Inhibitory effect of novel pyrazole carboxamide derivatives on human carbonic anhydrase enzyme

Novel spiroindoline derivatives targeting aldose reductase against diabetic complications: Bioactivity, cytotoxicity, and molecular modeling studies

Despite significant developments in therapeutic strategies, Diabetes Mellitus remains an increasing concern, leading to various complications, e.g., cataracts, neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and several cardiovascular diseases. The polyol pathway, which involves Aldose reductase (AR) as a critical enzyme, has been focused on by many researchers as a target for intervention. On the other hand, spiroindoline-based compounds possess remarkable biological properties. This guided us to synthesize novel spiroindoline oxadiazolyl-based acetate derivatives and investigate their biological activities. The synthesized molecules' structures were confirmed herein, using IR, NMR (1H and 13C), and Mass spectroscopy. All compounds were potent inhibitors with KI constants spanning from 0.186 ± 0.020 μM to 0.662 ± 0.042 μM versus AR and appeared as better inhibitors than the clinically used drug, Epalrestat (EPR, KI: 0.841 ± 0.051 μM). Besides its remarkable inhibitory profile compared to EPR, compound 6k (KI: 0.186 ± 0.020 μM) was also determined to have an unusual pharmacokinetic profile. The results showed that 6k had less cytotoxic effect on normal mouse fibroblast (L929) cells (IC50 of 569.58 ± 0.80 μM) and reduced the viability of human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells (IC50 of 110.87 ± 0.42 μM) more than the reference drug Doxorubicin (IC50s of 98.26 ± 0.45 μM and 158.49 ± 2.73 μM, respectively), thus exhibiting more potent anticancer activity. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulations for 200 ns were conducted to predict the docked complex's stability and reveal significant amino acid residues that 6k interacts with throughout the simulation.

Synthesis, characterization, inhibition effects, and molecular docking studies as acetylcholinesterase, α-glycosidase, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors of novel benzenesulfonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine structural motifs

Some metabolic enzyme inhibitors can be used in the treatment of many diseases. Therefore, synthesis and determination of alternative inhibitors are essential. In this study, the inhibition effect of newly synthesized compounds on carbonic anhydrase (cytosolic isoforms, hCA I and hCA II), α-glycosidase (α-GLY), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were investigated. The possible binding mechanism of the compounds with a high inhibitory effect on the active site of the enzyme was demonstrated by molecular docking method. We investigated the inhibition effects of novel synthesized compounds (MZ1-MZ11) on metabolic enzymes such as α-GLY, AChE, and hCA I and II. The compound MZ6 for AChE, MZ8 for CA I and CA II and MZ7 for α-GLY showed a very active inhibition profile (KIs 51.67 ± 4.76 for hCA I, 40.35 ± 5.74 nM for hCA II, 41.74 ± 8.08 nM for α-GLY and 335.76 ± 46.91 nM for AChE). The novel synthesized compounds (MZ1-MZ11) have a higher enzyme (α-GLY, AChE, hCA I, and II) inhibitory potential than ACR, TAC, and AZA, respectively. The compounds may have the potential to be used as alternative medicines after further research in the treatment of many diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, heart failure, ulcer, and epilepsy.

The effects of ex vivo ozone treatment on human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase enzyme

Ozone autohemotherapy is used in the treatment of some diseases. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes and play a role in homeostatic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ozone on human red blood cell CA (hCA) enzyme activity. Blood samples were treated with different doses of ozone (10, 20, 30 µg/ml) and the erythrocyte total CA activities were determined. Also, purified hCAI and hCAII isozymes were treated with the same doses of ozone and the enzyme activities were measured. About 30 µg/ml ozone treatment decreased the purified hCAI and hCAII activity and increased the total CA activity compared to the control. Because the implication of CAs on many physiological and biochemical processes is linked to pathologies, it can be suggested that the ozone at a concentration of 30 µg/ml is safely used by autohaemotherapy in a well-designed clinical trial.

Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties of new spiroindoline-substituted sulphonamide compounds

New spiroindoline-substituted sulphonamide compounds were synthesised and their inhibitory effects on the activity of purified human carbonic anhydrase I and II were evaluated. Human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCA-I and hCA-II) were purified from erythrocyte cells by affinity chromatography. The inhibitory effects of the 14 synthesised sulphonamides (6a-n) on esterase activities of these isoenzymes were studied in vitro. In relation to these activities, the inhibition equilibrium constants (K_i) were determined. The results showed that all the synthesised compounds inhibited the carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzyme activity. Among them, 6b was found to be the most active (K_i: 0.042 μM) for hCA I and 6a (K_i: 0.151 μM) for hCA II.

Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, antimicrobial and carbonic anhydrase inhibition profiles of novel (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-((E)-3-(3-aryl)acryloyl) phenyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione derivatives

In the present study, a series of new hybrid compounds containing chalcone and methanoisoindole units 7a-n ((3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-((E)-3-(3-aryl)acryloyl) phenyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione) were synthesized, characterized and investigated for their anticancer activity against C6 gliocarcinoma cell in rats, and antimicrobial activity against some human pathogen microorganisms. The compounds 7e, 7h, 7j, 7k, 7L and 7n showed very high anticancer activity with the inhibition range of 80.51-97.02% compared to 5-FU. Some of the compounds exhibited anti-microbial activity. Also, they evaluated for inhibition effects against human carbonic anhydrase I, and II isoenzymes (hCA I and II) with Ki values in the range of 405.26-635.68pM for hCA I, and 245.40-489.60pM for hCA II, respectively. These results demonstrated that 3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-((E)-3-(3-aryl)acryloyl)phenyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione derivatives could be used in different biomedical applications.

The synthesis of novel pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxamides bearing 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide moiety with effective inhibitory activity against the isoforms of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase I and II

A series of 1-(3-substituted-phenyl)-5-phenyl-N(3),N(4)-bis(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxamides (4-15) were synthesized. The structures of these pyrazole-sulfonamides were confirmed by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and elemental analysis methods. Human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes (hCA I and II) were purified from erythrocyte cells by affinity chromatography. The inhibitory effects of newly synthesized derivatives (4-15) were investigated in vitro on esterase activities of these isozymes. The Ki values were determined as 0.119-3.999μM for hCA I and 0.084-0.878μM for hCA II. The results showed that the compound 6 for hCA I and the compound 11 for hCA II had the highest inhibitory effect. Beside that, the compound 8 had the lowest inhibition effect on both isozymes.

Synthesis and evaluation of sulfonamide-bearing thiazole as carbonic anhydrase isoforms hCA I and hCA II

Sulfonamide-bearing thiazole compounds were synthesized and their inhibitory effects on the activity of purified human carbonic anhydrase I and II were evaluated. Human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCA-I and hCA-II) were purified from erythrocyte cells by affinity chromatography. The inhibitory effects of the 12 synthesized sulfonamide (5a-l) on the hydratase and esterase activities of these isoenzymes (hCA-I and hCA-II) were studied in vitro. In relation to these activities, the inhibition equilibrium constants (Ki) were determined. The results showed that all the synthesized compounds inhibited the CA isoenzyme activity. Among them 5b was found to be the most active (IC50 = 0.35 μM; Ki: 0.33 μM) for hCA I and hCA II.