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The Relevance of Amyloid β-Calmodulin Complexation in Neurons and Brain Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094976. [PMID: 34067061 PMCID: PMC8125740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal amyloid β (Aβ) oligomer accumulation precedes the appearance of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles and is neurotoxic. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-affected brains, intraneuronal Aβ oligomers can derive from Aβ peptide production within the neuron and, also, from vicinal neurons or reactive glial cells. Calcium homeostasis dysregulation and neuronal excitability alterations are widely accepted to play a key role in Aβ neurotoxicity in AD. However, the identification of primary Aβ-target proteins, in which functional impairment initiating cytosolic calcium homeostasis dysregulation and the critical point of no return are still pending issues. The micromolar concentration of calmodulin (CaM) in neurons and its high affinity for neurotoxic Aβ peptides (dissociation constant ≈ 1 nM) highlight a novel function of CaM, i.e., the buffering of free Aβ concentrations in the low nanomolar range. In turn, the concentration of Aβ-CaM complexes within neurons will increase as a function of time after the induction of Aβ production, and free Aβ will rise sharply when accumulated Aβ exceeds all available CaM. Thus, Aβ-CaM complexation could also play a major role in neuronal calcium signaling mediated by calmodulin-binding proteins by Aβ; a point that has been overlooked until now. In this review, we address the implications of Aβ-CaM complexation in the formation of neurotoxic Aβ oligomers, in the alteration of intracellular calcium homeostasis induced by Aβ, and of dysregulation of the calcium-dependent neuronal activity and excitability induced by Aβ.
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Poejo J, Salazar J, Mata AM, Gutierrez-Merino C. Binding of Amyloid β(1-42)-Calmodulin Complexes to Plasma Membrane Lipid Rafts in Cerebellar Granule Neurons Alters Resting Cytosolic Calcium Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1984. [PMID: 33671444 PMCID: PMC7923178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are a primary target in studies of amyloid β (Aβ) cytotoxicity in neurons. Exogenous Aβ peptides bind to lipid rafts, which in turn play a key role in Aβ uptake, leading to the formation of neurotoxic intracellular Aβ aggregates. On the other hand, dysregulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis in neurons has been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a previous work, we showed that Aβ(1-42), the prevalent Aβ peptide found in the amyloid plaques of AD patients, binds with high affinity to purified calmodulin (CaM), with a dissociation constant ≈1 nM. In this work, to experimentally assess the Aβ(1-42) binding capacity to intracellular CaM, we used primary cultures of mature cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) as a neuronal model. Our results showed a large complexation of submicromolar concentrations of Aβ(1-42) dimers by CaM in CGN, up to 120 ± 13 picomoles of Aβ(1-42) /2.5 × 106 cells. Using fluorescence microscopy imaging, we showed an extensive co-localization of CaM and Aβ(1-42) in lipid rafts in CGN stained with up to 100 picomoles of Aβ(1-42)-HiLyteTM-Fluor555 monomers. Intracellular Aβ(1-42) concentration in this range was achieved by 2 h incubation of CGN with 2 μM Aβ(1-42), and this treatment lowered the resting cytosolic calcium of mature CGN in partially depolarizing 25 mM potassium medium. We conclude that the primary cause of the resting cytosolic calcium decrease is the inhibition of L-type calcium channels of CGN by Aβ(1-42) dimers, whose activity is inhibited by CaM:Aβ(1-42) complexes bound to lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Poejo
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Jairo Salazar
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Ana M. Mata
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Nagy G, Kedia K, Attah IK, Garimella SVB, Ibrahim YM, Petyuk VA, Smith RD. Separation of β-Amyloid Tryptic Peptide Species with Isomerized and Racemized l-Aspartic Residues with Ion Mobility in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4374-4380. [PMID: 30816701 PMCID: PMC6596305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. The deposition of β-amyloid plaques is likely to start years in advance of manifestation of clinical symptoms, although the exact timing is unknown. Over the years, Aβ peptides undergo both post-translational modification and stereoisomerization. Analysis of the resulting stereoisomers is particularly challenging because of their identical elemental composition and similar physicochemical properties. Herein, we have utilized our recently developed structures for lossless ion manipulations ion mobility-mass spectrometry platform (SLIM IM-MS), in conjunction with serpentine ultralong path with extended routing (SUPER), to baseline resolve four distinct sets of Aβ17-28 tryptic peptide epimers on a rapid (∼1 s) time scale. We discovered that sodium adduct ions, [M + H + Na]2+, allowed baseline SLIM SUPER IM resolution for all Aβ epimer sets assessed, while such baseline separations were unachievable for their [M + 2H]2+ doubly protonated ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Nagy
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Komal Kedia
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Isaac K. Attah
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sandilya V. B. Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yehia M. Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Vladislav A. Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Zhang Y, Jiao G, Song C, Gu S, Brown RE, Zhang J, Zhang P, Gagnon J, Locke S, Stefanova R, Pelletier C, Zhang Y, Lu H. An Extract from Shrimp Processing By-Products Protects SH-SY5Y Cells from Neurotoxicity Induced by Aβ 25-35. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15030083. [PMID: 28327516 PMCID: PMC5367040 DOI: 10.3390/md15030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased evidence suggests that marine unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) can protect neurons from amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neurodegeneration. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) assays showed that the acetone extract 4-2A obtained from shrimp Pandalus borealis industry processing wastes contained 67.19% monounsaturated FAs and 16.84% polyunsaturated FAs. The present study evaluated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of 4-2A in Aβ25–35-insulted differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were measured by using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to study the expression of neurotrophins, pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis-related genes. Administration of 20 μM Aβ25–35 significantly reduced SH-SY5Y cell viability, the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its tyrosine kinase TrkA receptor, as well as the level of glutathione, while increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its TrkB receptor. Aβ25–35 also increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Caspase-3 expression. Treatment with 4-2A significantly attenuated the Aβ25–35-induced changes in cell viability, ROS, GSH, NGF, TrkA, TNF-α, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Caspase-3, except for nitric oxide, BDNF and TrKB. In conclusion, 4-2A effectively protected SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis/death by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress and up-regulating NGF and TrKA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Zhang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Guangling Jiao
- Coastal Zones Research Institute Inc., 232B, avenue de l'Église, Shippagan, NB E8S 1J2, Canada.
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shelly Gu
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Junzeng Zhang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Pingcheng Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jacques Gagnon
- Coastal Zones Research Institute Inc., 232B, avenue de l'Église, Shippagan, NB E8S 1J2, Canada.
| | - Steven Locke
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Roumiana Stefanova
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Claude Pelletier
- Coastal Zones Research Institute Inc., 232B, avenue de l'Église, Shippagan, NB E8S 1J2, Canada.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Hongyu Lu
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Barykin EP, Petrushanko IY, Burnysheva KM, Makarov AA, Mitkevich VA. Isomerization of Asp7 increases the toxic effects of amyloid β and its phosphorylated form in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316050034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Suganthy N, Pandima Devi K. Protective effect of catechin rich extract of Rhizophora mucronata against β-amyloid-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. J Appl Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Isolation, characterization, interaction of a thiazolekinase (Plasmodium falciparum) with silver nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:644-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Whiteley CG. Arginine metabolising enzymes as targets against Alzheimers’ disease. Neurochem Int 2014; 67:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Padayachee ER, Arowolo A, Whiteley CG. Nanomedicine: Action of Metal Nanoparticles on Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase—Fluorimetric Analysis on the Mechanism for Fibrillogenesis. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:194-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Interaction of nanoparticles with arginine kinase from Trypanosoma brucei: Kinetic and mechanistic evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 62:450-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Adeyemi OS, Whiteley CG. Interaction of metal nanoparticles with recombinant arginine kinase from Trypanosoma brucei: thermodynamic and spectrofluorimetric evaluation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:701-6. [PMID: 24184914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma brucei, responsible for African sleeping sickness, is a lethal parasite against which there is need for new drug protocols. It is therefore relevant to attack possible biomedical targets with specific preparations and since arginine kinase does not occur in humans but is present in the parasite it becomes a suitable target. METHODS Fluorescence quenching, thermodynamic analysis and FRET have shown that arginine kinase from T. brucei interacted with silver or gold nanoparticles. RESULTS The enzyme only had one binding site. At 25°C the dissociation (Kd) and Stern-Volmer constants (KSV) were 15.2nM, 0.058nM(-1) [Ag]; and 43.5nM, 0.052nM(-1) [Au] and these decreased to 11.2nM, 0.041nM(-1) [Ag]; and 24.2nM, 0.039nM(-1) [Au] at 30°C illustrating static quenching and the formation of a non-fluorescent fluorophore-nanoparticle complex. Silver nanoparticles bound to arginine kinase with greater affinity, enhanced fluorescence quenching and easier access to tryptophan molecules than gold. Negative ΔH and ΔG values implied that the interaction of both Ag and Au nanoparticles with arginine kinase was spontaneous with electrostatic forces. FRET confirmed that the nanoparticles were bound 2.11nm [Ag] and 2.26nm [Au] from a single surface tryptophan residue. CONCLUSIONS The nanoparticles bind close to the arginine substrate through a cysteine residue that controls the electrophilic and nucleophilic characters of the substrate arginine-guanidinium group crucial for enzymatic phosphoryl transfer between ADP and ATP. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The nanoparticles of silver and gold interact with arginine kinase from T. brucei and may prove to have far reaching consequences in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Adeyemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Padayachee ER, Whiteley CG. Etiology of Alzheimer's disease: kinetic, thermodynamic and fluorimetric analyses of interactions of pseudo Aβ-peptides with neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:321-7. [PMID: 24034554 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aggregated β-amyloid deposit is a hallmark in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease but their mechanism of formation still remains unresolved. Previously we reported that a normal pentapeptide Aβ(17-21) and glycine zipper peptide Aβ(29-33) strongly inhibited nitric oxide synthase and rapidly initiated fibrillogenesis. Critical amino acids within these fragments were not identified. We now report on the interaction of four pseudo-peptides with nNOS - two peptides with a reversed amino acid sequence [Aβ(17-21r); Aβ(29-33r)] and two peptides with Phe19, Phe20 and Ile31, Ile32 substituted with polar glutamic acid [Aβ(17-21p); Aβ(29-33p)]. It was shown that while the inhibitor constants (Ki) increased 2-3 fold for each of the pseudo-peptides when compared with the normal peptides the dissociation constant Kd increased between 20 and 50 fold. Stern-Volmer fluorescence quenching constants (K(SV)) for Aβ(17-21p) and Aβ(29-33p) were 7.2×10(-3) and 6.1×10(-3) μM(-1) respectively at 298 K some 2-3 fold lower than the corresponding Aβ(17-21r); Aβ(29-33r). With temperature increase there was an increase in K(SV) and Kd, suggesting a dynamic quenching mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters, ΔH, ΔS and ΔG were all positive indicating endothermic, non-spontaneous, hydrophobic-hydrophobic associations of the pseudo-peptides with the enzyme. By FRET analysis the efficiency of fluorescence transfer between enzyme tryptophans and the pseudo-peptides was 90% (compared to 97% for the natural substrate). The distance the tryptophans moved after interaction with Aβ(17-21r) and Aβ(17-21p) was 10% greater, while for Aβ(29-33r) and Aβ(29-33p) it was 20-25% greater, than with the normal peptides; the fluorescence intensity was 20-75% higher. This increase in distance, fluorescent intensity and transfer efficiency illustrate an increase in interaction energy for the pseudo-peptides with nNOS lending support for the strategic position of the Phe19, Phe20, Ile31 and Ile32 in the original peptides not only for inhibition of the nNOS but for initiation of fibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Padayachee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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