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Stanković MM, Ristivojević PM, Ivković ĐD, Milutinović MG, Terzić JN, Stefanović OD. A comprehensive study on Geranium robertianum L. antibacterial potential. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae106. [PMID: 38658191 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The research aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction of secondary metabolites and the antibacterial activity of the plant species Geranium robertianum. The phytochemical profiles of the optimized extracts, as well as their antibacterial and synergistic activity with an antibiotic and their potential mechanisms of action and cytotoxicity, were examined. METHODS AND RESULTS Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize extraction conditions. Optimized ethanol and acetone extracts were tested via microdilution, checkerboard, time-kill kinetics, and cell membrane permeability methods. The extracts displayed broad antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20 mg ml-1. In addition, the extract synergistically reacted with gentamicin against gentamicin-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, enhancing the efficacy of the antibiotic up to 32-fold. The extracts demonstrated strain-dependent bactericidal activity in a 24-h time interval. They increase the permeability of the cell membrane, thus disrupting its normal functioning. The cytotoxic concentration (CC50) on human keratinocytes was 1771.24 ± 5.78 µg ml-1 for ethanol extract, and 958.01 ± 6.14 µg ml-1 for acetone extract. Kaempferol, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin were recognized as the main components in both extracts. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that the extracts of G. robertianum can be considered as potential natural antibacterial agents in the control of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Stanković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Petar M Ristivojević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đurđa D Ivković
- Innovation Centre of Faculty of Chemistry Ltd., Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena G Milutinović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena N Terzić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Olgica D Stefanović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Governa P, Romagnoli G, Albanese P, Rossi F, Manetti F, Biagi M. Effect of in vitro simulated digestion on the anti- Helicobacter Pylori activity of different Propolis extracts. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2183810. [PMID: 36916299 PMCID: PMC10026752 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2183810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (HP) is among the most common pathogens causing infection in humans worldwide. Oxidative stress and gastric inflammation are involved in the progression of HP-related gastric diseases, and they can be targeted by integrating conventional antibiotic treatment with polyphenol-enriched natural products. In this work, we characterised three different propolis extracts and evaluated their stability under in vitro simulated gastric digestion, compared to their main constituents alone. The extract with the highest stability to digestion (namely, the dark propolis extract, DPE) showed a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) lower than 1 mg/mL on HP strains with different virulence factors. Finally, since urease is one of the virulence factors contributing to the establishment of a microenvironment that promotes HP infection, we evaluated the possible inhibition of this enzyme by using molecular docking simulations and in vitro colorimetric assay, showing that galangin and pinocembrin may be involved in this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Governa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Romagnoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Albanese
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Rossi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Biagi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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A Comparative Analysis of the Anatomy, Phenolic Profile, and Antioxidant Capacity of Tussilago farfara L. Vegetative Organs. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131663. [PMID: 35807614 PMCID: PMC9269468 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tussilago farfara L., a perennial species, is a medicinal herb used in traditional medicine, mainly for the treatment of respiratory tract-related pathology. In traditional Chinese medicine, flower buds are preferred; in Europe, the leaves are used; and in some parts of India, the whole plant is utilized. This preferential usage of the plant organs might be based on differences in the chemical composition due to environmental conditions, along with preferred traditional and cultural approaches. In this article, the impact of pedoclimatic growth conditions on the morpho-anatomical development and phytochemical profile of the plant were studied on T. farfara in the vegetative state, collected from two different locations in the Romanian spontaneous flora, revealing significant variations. Furthermore, the antioxidant profile of the specific extracts from the aerial and subterranean plant parts is also in accordance with these discrepancies. The plant anatomy was assessed histologically by optical microscopy, while the analytical chemistry evaluation was based on LC/MS and spectral methods for the evaluation of the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative analysis contextually reporting on the histology, phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity, and geographical location of the vegetative form of T. farfara.
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Mićović T, Topalović D, Živković L, Spremo-Potparević B, Jakovljević V, Matić S, Popović S, Baskić D, Stešević D, Samardžić S, Stojanović D, Maksimović Z. Antioxidant, Antigenotoxic and Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils and Methanol Extracts of Hyssopus officinalis L. Subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman (Lamiaceae). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040711. [PMID: 33916934 PMCID: PMC8067569 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyssopus officinalis L. is a well-known aromatic plant used in traditional medicine and the food and cosmetics industry. The aim of this study is to assess the antioxidant, genotoxic, antigenotoxic and cytotoxic properties of characterized hyssop essential oils and methanol extracts. Chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with diode array detection and mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS), respectively. Antioxidant activity was examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) tests; genotoxic and antigenotoxic activity were examined by the comet assay, while cytotoxicity was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye (MTT) test against tumor cell lines (SW480, MDA-MB 231, HeLa) and non-transformed human lung fibroblast cell lines (MRC-5). The essential oils were rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (e.g., limonene; 7.99–23.81%), oxygenated monoterpenes (1,8-cineole; 38.19–67.1%) and phenylpropanoids (methyl eugenol; 0.00–28.33%). In methanol extracts, the most abundant phenolics were chlorogenic and rosmarinic acid (23.35–33.46 and 3.53–17.98 mg/g, respectively). Methanol extracts expressed moderate to weak antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 56.04–199.89 µg/mL, FRAP = 0.667–0.959 mmol Fe2+/g). Hyssop preparations significantly reduced DNA damage in human whole blood cells, induced by pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide. Methanol extracts exhibited selective and potent dose- and time-dependent activity against the HeLa cell line. Results of the current study demonstrated notable H. officinalis medicinal potential, which calls for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Mićović
- Institute for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro, Bulevar Ivana Crnojevića 64a, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;
| | - Dijana Topalović
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.T.); (L.Ž.); (B.S.-P.)
| | - Lada Živković
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.T.); (L.Ž.); (B.S.-P.)
| | - Biljana Spremo-Potparević
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.T.); (L.Ž.); (B.S.-P.)
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Department of Human Pathology, First Moscow State Medical University I. M. Sechenov, Trubetskaya Street 8, Str. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sanja Matić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Suzana Popović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Dejan Baskić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.P.); (D.B.)
- Public Health Institute, Nikole Pašića 1, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danijela Stešević
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Džordža Vašingtona bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;
| | - Stevan Samardžić
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Danilo Stojanović
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Zoran Maksimović
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence:
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Tahir M, Rahman MA, Khushtar M. Gastroprotective effect ofHyssopus officinalisL. leaves via reduction of oxidative stress in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in experimental rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 45:291-300. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1685537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tahir
- Department of Pharmacology, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Md Azizur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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Kataria R, Khatkar A. In-silico design, synthesis, ADMET studies and biological evaluation of novel derivatives of Chlorogenic acid against Urease protein and H. Pylori bacterium. BMC Chem 2019; 13:41. [PMID: 31384789 PMCID: PMC6661759 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plants have always played important role in treating human and animal diseases as a therapeutic agent for traditional medicine. Through extensive research throughout the world, potential of natural products have been identified to control the over activity of many enzymes. In-silico screening a library of chlorogenic acid derivatives highlighted some novel compounds which were found effective against urease enzyme and cancer causing H. Pylori bacterium. Selected top ligands possessing minimum binding energy and good docking score were synthesized in wet lab by suitable procedure and evaluated for urease enzyme inhibition and free radical scavenging property. Synthetic scheme includes three step reactions i. e protection of hydroxyl group of quinic acid part of chlorogenic acid with lactonisation process, anilide formation by reaction with substituted anilines followed by extraction with ethyl acetate under vacuum and deprotection of hydroxyl groups by treatment with hydrochloric acid. Results In-vitro results of the series concluded that compounds C4a, C4d and C4b (IC50 11.01 ± 0.013, 13.8 ± 0.041 and 15.86 ± 0.004 µM respectively in urease inhibition and 5.10 ± 0.018, 5.34 ± 0.007 and 6.01 ± 0.005 µM in antioxidant property against DPPH) were found to be significantly potent with excellent dock score − 10.091, − 10.603, − 9.833 and binding energy − 62.674, − 63.352, 56.267 kg/mol as compared to standard drugs thiourea and acetohydroxamic acid (− 3.459, − 3.049 and − 21.156 kJ/mol and − 17.454 kJ/mol) whereas compounds C4c, C4(e, h) exhibited moderate in vivo activity when compared to standard. Conclusions Selected candidates from the outcome of in vitro urease inhibitory were further examined for anti-H. Pylori activity by well diffusion method against H. pylori bacterium (DSM 4867). Compound C4a showed significant anti-H. Pylori activity with zone of inhibition 10.00 ± 0.00 mm and MIC value 500 μg/mL as compared to standard drug acetohydroxamic acid having zone of inhibition 9.00 ± 0.50 mm and MIC 1000 μg/mL. Molecular docking studies also showed that compounds show strong inhibition by forming strong hydrogen bonding interactions with residues of pocket site in target protein. Hence, the present investigation studies will provide a new vision for the discovery of potent agents against H. Pylori and urease associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kataria
- International Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sonepat, Haryana India
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- 2Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana India
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Graça VC, Barros L, Calhelha RC, Dias MI, Carvalho AM, Santos-Buelga C, Santos PF, Ferreira ICFR. Chemical characterization and bioactive properties of aqueous and organic extracts of Geranium robertianum L. Food Funct 2016; 7:3807-14. [PMID: 27603422 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01075j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Geranium robertianum L. has been used in folk medicine and herbalism practice for the treatment of various conditions, but the study of its bioactivity has been barely addressed. Although its phytochemical composition has received some attention, contributions to the nutritional composition are practically unknown. Herein, G. robertianum gathered in Trás-os-Montes, Northeastern Portugal, was chemically characterized regarding nutritional parameters, and the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against several human tumor cell lines and non-tumor porcine liver primary cells of several aqueous and organic extracts were evaluated. G. robertianum showed to be an equilibrated valuable herb, rich in carbohydrates and proteins, and poor in fat, providing sugars, tocopherols, organic and essential fatty acids. Amongst the extracts, the acetone one showed the highest total phenol and total flavonoid contents, as well as the greatest antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. This extract showed to contain hydrolysable tannins (e.g. geraniin and castalagin/vescalagin), as the main phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Graça
- Chemistry Dep. and Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) - Vila Real, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Mining chemodiversity from biodiversity: pharmacophylogeny of medicinal plants of Ranunculaceae. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:507-20. [PMID: 26233841 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a pharmacophylogenetic study of a medicinal plant family, Ranunculaceae, investigating the correlations between their phylogeny, chemical constituents, and pharmaceutical properties. Phytochemical, ethnopharmacological, and pharmacological data were integrated in the context of the systematics and molecular phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae. The chemical components of this family included several representative metabolic groups: benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, ranunculin, triterpenoid saponin, and diterpene alkaloids, among others. Ranunculin and magnoflorine were found to coexist in some genera. The pharmacophylogenetic analysis, integrated with therapeutic information, agreed with the taxonomy proposed previously, in which the family Ranunculaceae was divided into five sub-families: Ranunculoideae, Thalictroideae, Coptidoideae, Hydrastidoideae, and Glaucidioideae. It was plausible to organize the sub-family Ranunculoideae into ten tribes. The chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of each taxonomic group were reviewed, revealing the underlying connections between phylogeny, chemical diversity, and clinical use, which should facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of the pharmaceutical resources derived from the Ranunculaceae.
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Graça VC, Barros L, Calhelha RC, Dias MI, Carvalho AM, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR, Santos PF. Chemical characterization and bioactive properties of Geranium molle L.: from the plant to the most active extract and its phytochemicals. Food Funct 2016; 7:2204-12. [PMID: 27094513 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01479d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After a period of indifference, in which synthetic compounds were favored, there is an increasing interest in the study of the biological properties of plants and the active principles responsible for their therapeutic properties. Geranium molle L. has been used in the Portuguese folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments including cancer but, unlike many of the species from the Geranium genus, its phytochemical characterization and biological activity are virtually unexplored. In this study a G. molle sample from Trás-os-Montes, north-eastern Portugal, was chemically characterized regarding nutritional value, free sugars, organic acids, fatty acids and tocopherols, and several aqueous (decoction, infusion) and organic (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol) extracts of the plant were assessed for their bioactive properties. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by means of the free radicals scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The cytotoxicity of the different extracts was assessed in vitro against several human cancer cell lines (breast, lung, cervical and hepatocellular carcinomas) and, additionally, their hepatotoxicity was evaluated using a porcine liver primary cell culture. G. molle was shown to be rich in carbohydrates and proteins, providing tocopherols and essential fatty acids. Amongst the various extracts, the acetone extract was found to have the highest content of phenolic compounds (mainly ellagitannins, but also some flavone and flavonol glycosides) as well as the highest antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the chemical composition and bioactive properties of G. molle.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Graça
- Chemistry Dep. and Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) - Vila Real, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Baltas N, Yildiz O, Kolayli S. Inhibition properties of propolis extracts to some clinically important enzymes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:52-55. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1167049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nimet Baltas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey,
| | - Oktay Yildiz
- Maçka Vocational School, Karadeniz Thecnical University, Trabzon, Turkey, and
| | - Sevgi Kolayli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Thecnical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Sahin H. Honey as an apitherapic product: its inhibitory effect on urease and xanthine oxidase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:490-4. [PMID: 25942364 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1039532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate new natural inhibitor sources for the enzymes urease and xanthine oxidase (XO). Chestnut, oak and polyfloral honey extracts were used to determine inhibition effects of both enzymes. In addition to investigate inhibition, the antioxidant capacities of these honeys were determined using total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays. Due to their high phenolic content, chestnut and oak honeys are found to be a powerful source for inhibition of both enzymes. Especially, oak honeys were efficient for urease inhibition with 0.012-0.021 g/mL IC50 values, and also chestnut honeys were powerful for XO inhibition with 0.028-0.039 g/mL IC50 values. Regular daily consumption of these honeys can prevent gastric ulcers deriving from Helicobacter pylori and pathological disorders mediated by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Sahin
- a Giresun University, Espiye Vocational School , Espiye , Giresun , Turkey
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Paun G, Neagu E, Albu C, Radu GL. Application of the polyphenylene ether-ether-sulfone ultrafiltration membrane for concentration of antioxidants from the Phyllitis scolopendrium L. extract. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01589d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of the poly(1,4-phenylene ether ether sulfone) membrane is an effective strategy to increase the flux through the UF membranes. This also correlates with the PPEES membrane's effective rejection of the polyphenols and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Paun
- National Institute for Research-Development of Biological Sciences – Centre of Bioanalysis
- Bucharest 6
- Romania
| | - Elena Neagu
- National Institute for Research-Development of Biological Sciences – Centre of Bioanalysis
- Bucharest 6
- Romania
| | - Camelia Albu
- National Institute for Research-Development of Biological Sciences – Centre of Bioanalysis
- Bucharest 6
- Romania
| | - Gabriel Lucian Radu
- Politehnica University of Bucharest
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science
- Bucharest
- Romania
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