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Jangid P, Rai U, Sharma RS, Singh R. The role of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation on female fertility: A review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:358-373. [PMID: 35132884 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With increasing technological developments, exposure to non-ionizing radiations has become unavoidable as people cannot escape from electromagnetic field sources, such as Wi-Fi, electric wires, microwave oven, radio, telecommunication, bluetooth devices, etc. These radiations can be associated with increased health problems of the users. This review aims to determine the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations on female fertility. To date, several in vitro and in vivo studies unveiled that exposure to non-ionizing radiations brings about harmful effects on oocytes, ovarian follicles, endometrial tissue, estrous cycle, reproductive endocrine hormones, developing embryo, and fetal development in animal models. Non-ionizing radiation also upsurges the free radical load in the uterus and ovary, which leads to inhibition of cell growth and DNA disruptions. In conclusion, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations can cause alterations in both germ cells as well as in their nourishing environment and also affect other female reproductive parameters that might lead to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jangid
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Rai
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Sharma
- Department of RBMH & CH, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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2
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Lai H, Levitt BB. The roles of intensity, exposure duration, and modulation on the biological effects of radiofrequency radiation and exposure guidelines. Electromagn Biol Med 2022; 41:230-255. [PMID: 35438055 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2022.2065683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the literature on three important exposure metrics that are inadequately represented in most major radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure guidelines today: intensity, exposure duration, and signal modulation. Exposure intensity produces unpredictable effects as demonstrated by nonlinear effects. This is most likely caused by the biological system's ability to adjust and compensate but could lead to eventual biomic breakdown after prolonged exposure. A review of 112 low-intensity studies reveals that biological effects of RFR could occur at a median specific absorption rate of 0.0165 W/kg. Intensity and exposure duration interact since the dose of energy absorbed is the product of intensity and time. The result is that RFR behaves like a biological "stressor" capable of affecting numerous living systems. In addition to intensity and duration, man-made RFR is generally modulated to allow information to be encrypted. The effects of modulation on biological functions are not well understood. Four types of modulation outcomes are discussed. In addition, it is invalid to make direct comparisons between thermal energy and radiofrequency electromagnetic energy. Research data indicate that electromagnetic energy is more biologically potent in causing effects than thermal changes. The two likely functionthrough different mechanisms. As such, any current RFR exposure guidelines based on acute continuous-wave exposure are inadequate for health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Georgiou CD, Margaritis LH. Oxidative Stress and NADPH Oxidase: Connecting Electromagnetic Fields, Cation Channels and Biological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10041. [PMID: 34576203 PMCID: PMC8470280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) disrupt the electrochemical balance of biological membranes, thereby causing abnormal cation movement and deterioration of the function of membrane voltage-gated ion channels. These can trigger an increase of oxidative stress (OS) and the impairment of all cellular functions, including DNA damage and subsequent carcinogenesis. In this review we focus on the main mechanisms of OS generation by EMF-sensitized NADPH oxidase (NOX), the involved OS biochemistry, and the associated key biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D. Georgiou
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Patras, 10679 Patras, Greece;
| | - Lukas H. Margaritis
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 26504 Athens, Greece
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Gorenskaya OV, Gavrilov AB, Zatsepina OG, Shckorbatov YG, Evgen’ev MB. The Role of Hsp70 Genes in Promoting Control of Viability in Drosophila melanogaster Subjected to Microwave Irradiation. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Yahyazadeh A, Deniz ÖG, Kaplan AA, Altun G, Yurt KK, Davis D. The genomic effects of cell phone exposure on the reproductive system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:684-693. [PMID: 29884549 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to increasing levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) at various frequencies as technology advances. In this context, improving understanding of the biological effects of EMF remains an important, high priority issue. Although a number of studies in this issue and elsewhere have focused on the mechanisms of the oxidative stress caused by EMF, the precise understanding of the processes involved remains to be elucidated. Due to unclear results among the studies, the issue of EMF exposure in the literature should be evaluated at the genomic level on the reproductive system. Based on this requirement, a detail review of recently published studies is necessary. The main objectives of this study are to show differences between negative and positive effect of EMF on the reproductive system of animal and human. Extensive review of literature has been made based on well known data bases like Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus. This paper reviews the current literature and is intended to contribute to a better understanding of the genotoxic effects of EMF emitted from mobile phones and wireless systems on the human reproductive system, especially on fertility. The current literature reveals that mobile phones can affect cellular functions via non-thermal effects. Although the cellular targets of global system for mobile communications (GSM)-modulated EMF are associated with the cell membrane, the subject is still controversial. Studies regarding the genotoxic effects of EMF have generally focused on DNA damage. Possible mechanisms are related to ROS formation due to oxidative stress. EMF increases ROS production by enhancing the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase in the cell membrane. Further detailed studies are needed to elucidate DNA damage mechanisms and apoptotic pathways during oogenesis and spermatogenesis in germ cells exposed to EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Yahyazadeh
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ömür Gülsüm Deniz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Arife Ahsen Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kıymet Kübra Yurt
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Devra Davis
- Environmental Health Trust, P.O. Box 58, Teton Village, WY 83025, United States
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Yuan LQ, Wang C, Zhu K, Li HM, Gu WZ, Zhou DM, Lai JQ, Zhou D, Lv Y, Tofani S, Chen X. The antitumor effect of static and extremely low frequency magnetic fields against nephroblastoma and neuroblastoma. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:375-385. [PMID: 29719057 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Certain magnetic fields (MF) have potential therapeutic antitumor effect whereas the underlying mechanism remains undefined. In this study, a well-characterized MF was applied to two common childhood malignancies, nephroblastoma and neuroblastoma. This MF has a time-averaged total intensity of 5.1 militesla (mT), and was generated as a superimposition of a static and an extremely low frequency (ELF) MF in 50 Hertz (Hz). In nephroblastoma and neuroblastoma cell lines including G401, CHLA255, and N2a, after MF exposure of 2 h per day, the cell viability decreased significantly after 2 days. After 3 days, inhibition rates of 17-22% were achieved in these cell lines. Furthermore, the inhibition rate was positively associated with exposure time. On the other hand, when using static MF only while maintaining the same time-averaged intensity of 5.1 mT, the inhibition rate was decreased. Thus, both time and combination of ELF field were positively associated with the inhibitory effect of this MF. Exposure to the field decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Combinational use of MF together with chemotherapeutics cisplatin (DDP) was performed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. In cell lines, combinational treatment further increased the inhibition rate compared with single use of either DDP or MF. In G401 nephroblastoma tumor model in nude mice, combination of MF and DDP resulted in significant decrease of tumor mass, and the side effect was limited in mild liver injury. MF exposure by itself did not hamper liver or kidney functions. In summary, the antitumor effect of an established MF against neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma is reported, and this field has the potential to be used in combination with DDP to achieve increased efficacy and reduce side effects in these two childhood malignancies. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:375-385, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Qing Yuan
- Central Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Can Wang
- Central Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua-Mei Li
- Central Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Gu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong-Ming Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Qi Lai
- Central Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Duo Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Lv
- Central Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Santi Tofani
- University of Turin and Aosta Hospitals, Turin, Italy
| | - Xi Chen
- Central Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Vlasova II, Mikhalchik EV, Gusev AA, Balabushevich NG, Gusev SA, Kazarinov KD. Extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation enhances neutrophil response to particulate agonists. Bioelectromagnetics 2017; 39:144-155. [PMID: 29194676 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The growing use of extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) in information and communication technology and in biomedical applications has raised concerns regarding the potential biological impact of millimeter waves (MMWs). Here, we elucidated the effects of MMW radiation on neutrophil activation induced by opsonized zymosan or E. coli in whole blood ex vivo. After agonist addition to blood, two samples were prepared. A control sample was incubated at ambient conditions without any treatment, and a test sample was exposed to EHF EMR (32.9-39.6 GHz, 100 W/m2 ). We used methods that allowed us to assess the functional status of neutrophils immediately after exposure: oxidant production levels were measured by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, and morphofunctional changes to neutrophils were observed in blood smears. Results revealed that the response of neutrophils to both agonists was intensified if blood was exposed to MMW radiation for 15 min. Neutrophils were intact in both the control and irradiated samples if no agonist was added to blood before incubation. Similarly, exposing suspensions of isolated neutrophils in plasma to MMW radiation enhanced cell response to both zymosan and E. coli. Heating blood samples was shown to be the primary mechanism underlying enhanced EHF EMR-induced oxidant production by neutrophils in response to particulate agonists. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:144-155, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Vlasova
- Research and Clinical Center for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia.,Kotel'nikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Sciences (Fryasino branch), Fryasino, Russia
| | - Elena V Mikhalchik
- Research and Clinical Center for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Gusev
- Research and Clinical Center for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey A Gusev
- Research and Clinical Center for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin D Kazarinov
- Kotel'nikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Sciences (Fryasino branch), Fryasino, Russia
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8
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Manta AK, Papadopoulou D, Polyzos AP, Fragopoulou AF, Skouroliakou AS, Thanos D, Stravopodis DJ, Margaritis LH. Mobile-phone radiation-induced perturbation of gene-expression profiling, redox equilibrium and sporadic-apoptosis control in the ovary of Drosophila melanogaster. Fly (Austin) 2016; 11:75-95. [PMID: 27960592 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1270487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The daily use by people of wireless communication devices has increased exponentially in the last decade, begetting concerns regarding its potential health hazards. Drosophila melanogaster four days-old adult female flies were exposed for 30 min to radiation emitted by a commercial mobile phone at a SAR of 0.15 W/kg and a SAE of 270 J/kg. ROS levels and apoptotic follicles were assayed in parallel with a genome-wide microarrays analysis. ROS cellular contents were found to increase by 1.6-fold (x), immediately after the end of exposure, in follicles of pre-choriogenic stages (germarium - stage 10), while sporadically generated apoptotic follicles (germarium 2b and stages 7-9) presented with an averaged 2x upregulation in their sub-population mass, 4 h after fly's irradiation with mobile device. Microarray analysis revealed 168 genes being differentially expressed, 2 h post-exposure, in response to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field-radiation exposure (≥1.25x, P < 0.05) and associated with multiple and critical biological processes, such as basic metabolism and cellular subroutines related to stress response and apoptotic death. Exposure of adult flies to mobile-phone radiation for 30 min has an immediate impact on ROS production in animal's ovary, which seems to cause a global, systemic and non-targeted transcriptional reprogramming of gene expression, 2 h post-exposure, being finally followed by induction of apoptosis 4 h after the end of exposure. Conclusively, this unique type of pulsed radiation, mainly being derived from daily used mobile phones, seems capable of mobilizing critical cytopathic mechanisms, and altering fundamental genetic programs and networks in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areti K Manta
- a Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Deppie Papadopoulou
- b Basic Research Center , Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Alexander P Polyzos
- b Basic Research Center , Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Adamantia F Fragopoulou
- a Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Aikaterini S Skouroliakou
- c Department of Energy Technology Engineering , Technological Educational Institute of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Dimitris Thanos
- b Basic Research Center , Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Dimitrios J Stravopodis
- a Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Lukas H Margaritis
- a Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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Logan AC, Katzman MA, Balanzá-Martínez V. Natural environments, ancestral diets, and microbial ecology: is there a modern "paleo-deficit disorder"? Part I. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:1. [PMID: 25636731 PMCID: PMC4318214 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Famed microbiologist René J. Dubos (1901-1982) was an early pioneer in the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) construct. In the 1960s, he conducted groundbreaking experimental research concerning the ways in which early-life experience with nutrition, microbiota, stress, and other environmental variables could influence later-life health outcomes. He also wrote extensively on potential health consequences of a progressive loss of contact with natural environments (now referred to as green or blue space), arguing that Paleolithic experiences have created needs, particularly in the mental realm, that might not be met in the context of rapid global urbanization. He posited that humans would certainly adapt to modern urban landscapes and high technology, but there might be a toll to be paid in the form of higher psychological distress (symptoms of anxiety and depression) and diminished quality of life. In particular, there might be an erosion of humanness, exemplified by declines in altruism/empathy. Here in the first of a two-part review, we examine contemporary research related to natural environments and question to what extent Dubos might have been correct in some of his 50-year-old assertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Logan
- CAMNR, 23679 Calabasas Road Suite 542, Calabasas, CA, 91302, USA.
| | - Martin A Katzman
- START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, 32 Park Road, Toronto, ON, M4W 2 N4, Canada.
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
- Department of Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University of Valencia Medical School, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, E46010, Valencia, Spain.
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