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Khan S, Ahmad K, Farooq M, Ahmad S, Nazir MA, Khalid A, Khan MN, Iman A, Arif M, Sabir HM, Mazari FA. Investigating the teratogenic potential of diclofenac sodium on chick embryos: A warning for pregnant women. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:292-298. [PMID: 38495471 PMCID: PMC10943025 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Teratogenic and embryotoxic effect of diclofenac sodium (DS) on different developmental stages of the chick-embryos was investigated by examining different parameters such as its mortality rate, hatching, morphological measurements, weighing its internal organs and calculation of different indices. Experiment was divided into four trials with different dose (0.1 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.3 mL in groups A, B, and C, respectively and group D received 0.3 mL saline solution (0.9% NaCl) and group E remained un-injected) administration and observation. Results of first and second trial showed statistically (p<0.01) significant difference in bodyweight, body-length, forelimb and hindlimb length between experimental and control groups. In third trial, diclofenac sodium administration showed a statistically (p<0.01) significant difference in the bodyweight, body-length, forelimb, hindlimb length, liver weight, egg weight (EE ratio) and kidney somatic index (KSI). The beak-size, heart weight, kidney weight, cardiac somatic index (CSI) and hepato somatic index (HSI) were not significant (p>0.05) when compared with the control groups. In trial 4, forelimb, hindlimb length, heart weight, CSI and HSI were statistically (p<0.01) significant. Body-length and liver weight were significant (p<0.05). While bodyweight, beak size, kidney weight and KSI were non-significant (p>0.05). The mortality rate was increased with increase dose of DS and also affected the hatching. DS effect on chick embryos can be applied to humans because the early development of mammals and birds are closely related. So, it was concluded that DS should be used with caution during pregnancy especially during first trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Khan
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Emerson University Multan (EUM), 60000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Institute of Zoology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Altaf Nazir
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Awais Khalid
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ayesha Iman
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
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Khoshroo MMZ, Mehrjan MS, Samiee F, Soltani M, Shekarabi SPH. Some immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerling to acute extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (50 Hz). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:235-243. [PMID: 29022155 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing of anthropogenic electromagnetic fields in aquatic environments has been recently become the core of attention. In this study, the effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (50 Hz) on immune status and metabolic markers of common carp fingerling was assessed. The fish were exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields at four intensities of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mT only once for 2 h; then, they were reared for 60 days. Results showed that the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were increased with an increase in the electromagnetic field intensity on 15 and 60 days post exposure. A significant increase was obtained in these enzyme levels in all the tested intensities compared to the control one (p < 0.05), with a maximum value measured in 2-mT trail. Conversely, with an increasing in the electromagnetic intensity, the levels of C3, C4, and lysozyme were reduced in all the treated groups in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). The results suggested a significant impact of electromagnetic on fish immunophysiological functions. Therefore, it is required to have serious attention in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Shamsaie Mehrjan
- Department of Fisheries Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Samiee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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