, N-butyl oxamates) on functional murine sperm parameters, towards a new male non-hormonal contraceptive. These derivatives are selective inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase-C4 (LDH-C4). LDH-C4 is a sperm-specific enzyme that plays an important role in ATP production for maintaining progressive motility as well as to induce capacitation and hyperactivation. The results demonstrate that all oxamate derivatives selectively inhibited LDH-C4 in mouse sperm extracts. The IC(50) values for hexokinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were at least an order of magnitude greater than LDH-C4 IC(50) values. Prodrugs of oxamate derivatives assayed on sperm cells diminished normal sperm motility parameters, acrosome reaction, and cell viability in a concentration dependent manner. Also, we performed in vivo studies to determine the potential toxicity and possible contraceptive ability of these inhibitors. Mouse sperm were more sensitive to the N-butyl oxamate ethyl ester (NBOXet). Furthermore, results showed that NBOXet was of a low toxicity substance that diminished the total and progressive motility as well as the kinematic parameters of sperm cells. Data from in vitro and in vivo studies showed that N-butyl oxamate and its prodrug, are selective inhibitors of sperm LDH-C4, has low toxicity, and inhibits sperm progressive motility, offering some of the desirable characteristics of a male contraceptive: effect, low toxicity, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Cordero-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México
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