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Du SL, Zhou YT, Hu HJ, Lin L, Zhang ZQ. Silica-induced ROS in alveolar macrophages and its role on the formation of pulmonary fibrosis via polarizing macrophages into M2 phenotype: a review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39223849 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2400323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs), the first line against the invasion of foreign invaders, play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of silicosis. Studies have shown that inhaled silica dust is recognized and engulfed by AMs, resulting in the production of large amounts of silica-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), including particle-derived ROS and macrophage-derived ROS. These ROS change the microenvironment of the AMs where the macrophage phenotype is stimulated to swift from M0 to M1 and/or M2, and ultimately emerge as the M2 phenotype to trigger silicosis. This is a complex process accompanied by various molecular biological events. Unfortunately, the detailed processes and mechanisms have not been systematically described. In this review, we first systematically introduce the process of ROS induced by silica in AMs. Then, describe the role and molecular mechanism of M2-type macrophage polarization caused by silica-induced ROS. Finally, we review the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis induced by M2 polarized AMs. We conclude that silica-induced ROS initiate the fibrotic process of silicosis by inducing macrophage into M2 phenotype, and that targeted intervention of silica-induced ROS in AMs can reprogram the macrophage polarization and ameliorate the pathogenesis of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Du
- School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhou
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hui-Jie Hu
- School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhao-Qiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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2
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Kumari S, Singh P, Dash D, Singh R. Understanding the molecular basis of anti-fibrotic potential of intranasal curcumin and its association with mitochondrial homeostasis in silica-exposed mice. Mitochondrion 2024; 78:101943. [PMID: 39122226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Silicosis is an occupational disease of the lungs brought in by repeated silica dust exposures. Inhalation of crystalline silica leads to persistent lung inflammation characterized by lung lesions due to granuloma formation. The specific molecular mechanism has not yet been identified, though. The Present study investigated the impact of silica-exposed lung fibrosis and probable molecular mechanisms. Here, Curcumin, derived from Curcuma longa shown to be an effective anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic molecule has been taken to investigate its therapeutic efficacy in silica-induced lung fibrosis. An experimental model of silicosis was established in mice where curcumin was administered an hour before intranasal silica exposure every alternate day for 35 days. Intranasal Curcumin treatment reduced silica-induced oxidative stress, inflammation marked by inflammatory cell recruitment, and prominent granuloma nodules along with aberrant collagen repair. Its protective benefits were confirmed by reduced MMP9 activities along with EMT markers (Vimentin and α-SMA). It has restored autophagy and suppressed the deposition of damaged mitochondria after silica exposure. Intranasal Curcumin also inhibited oxidative stress by boosting antioxidant enzyme activities and enhanced Nrf2-Keap1 expressions. Higher levels of PINK1, PARKIN, Cyt-c, P62/SQSTM, and damaged mitochondria in the silicosis group were significantly lowered after curcumin and dexamethasone treatments. Curcumin-induced autophagy resulted in reduced silica-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. We report that intranasal curcumin treatment showed protective properties on pathological features prompted by silica particles, suggesting that the compound may constitute a promising strategy for the treatment of silicosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Kumari
- Department of Zoology, MMV Unit, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, MMV Unit, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - D Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- Department of Zoology, MMV Unit, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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3
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Chang M, Li N, Zhou Q, Yan Y, Xu W, Zhao Y, Yao S. The inhibition of MARCO by PolyG alleviates pulmonary fibrosis via regulating mitochondrial function in a silicotic rat model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3808-3819. [PMID: 38523403 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)-induced pulmonary fibrosis is potentially associated with the impairment of mitochondrial function. Previous research found that inhibition of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) could alleviate particle-induced lung injury by regulating phagocytosis and mitigating mitochondrial damage. The present study aims to explore the underlying anti-fibrosis mechanism of polyguanylic acid (PolyG, MARCO inhibitor) in a silicotic rat model. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining were performed to visualize lung tissue pathological changes. Confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscope, western blot analysis, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content assay were performed to evaluate collagen content, mitochondrial function, and morphology changes in SiO2-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis. The results suggested that SiO2 exposure contributed to reactive oxygen species aggregation and the reduction of respiratory complexes and ATP synthesis. PolyG treatment could effectively reduce MARCO expression and ameliorate lung injury and fibrosis by rectifying the imbalance of mitochondrial respiration and energy synthesis. Furthermore, PolyG could maintain mitochondrial homeostasis by promoting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator 1 α (PGC1α)-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and regulating fusion and fission. Together, PolyG could ameliorate SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting MARCO to protect mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Chang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yaomin Yan
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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4
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Dong H, Lv X, Gao P, Hao Y. Potential role of irisin in lung diseases and advances in research. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1307651. [PMID: 38143500 PMCID: PMC10746167 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1307651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin, a myokine, is secreted by the movement of skeletal muscles. It plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis, insulin resistance, anti-inflammation, oxidative stress, and bone metabolism. Several studies have reported that irisin-related signaling pathways play a critical role in the treatment of various diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, the potential role of irisin in lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury, lung cancer, and their associated complications, has received increasing attention. This article aims to explore the role of irisin in lung diseases, primarily focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms, which may serve as a marker for the diagnosis as well as a potential target for the treatment of lung diseases, thus providing new strategies for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuqiu Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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5
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Ding M, Zhang C, Wang W, Wang P, Pei Y, Wang N, Huang S, Hao C, Yao W. Silica-exposed macrophages-secreted exosomal miR125a-5p induces Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 cell imbalance and promotes fibroblast transdifferentiation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115647. [PMID: 37918332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Until now, the specific pathogenesis of silicosis is not clear. Exosomal miRNAs, as a newly discovered intercellular communication medium, play an important role in many diseases. Our previous research found that serum exosomal miR125a-5p was increased in silicosis patients by miRNAs high-throughput sequencing. TRAF6, is a target gene of miR125a-5p, which is involved in T-cell differentiation. Furthermore, results from animal study indicate that knockdown of miR-125a-5p can regulate T lymphocyte subsets and significantly reduce pulmonary fibrosis by targeting TRAF6. However, the level of serum exosomal miR125a-5p in silicosis patients has not been reported, the role of macrophages-secreted exosomal miR-125a-5p in regulating T cell differentiation to promote fibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT) remains unknown. In this study, the levels of serum exosomal miR125a-5p and serum TGF-β1, IL-17A, IL-4 cytokines in silicosis patients were elevated, with the progression of silicosis, the level of serum exosomal miR125a-5p and serum IL-4 were increased; thus, the serum level of IFN-γ was negatively correlated with the progression of silicosis. In vitro, the levels of miR125a-5p in macrophages, exosomes, and T cells stimulated by silica were significantly increased. When the mimic was transfected into T cells, which directly suppressed TRAF6 and caused the imbalance of T cells differentiation, induced FMT. To sum up, these results indicate that exosomal miR-125a-5p may by targeting TRAF6 of T cells, induces the activation and apoptosis of T cells and the remodeling of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Tregs distribution, ultimately promotes FMT. Suggesting that exosomal miR-125a-5p may be a potential therapeutic target for silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcui Ding
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China
| | - Chengpeng Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yangqing Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Henan Institute of Food and Salt Industry Inspection Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of child and Adolecence health, School of public health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Mokra D, Mokry J, Barosova R, Hanusrichterova J. Advances in the Use of N-Acetylcysteine in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1713. [PMID: 37760016 PMCID: PMC10526097 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used because of its mucolytic effects, taking part in the therapeutic protocols of cystic fibrosis. NAC is also administered as an antidote in acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdosing. Thanks to its wide antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, NAC may also be of benefit in other chronic inflammatory and fibrotizing respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, idiopathic lung fibrosis, or lung silicosis. In addition, NAC exerts low toxicity and rare adverse effects even in combination with other treatments, and it is cheap and easily accessible. This article brings a review of information on the mechanisms of inflammation and oxidative stress in selected chronic respiratory diseases and discusses the use of NAC in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mokra
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia; (R.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Juraj Mokry
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Romana Barosova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia; (R.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Juliana Hanusrichterova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia; (R.B.); (J.H.)
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Li N, Chang M, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Wang Y, Guan Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Ding C, Hong S, Yao S. Activation of AMPK signalling by Metformin: Implication an important molecular mechanism for protecting against mice silicosis via inhibited endothelial cell-to-mesenchymal transition by regulating oxidative stress and apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110321. [PMID: 37192555 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of silica particles (SiO2) causes oxidative stress-induced inflammation and cell apoptosis, ultimately resulting in irreversible pulmonary fibrosis, Unfortunately, effective treatment or preventative measures have yet to be fully established. Metformin (Met), a relatively safe and effective medication for treating diabetes, may hold promise as protective agent against early-stage pulmonary fibrosis in mice through the activation of autophagy and inhibition of endothelial cell to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Here, we investigated whether Met could reduce silicosis in mice by regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, and to identify the underlying protective effect on endothelial cells. First, through pathological observation, we found that 21 consecutive days of Met (100 mg/kg) administration is optimal against silicosis. Next, using haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining and immunoblotting, we found that Met effectively blunted the inflammatory response and collagen deposition at 56 days after exposure to SiO2. We also demonstrated that Met effectively activates AMPK signalling and markedly relieves oxidative stress, the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and EndoMT induced by SiO2 exposure both in vivo and in vitro. Overall, Met can alleviate SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis by regulating oxidative stress and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The current study provides a rationale for the clinical treatment of SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science of Technology, Tangshan 062310, China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Meiyu Chang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science of Technology, Tangshan 062310, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science of Technology, Tangshan 062310, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Yongheng Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science of Technology, Tangshan 062310, China
| | - Yi Guan
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science of Technology, Tangshan 062310, China
| | - Haibin Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Chunjie Ding
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shan Hong
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science of Technology, Tangshan 062310, China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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8
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Esfahani M, Rahbar AH, Asl SS, Bashirian S, Mir Moeini ES, Mehri F. The Effects of Resveratrol on Silica-Induced Lung Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rat. Saf Health Work 2023; 14:118-123. [PMID: 36941929 PMCID: PMC10024237 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic exposure to silica is related with the provocation of an inflammatory response and oxidative stress mechanism. Vitamin D has multiple benefits in biological activities particularly respiratory system disease. Method In this research, 20 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (5 rats /group) as follow: Group1 received saline as (negative control) group. The group 2 received a single IT instillation of silica (positive control) group; the group 3 was co-administrated with single IT silica and Vitamin D (20 mg/kg/day) daily for a period of 90 days. The rats of group 4 received Vitamin D daily for a period of 90 days. Results Silica significantly increased serum and lung total Oxidant Status (TOS). Meanwhile, silica reduced serum and lung total antioxidant capacity (TAC), GSH and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a). Vitamin D treatment meaningfully reversed oxidative stress, antioxidants status and inflammatory response. Also, Vitamin D improved histopathological changes caused by silica. Conclusion These findings indicate that Vitamin D exerts protective effects against silica-induced lung injury. It seems that Vitamin D has potential use as a therapeutic object for silica induced lung injure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esfahani
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Rahbar
- Ayatollah Bahari Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saed Bashirian
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Effat Sadat Mir Moeini
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Hamadan, Iran
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Yue Z, Zhou R, Li Q, Ouyang S, Liu L, Zhou Q. Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by CdSe Nanorods and the Therapy with Modified Procyanidinere. TOXICS 2022; 10:673. [PMID: 36355964 PMCID: PMC9693992 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The CdSe nanorod as a one-dimensional nanostructure has an excellent performance in many fields, such as healthcare, new energy, and environmental protection. Thus, it is crucial to investigate its potential adverse health effects prior to their wide exposure. The lung tissue would be the main target organ after CdSe nanorods enter living systems. Here, we showed that pulmonary instillation of CdSe nanorods could decrease the vitality of T-SOD and T-AOC in lung tissues of a rat, increase MDA and hydroxyproline levels and lipid peroxidation products, induce mitochondrial cristae breakage and vacuolization, cause inflammatory responses, and finally induce pulmonary fibrosis. The oral administration of modified procyanidinere could significantly increase the content of antioxidant enzymes, scavenge free radicals, reduce lipid peroxidation, and have protective effects on CdSe nanorods-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The benefit is not only in the early inflammatory stage but also in the later stages of the CdSe nanorods-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkai Yue
- Laboratory of Environmental Protection in Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China, Tianjin 300456, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ruiren Zhou
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA
| | - Qingzhao Li
- Preventive Medicine Department and Department of Biological Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Shaohu Ouyang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Tang M, Yang Z, Liu J, Zhang X, Guan L, Liu X, Zeng M. Combined intervention with N-acetylcysteine and desipramine alleviated silicosis development by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and ASMase/ceramide signaling pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113914. [PMID: 35878501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silicosis is a systemic disease characterized by diffuse fibrosis of the lung tissue caused by long-term inhalation of large amounts of free silica (SiO2) dust. The pathogenesis of silicosis has not been fully elucidated, and there is a lack of effective treatment methods. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can potentially treat pulmonary fibrosis by exerting antioxidant effects. Desipramine (DMI) can influence pulmonary fibrosis development by inhibiting acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity and regulating ceramide concentrations. Both can interfere with pulmonary fibrosis through different mechanisms, but the intervention effects of NAC combined with DMI on silicosis fibrosis have not been reported. Therefore, this study established a rat silicosis model using a single tracheal drip of SiO2 dust suspension in Wistar rats to investigate the effect of NAC combined with DMI on SiO2 dust-induced silicosis and its related molecular mechanisms. The histopathological examination of the SiO2 dust-induced silicosis rats suggested that NAC and DMI alone or in combination could decrease the severity of pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The combined intervention had a better effect on reducing fibrosis than the individual interventions. NAC and DMI, alone or in combination, decreased the levels of markers related to pulmonary fibrosis in rats (smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA), collagen (Col) I, Col III, hydroxyproline (HYP), inflammatory factors (transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), and lipid peroxidase malondialdehyde (MDA)). The nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and ASMase/ceramide pathways were inhibited to some extent by increasing the superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels of antioxidant enzymes and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) levels of lipid peroxides. The combined intervention and NAC alone inhibited the SiO2 dust-induced elevation of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), but the effect was not significant in the DMI-treated group. Combining DMI and NAC inhibited Col I deposition and reduced HO-1, TIMP-1, and ASMase levels in lung tissues compared to individual treatments. In summary, the SiO2 dust could induce oxidative stress and inflammation in rats, resulting in an imbalance in extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis/catabolism and ASMase/ceramide signaling pathway activation, leading to silicosis development.The combined intervention of DMI and NAC may synergistically regulate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, maintain the anabolic balance of the ECM, inhibit ASMase/ceramide signaling pathway activation by suppressing the inflammatory response and effectively delay silicosis fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Tang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Tongxiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangfei Zhang
- Chengdu Longquanyi Disease Prevention and Control Center, Cheng Du, Si Chuan Province, China
| | - Lan Guan
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xinming Liu
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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11
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Necroptosis in pulmonary macrophages promotes silica-induced inflammation and interstitial fibrosis in mice. Toxicol Lett 2022; 355:150-159. [PMID: 34843873 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Silicosis is a disease characterized by extensive lung nodules and fibrosis caused by the prolonged inhalation of silica in occupational settings. However, the molecular mechanism of silicosis development is complex and not fully understood. Furthermore, the role of necroptosis, a death receptor-mediated and caspase-independent mode of inflammatory cell death, is not well understood in silicosis. Here, we demonstrate that the necroptotic signaling pathway of macrophages is significantly activated in the lungs of silicosis mouse models. Meanwhile, increased M1 macrophage infiltration and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) were observed in our silicosis model. Notably, the expression of the pro-fibrotic factor, TGF-β1, and fibrosis biomarkers α-SMA and collagen I were also unregulated; however, these phenomena were recovered by Nec-1, an inhibitor specific for RIP1 kinase-dependent necroptosis. We conclude that macrophage-mediated necroptosis promotes the progression of silicosis by enhancing lung inflammatory responses and fibrogenesis in a mouse model of silicosis. These findings provide new insights for drug discovery and clinical treatment of silicosis.
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12
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Estornut C, Milara J, Bayarri MA, Belhadj N, Cortijo J. Targeting Oxidative Stress as a Therapeutic Approach for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:794997. [PMID: 35126133 PMCID: PMC8815729 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.794997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease characterized by an abnormal reepithelialisation, an excessive tissue remodelling and a progressive fibrosis within the alveolar wall that are not due to infection or cancer. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a key molecular process in pulmonary fibrosis development and different components of the redox system are altered in the cellular actors participating in lung fibrosis. To this respect, several activators of the antioxidant machinery and inhibitors of the oxidant species and pathways have been assayed in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models and in different clinical trials. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress in the development and progression of IPF and its underlying mechanisms as well as the evidence of oxidative stress in human IPF. Finally, we analyze the mechanism of action, the efficacy and the current status of different drugs developed to inhibit the oxidative stress as anti-fibrotic therapy in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Estornut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristina Estornut, ; Javier Milara,
| | - Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristina Estornut, ; Javier Milara,
| | - María Amparo Bayarri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nada Belhadj
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Research and Teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
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What is a Therapeutic Potential of N-Acetylcysteine in Lung Silicosis? ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acm-2021-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Lung silicosis is a serious pulmonary disease caused by an exposure of lung to inhaled silicon dioxide (SiO2) or silica. Although pathomechanisms of the disease have not been fully elucidated, oxidative stress has been recognized as a fundamental factor triggering a fibrotizing inflammation leading to irreversible changes in lung tissue. Based on this knowledge, therapeutic potential of various antioxidants has been intensively discussed. Among them, N-acetylcysteine with its multiple anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions and a long-term experience with its clinical use in various diseases appears as a very promising choice. The purpose of this article is to review the therapeutic effects of N-acetylcysteine particularly in relation to a lung injury and to point out a potential of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of lung silicosis.
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N-Acetylcysteine Slows Down Cardiac Pathological Remodeling by Inhibiting Cardiac Fibroblast Proliferation and Collagen Synthesis. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:3625662. [PMID: 34868392 PMCID: PMC8642028 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3625662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective By observing the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the proliferation and collagen synthesis of rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) to explore the effect of NAC on cardiac remodeling (CR). Methods In vivo, first, the Sprague Dawley (SD) rat myocardial hypertrophy model was constructed, and the effect of NAC on cardiac structure and function was detected by echocardiography, serological testing, and Masson staining. Western blotting (WB) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the expression level of antioxidant enzymes, and flow cytometry was used to detect the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. In vitro, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining were used to detect cell proliferation, and the expression level of the NF-κB signaling pathway was detected. Results Compared with the control group, the model group had disordered cardiac structure, reduced cardiac function, and obvious oxidative stress (OS) response. However, after NAC treatment, it could obviously improve the rat cardiac structure and cardiac function and alleviate redox imbalance and cardiology remodeling. At the same time, NAC can inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and reduce the proliferation level of CFs and the amount of 3H proline incorporated. Conclusions NAC can inhibit AngII-induced CF proliferation and collagen synthesis through the NF-κB signaling pathway, alleviate the OS response of myocardial tissue, inhibit the fibrosis of myocardial tissue, and thus slow down the pathological remodeling of the heart.
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Yang Y, Wei S, Chu K, Li Q, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Xue L, Tian H, Tao S. Upregulation of autophagy in M2 macrophage by vitamin D alleviates crystalline silica-induced pulmonary inflammatory damage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112730. [PMID: 34478973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline silica (CS) is a universal environmental pollutant, which causes a typical inflammatory lung injury. Vitamin D shows huge potential against particles-induced lung injury, while little known about the molecular mechanism involved in macrophage autophagy. In this study, we aim to identify the protective effects of vitamin D on CS caused lung inflammatory injury and clarify the detail mechanism. After exposure to CS (3 mg/mice in 50 μl PBS), wildtype and Atg7flox/flox Lyz2-cre mice were treated with or without vitamin D3 (40,000 IU/kg). The results indicated that exposure to CS caused an obvious lung injury, manifesting as pathological structural changes, macrophage-dominated inflammatory cell infiltration and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Remarkably, these damages were more serious in Atg7flox/flox Lyz2-cre mice. Vitamin D was found to inverse CS-induced inflammatory cell infiltration and restored anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages by inducing autophagy, which attenuated lung injury, as determined by decreased levels of apoptosis and inflammatory response. While, this effects of vitamin D were slashed in Atg7flox/flox Lyz2-cre mice. This study reveals the adverse effect of CS on lung tissue and the protective mechanism of vitamin D involved in M2 macrophages autophagy, which attenuates CS-caused lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjing Yang
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuhui Wei
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kaimiao Chu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qianmin Li
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Chongqing University Central Hospital & Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, No. 1 Jiankang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Lian Xue
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hailin Tian
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shasha Tao
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China; Chongqing University Central Hospital & Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, No. 1 Jiankang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China.
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16
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Zhao Y, Xu G, Li H, Chang M, Xiong C, Tao Y, Guan Y, Li Y, Yao S. Genome-wide mRNA profiling identifies the NRF2-regulated lymphocyte oxidative stress status in patients with silicosis. J Occup Med Toxicol 2021; 16:40. [PMID: 34517882 PMCID: PMC8436508 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-021-00332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunomodulatory abnormalities of silicosis are related to the lymphocyte oxidative stress state. The potential effect of antioxidant therapy on silicosis may depend on the variation in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-regulated antioxidant genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). As NRF2 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor, its possible roles and underlying mechanism in the treatment of silicosis need to be clarified. METHODS Ninety-two male patients with silicosis and 87 male healthy volunteers were randomly selected. PBMCs were isolated from fresh blood from patients with silicosis and healthy controls. The lymphocyte oxidative stress state was investigated by evaluating NRF2 expression and NRF2-dependent antioxidative genes in PBMCs from patients with silicosis. Key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signaling pathways were identified utilizing RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and bioinformatics technology. Gene set enrichment analysis was used to identify the differences in NRF2 signaling networks between patients with silicosis and healthy controls. RESULTS The number of monocytes was significantly higher in patients with silicosis than that of healthy controls. Furthermore, RNA-Seq findings were confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and revealed that NRF2-regulated DEGs were associated with glutathione metabolism, transforming growth factor-β, and the extracellular matrix receptor interaction signaling pathway in PBMCs from patients with silicosis. The top 10 hub genes were identified by PPI analysis: SMAD2, MAPK3, THBS1, SMAD3, ITGB3, integrin alpha-V (ITGAV), von Willebrand factor (VWF), BMP4, CD44, and SMAD7. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that NRF2 signaling regulates the lymphocyte oxidative stress state and may contribute to fibrogenic responses in human PBMCs. Therefore, NRF2 might serve as a novel preventive and therapeutic candidate for silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Zhao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, 063009, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcui Xu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, 063009, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyu Chang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Xiong
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Tao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Guan
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, 063009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchun Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, 063009, People's Republic of China. .,School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, People's Republic of China.
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Song J, Yao L, Shi J, Li J, Xu C. Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on a chemical-induced murine model of asthma. J Asthma 2021; 58:1208-1215. [PMID: 32546031 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2020.1781166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory airway diseases, including asthma. In this study, we elucidated the possible protective effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on a toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced murine asthma model. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with TDI to generate a chemical-induced asthma model. NAC was given intraperitoneally to mice immediately after each TDI challenge. Airway reactivity to methacholine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed. Lungs were examined by histology. RESULTS NAC treatment dramatically reduced the increased airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory infiltration, and goblet cell metaplasia in TDI-exposed mice. Numbers of total cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of TDI-challenged mice were significantly higher than vehicle control, but the administration of NAC decreased these inflammatory cell counts. TDI exposure led to significantly increased levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-5, which were also suppressed by NAC. In addition, diminished lung reduced oxidized glutathione ratio and superoxide dismutase activity were observed after TDI challenge, and these changes were attenuated by NAC. CONCLUSION NAC treatment has beneficial effects in TDI-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lihong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jiashu Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Lianyungang, China
| | - Caiyun Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Lianyungang, China
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The Mechanism and Effect of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Pyroptosis on the Progression of Silicosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158110. [PMID: 34360876 PMCID: PMC8348676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis remains one of the most severe pulmonary fibrotic diseases worldwide, caused by chronic exposure to silica dust. In this review, we have proposed that programmed cell death (PCD), including autophagy, apoptosis, and pyroptosis, is closely associated with silicosis progression. Furthermore, some autophagy, apoptosis, or pyroptosis-related signaling pathways or regulatory proteins have also been summarized to contribute greatly to the formation and development of silicosis. In addition, silicosis pathogenesis depends on the crosstalk among these three ways of PCD to a certain extent. In summary, more profound research on these mechanisms and effects may be expected to become promising targets for intervention or therapeutic methods of silicosis in the future.
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Chang M, Xu G, Xiong C, Yang X, Yan S, Tao Y, Li H, Li Y, Yao S, Zhao Y. Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis by improving mitochondrial function via AMPK/PGC1α pathway activation in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol Lett 2021; 350:121-132. [PMID: 34252510 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicosis is characterized by pulmonary interstitial fibrosis that arises as a result of chronic exposure to silica. The few available treatments only delay its progression. As α-lipoic acid (ALA) has been shown to have various beneficial effects, including mitoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, we hypothesized that it may exhibit therapeutic effects in pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, in the present study, we used a murine model of silicosis to investigate whether supplementation with exogenous ALA could attenuate silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis by improving mitochondrial function. ALA was administered to the model mice via continuous intragastric administration for 28 days, and then the antioxidant and mitoprotective effects of ALA were evaluated. The results showed that ALA decreased the production of reactive oxygen species, protected mitochondria from silica-induced dysfunction, and inhibited extracellular matrix deposition. ALA also decreased hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Activation of the mitochondrial AMPK/PGC1α pathway might be responsible for these ALA-mediated anti-fibrotic effects. Exogenous ALA blocked oxidative stress by activating NRF2. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that exogenous ALA effectively prevents the progression of silicosis in a murine model, likely by stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis and endogenous antioxidant responses. Therefore, ALA can potentially delay the progression of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Chang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Guangcui Xu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Cheng Xiong
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Xuesi Yang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Sensen Yan
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Yingjun Tao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Haibin Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Yuchun Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China.
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Non-cytotoxic dosage of fumonisin B1 aggravates ochratoxin A-induced nephrocytotoxicity and apoptosis via ROS-dependent JNK/MAPK signaling pathway. Toxicology 2021; 457:152802. [PMID: 33905761 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), two of the most toxicologically important mycotoxins, often coexist in a variety of foodstuff and feed in humans and animals. Because of the low content of FB1 in foodstuff and feed, alone harmfulness of FB1 is often ignored. However, it is unknown whether the lower dosage of FB1 aggravates the toxicity of other mycotoxins. In this article, we aimed to investigate the effects of the lower dosage of FB1 on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and apoptosis, and its underlying mechanism in porcine kidney cells (PK-15). Our current study showed that the non-cytotoxic concentration of FB1 (8 μM) could enhance OTA(5 μM)-induced nephrocytotoxicity and the expression of pro-apoptosis-associated genes in PK-15 cells. We also observed that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased. However, the expression of pro-apoptosis-associated genes were down-regulated when the N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, was used in our experiment. Besides, we found that the combined toxins could increase the protein expression of p-JNK instead of p-p38 and p-ERK. Pretreatment with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, could significantly block the promotion effects of FB1 on OTA-induced nephrocytotoxicity and apoptosis. The protein expression of p-JNK was also inhibited and the promotion effects of FB1 were significantly alleviated when NAC was used. In conclusion, the non-cytotoxic dosage of FB1 could aggravate the nephrocytotoxicity and apoptosis caused by OTA via ROS-dependent JNK/MAPK signaling pathway.
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21
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Adamcakova J, Mokra D. New Insights into Pathomechanisms and Treatment Possibilities for Lung Silicosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084162. [PMID: 33920534 PMCID: PMC8072896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of silica particles is an environmental and occupational cause of silicosis, a type of pneumoconiosis. Development of the lung silicosis is a unique process in which the vicious cycle of ingestion of inhaled silica particles by alveolar macrophages and their release triggers inflammation, generation of nodular lesions, and irreversible fibrosis. The pathophysiology of silicosis is complex, and interactions between the pathomechanisms have not been completely understood. However, elucidation of silica-induced inflammation cascades and inflammation-fibrosis relations has uncovered several novel possibilities of therapeutic targeting. This article reviews new information on the pathophysiology of silicosis and points out several promising treatment approaches targeting silicosis-related pathways.
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Guo X, Qi J, Li H, Xing Z. Clinical efficacy of acetylcysteine combined with tetrandrine tablets on patients with silicosis and its effect on exercise tolerance and pulmonary function. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1285-1290. [PMID: 32765668 PMCID: PMC7388567 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical efficacy of acetylcysteine combined with tetrandrine tablets in the treatment of silicosis was investigated to observe the exercise tolerance and pulmonary function of the patients. The clinical data of 248 cases of silicosis patients treated in Branch of Tai'an City Central Hospital were retrospectively analyzed in this study, including 116 cases with conventional therapy (control group), and 132 cases treated with acetylcysteine and tetrandrine tablets on the basis of conventional therapy (observation group). The chest tightness, chest pain, cough and sputum production were evaluated by the St. George Respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ); and side effects after treatment were recorded. Exercise tolerance was measured by 6-min walk test (6MWT) and pulmonary function was measured by pulmonary function instrument. The symptoms of chest tightness, chest pain, cough and sputum production in the observation group and the control group after 8 months of treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and that in the observation group after treatment was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of side effects of the drug in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The 6MWT, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) in the observation group and the control group after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment (P<0.001); the 6MWT in the observation group after treatment was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.001). In conclusion, acetylcysteine combined with tetrandrine tablets on the basis of conventional therapy in treatment of silicosis is more effective than conventional therapy alone, which can also improve exercise tolerance, pulmonary function and clinical symptoms such as chest tightness, chest pain, cough, sputum production of silicosis patients, and is helpful for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Guo
- Department II of Occupational Disease, Branch of Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department II of Occupational Disease, Branch of Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Huanxiang Li
- Department of Public Health, Branch of Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Xing
- Occupational Disease Diagnosis, Branch of Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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Zhao Y, Xu G, Li H, Chang M, Guan Y, Li Y, Wu W, Yao S. Overexpression of endogenous lipoic acid synthase attenuates pulmonary fibrosis induced by crystalline silica in mice. Toxicol Lett 2020; 323:57-66. [PMID: 32017981 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are proposed to mediate the development of silicosis. However, antioxidant therapy has not produced consistent results during the treatment of silicosis. α-Lipoic acid synthesized by lipoic acid synthase is a powerful anti-oxidant and helps protect mitochondria. Thus far, the effect of endogenous α-Lipoic acid on silicosis has not been elucidated yet. We established an experimental model of silicosis with wildtype and LiasH/H mice, a new antioxidant mouse model which has overexpressed Lias gene (∼150 %) relative to its wild type counterpart. We systemically examined main pathological changes of pulmonary fibrosis, and explored α-lipoic acid effects on oxidative stress, inflammatory and pulmonary fibrosis biomarkers in silica-instillated mice. In LiasH/H mice over-expression of lipoic acid alleviated the severity of major pathological alterations in the early stage of pulmonary fibrosis induced by silica compared with wild type mice. Silica significantly increased oxidative stress in both wild type and LiasH/H mice. The antioxidant defense was strengthen including increased NRF2 and LIAS production in LiasH/H mice. Relieved oxidative stress resulted in decreased inflammatory response and secretion of chemokines. LiasH/H mice reduced chronic inflammatory response and inhibition of NF-κB activity after silica instillation. The LiasH/H mouse model overexpression of lipoic acid synthase gene retarded the development of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Strengthen antioxidant defense by increased lipoic acid synthase is a potential strategy for protection against silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Zhao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province 063009, PR China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Guangcui Xu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Haibin Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province 063009, PR China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Meiyu Chang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Yi Guan
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province 063009, PR China
| | - Yuchun Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province 063009, PR China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China.
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Liu H, Yu H, Cao Z, Gu J, Pei L, Jia M, Su M. Kaempferol Modulates Autophagy and Alleviates Silica-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1418-1426. [PMID: 31560574 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is an occupational disease characterized as inflammatory cells infiltration and severe progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Kaempferol (Kae), a flavonoid that exists in many plants and fruits, has been proved to have anti-inflammatory and antifibrosis functions. However, the effects of Kae on silicosis remain unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the therapeutic effects of Kae in 1-, 7-, and 28-day silicosis models, respectively. In the 1-day model, Kae treatment did not vary the wet-to-dry weight ratios of the lung, apoptotic rate, autophagy, or the expression of inflammatory factors. In contrast, Kae significantly inhibited pulmonary inflammation in the 7-day silicosis models and inhibited silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the 28-day models. Besides, we found that Kae partially restored silica-induced LC3 lipidation without increasing the p62 levels. Blocking autophagy with chloroquine antagonized the inhibitory effects of Kae on inflammation, suggesting that autophagy might be required in the therapeutic effects of Kae on silicosis. These findings indicated that Kae inhibits the progression of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which may provide experimental evidences for Kae in the treatment of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangqi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - He Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenju Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junxu Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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25
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Duan S, Li J, Tian J, Yin H, Zhai Q, Wu Y, Yao S, Zhang L. Crosstalk between let-7a-5p and BCL-xL in the Initiation of Toxic Autophagy in Lung Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:69-78. [PMID: 31650027 PMCID: PMC6804504 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for cellular metabolism and plays pivotal roles in carcinogenesis, while excessive autophagy induces toxicity and cell death. Our previous studies have suggested that let-7a-5p/BCL-xL might regulate autophagy in lung cancer, but the regulatory mechanism is unclear. The central goal of the study was to figure out the role of let-7a-5p/BCL-xL in the initiation of autophagy and its effect on the migration, invasion, and proliferation of A549 cells as well as its therapeutic potential in lung cancer. Based on the genome-wide expression profiles of lung cancer, BCL-xL and let-7a-5p were found to be dysregulated and negatively correlated in lung adenocarcinoma, which was associated with the survival of lung cancer. The crosstalk between BCL-xL and let-7a-5p was then investigated using dual-luciferase reporter assay, and it was found to suppress the migration and invasion of A549 cells. Further, we found that the crosstalk between BCL-xL and let-7a-5p could lead to toxic autophagy and cell death through activating the PI3K-signaling pathway, which was independent of apoptosis or pyroptosis. These findings indicate that let-7a-5p is a sensitive initiator for toxic autophagy in A549 lung cancer cells and is an appealing target for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyin Duan
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junxia Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jiaqi Tian
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Haoyu Yin
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhai
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan 250001, China
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26
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Sun J, Song P, Wang Y, Chen Y. Clinical efficacy of acetylcysteine combined with tetrandrine tablets in the treatment of silicosis and the effect on serum IL-6 and TNF-α. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3383-3388. [PMID: 31602212 PMCID: PMC6777257 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical efficacy of acetylcysteine combined with tetrandrine tablets in the treatment of silicosis and the effect on serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in patients with silicosis was investigated. One hundred and ninety-six patients with silicosis admitted to Qingdao Central Hospital, aged 40 to 70 years, were collected by prospective analysis. The patients were divided into two groups according to the different methods of treatment. The 108 patients in the control group received routine treatment, including anti-inflammatory, cough and asthma relief and 88 patients in the observation group were treated with tetrandrine combined with N-acetylcysteine on the basis of routine treatment. The curative effect of the two groups was analyzed by X-ray, and the incidence of adverse reactions was compared between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the effective rate between the two groups (P>0.05). After treatment, respiratory rate (RR) decreased, and forced vital capacity (FVC), and first second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) increased in both groups (P<0.05). RR in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), FVC and FEV1 were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the two groups decreased (P<0.05), and the IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the observation group after treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). According to the effect of clinical treatment, the patients were re-divided into two groups. In conclusion, tetrandrine combined with acetylcysteine can effectively improve the clinical therapeutic effect of silicosis and alleviate the degree of inflammatory reaction in patients with silicosis. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in peripheral blood are valuable for the clinical treatment of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Sun
- Department of Occupational Disease, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Song
- Department of Occupational Disease, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Occupational Disease, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Occupational Disease, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
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27
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N-acetylcysteine tiherapeutically protects against pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model of silicosis. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190681. [PMID: 31273057 PMCID: PMC6639458 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is a lethal pneumoconiosis disease characterized by chronic lung inflammation and fibrosis. The present study was to explore the effect of against crystalline silica (CS)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. A total of 138 wild-type C57BL/6J mice were divided into control and experimental groups, and killed on month 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Different doses of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were gavaged to the mice after CS instillation to observe the effect of NAC on CS induced pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. The pulmonary injury was evaluated with Hematoxylin and eosin/Masson staining. Reactive oxygen species level was analyzed by DCFH-DA labeling. Commercial ELISA kits were used to determine antioxidant activity (T-AOC, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-6). The expression of oxidising enzymes (NOX2, iNOS, SOD2, and XO) were detected by real time PCR. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed to examine epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers. The mice treated with NAC presented markedly reduced CS-induced pulmonary injury and ameliorated CS-induced pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. The level of malondialdehyde was reduced, while the activities of GSH-PX, SOD, and T-AOC were markedly enhanced by NAC. We also found the down-regulation of oxidising enzymes (NOX2, iNOS, SOD2, and XO) after NAC treatment. Moreover, E-cadherin expression was increased while vimentin and Cytochrome C expressions were decreased by NAC. These encouraging findings suggest that NAC exerts pulmonary protective effects in CS-induced pulmonary fibrosis and might be considered as a promising agent for the treatment of silicosis.
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28
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Du S, Li C, Lu Y, Lei X, Zhang Y, Li S, Liu F, Chen Y, Weng D, Chen J. Dioscin Alleviates Crystalline Silica-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis through Promoting Alveolar Macrophage Autophagy. Theranostics 2019; 9:1878-1892. [PMID: 31037145 PMCID: PMC6485284 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to crystalline silica (CS) particles leads to silicosis, which is characterized by chronic inflammation and abnormal tissue repair. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a crucial role in the process of silicosis. Previously, we demonstrated positive effect of dioscin on silicosis through modulating macrophage-elicited innate immune response. However, the concrete molecular mechanism remains to be discovered. Methods: We established experimental model of silicosis with wildtype and Atg5flox/floxDppa3Cre/+ mice and oral administrated dioscin daily to explore the effects of dioscin on macrophages and pulmonary fibrosis. AM cell line MH-S with Atg5 silence was used to explore specific function of dioscin on macrophage-derived inflammation and the underlying molecular mechanism. Results: Dioscin could promote autophagy in macrophages. Dioscin-triggered AMs autophagy limited mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) mass stimulated by CS, reduced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway activation and facilitated cell survival. Relieved oxidative stress resulted in decreased secretion of inflammatory factors and chemokines. Dioscin treatment alleviated macrophage-derived inflammation and subsequent abnormal collagen repair. All the dioscin's protective effects were diminished in Atg5flox/floxDppa3Cre/+ mice. Conclusion: Dioscin promoting autophagy leads to reduced CS-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and cytokine production in AMs, which may provide concrete molecular mechanism for the therapy of silicosis.
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29
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Cai JY, Wang YY, Ma K, Hou YN, Yao GD, Hayashi T, Itoh K, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Salicylate induces reactive oxygen species and reduces ultraviolet C susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4931717. [PMID: 29546276 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that growth of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of salicylate reduces ultraviolet C (UVC)-induced cell death and increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, compounds that scavenge ROS (N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase) reverse the increased UVC survival induced by growth in the presence of salicylate, while ROS donors (tert-butylhydroperoxide, H2O2 and NaClO) enhance survival of salicylate challenged cultures. Collectively, these findings suggest that ROS production induced by growth in the presence of salicylate protects S. aureus from UVC-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Cai
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.,Department of Drug Discover and Development, Shanghai FrontHealth Pharmaceutical Technology Company, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai Ma
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yong-Na Hou
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guo-Dong Yao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kikuji Itoh
- Biochemical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., Shizuoka 431-1103, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tashiro
- Department of Medical Education & Primary Care, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Onodera
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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30
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Suklabaidya S, Das B, Ali SA, Jain S, Swaminathan S, Mohanty AK, Panda SK, Dash P, Chakraborty S, Batra SK, Senapati S. Characterization and use of HapT1-derived homologous tumors as a preclinical model to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of drugs against pancreatic tumor desmoplasia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41825-41842. [PMID: 27259232 PMCID: PMC5173099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoplasia in human pancreatic cancer (PC) promotes cancer progression and hinders effective drug delivery. The objectives of this study were to characterize a homologous orthotopic model of PC in Syrian golden hamster and investigate the effect of anti-fibrotic (pirfenidone), antioxidant (N-acetyl cysteine, NAC) and anti-addiction (disulfiram, DSF) drugs on desmoplasia and tumor growth in this model. The HapT1 PC cells when implanted orthotopically into hamsters formed tumors with morphological, cellular and molecular similarities to human PC. Protein profiling of activated hamster pancreatic stellate cells (ha-PSCs) revealed expression of proteins involved in fibrosis, cancer cells growth and metastasis. Pirfenidone, suppressed growth of HapT1 cells and the desmoplastic response in vivo; these effects were enhanced by co-administration of NAC. Disulfiram alone or in combination with copper (Cu) was toxic to HapT1 cells and PSCs in vitro; but co-administration of DSF and Cu accelerated growth of HapT1 cells in vivo. Moreover, DSF had no effect on tumor-associated desmoplasia. Overall, this study identifies HapT1-derived orthotopic tumors as a useful model to study desmoplasia and tumor-directed therapeutics in PC. Pirfenidone in combination with NAC could be a novel combination therapy for PC and warrants investigation in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Suklabaidya
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Department, National Diary Research Institute, Haryana, India
| | - Sumeet Jain
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharada Swaminathan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashok K Mohanty
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Department, National Diary Research Institute, Haryana, India
| | - Susen K Panda
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pujarini Dash
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shantibhusan Senapati
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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31
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Lin Z, Changfu H, Fengling Z, Wei G, Lei B, Yiping L, Miao Z, Zhongzheng Y, Youliang Z, Shuyin D, Wu Y. Long non-coding RNA deep sequencing reveals the role of macrophage in liver disorders. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114966-114979. [PMID: 29383134 PMCID: PMC5777746 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disorders such as hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are a series of the most life threatening diseases along with extensive inflammatory cellular infiltrations. Macrophage has been proved to be key regulators and initiators of inflammation, and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recommended to play critical roles in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. To uncover the role of macrophage in liver disorders via lncRNA sequencing method, we first applied a lncRNA classification pipeline to identify 1247 lncRNAs represented on the Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430/430A 2.0 array. We then analyzed the lncRNA expression patterns in a set of previously published gene expression profiles of silica particle exposed macrophages and liver respectively, and identified and validated sets of differentially expressed lncRNAs shared by macrophages and liver. The functional enrichment analysis of these lncRNAs was processed on the basis of their expression signatures, three aspects including cis, trans and co-acting proteins were proposed. This is the first time to correlate macrophage with liver disorders via co-expressed lncRNAs. Our findings indicated that roles of macrophage in liver disorders were double-edged, the differentially expressed lncRNAs and their corresponding regulatory genes or proteins may serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250001, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan 250001, China
| | - Hao Changfu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhao Fengling
- Department of Occupational Disease, Henan Provincial Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Occupational Disease, Henan Provincial Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Bao Lei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Yiping
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhang Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yue Zhongzheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhao Youliang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Duan Shuyin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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32
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Li X, Zhu L, Wang B, Yuan M, Zhu R. Drugs and Targets in Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:855. [PMID: 29218009 PMCID: PMC5703866 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis contributes to the development of many diseases and many target molecules are involved in fibrosis. Currently, the majority of fibrosis treatment strategies are limited to specific diseases or organs. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates great similarities among fibroproliferative diseases, and more and more drugs are proved to be effective anti-fibrotic therapies across different diseases and organs. Here we comprehensively review the current knowledge on the pathological mechanisms of fibrosis, and divide factors mediating fibrosis progression into extracellular and intracellular groups. Furthermore, we systematically summarize both single and multiple component drugs that target fibrosis. Future directions of fibrosis drug discovery are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Center, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Genome, Environment and Microbiome Community of Excellence, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Beibei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meifei Yuan
- Center for Drug Discovery, SINO High Goal Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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33
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Zhang L, Hao C, Li J, Qu Y, Bao L, Li Y, Yue Z, Zhang M, Yu X, Chen H, Zhang J, Wang D, Yao W. Bioinformatics methods for identifying differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways in nano-silica stimulated macrophages. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317709284. [PMID: 28653889 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317709284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of disease relating to nanoparticle exposure has been rising rapidly in recent years, for which there is no effective treatment. Macrophage is suggested to play a crucial role in the development of pulmonary disease. To investigate the changes in macrophage after being stimulated by nanometer silica dust and to explore potential biomarkers and signaling pathways, the gene chip GSE13005 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, which contained 21 samples: 3 samples per group and 7 groups in total. Macrophages in the control group were cultured in serum-free medium, while the experimental groups were treated with nanometer silica dust in different sizes and concentrations, respectively. To identify the differentially expressed genes and explore their potential functions, we adopted the gene ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis and also constructed protein-protein interaction network. As a result, 1972 differentially expressed genes were identified from 22,690 microarray data in the gene chip, 1069 genes were upregulated and 903 genes were downregulated. Results of the gene ontology analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were widely distributed in intracellular and extracellular regions, regulating macrophage apoptosis, inflammatory response, and cell differentiation. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the majority of differentially expressed genes were enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cancer or phagosome transcriptional misregulation. The top 10 hub genes, S100a9, Nos3, Psmd14, Psmd4, Lck, Atp6v1h, Jun, Foxh1, Pex14, and Fadd were identified from protein-protein interaction network. In addition, Nos3, Psmd14, Atp6v1h, and Jun were clustered into module M2 (rc = 0.74, p < 0.01), which mainly regulates cell carcinogenesis and antivirus process. In conclusion, differentially expressed genes screened from this study may provide new insights into the exploration of mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for diseases relating to nanoparticle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,2 Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,4 National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Qu
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Bao
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiping Li
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongzheng Yue
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinghao Yu
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiting Chen
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Di Wang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wu Yao
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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34
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Peng HB, Wang RX, Deng HJ, Wang YH, Tang JD, Cao FY, Wang JH. Protective effects of oleanolic acid on oxidative stress and the expression of cytokines and collagen by the AKT/NF-κB pathway in silicotic rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3121-3128. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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35
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Yang J, Wang T, Li Y, Yao W, Ji X, Wu Q, Han L, Han R, Yan W, Yuan J, Ni C. Earthworm extract attenuates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis through Nrf2-dependent mechanisms. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1279-1300. [PMID: 27775689 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is an occupational pulmonary fibrosis caused by inhalation of silica (SiO2) and there are no ideal drugs to treat this disease. Earthworm extract (EE), a natural nutrient, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptosis effects. The purpose of the current study was to test the protective effects of EE against SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis and to explore the underlying mechanisms using both in vivo and in vitro models. We found that treatment with EE significantly reduced lung inflammation and fibrosis and improved lung structure and function in SiO2-instilled mice. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that EE administration markedly inhibited SiO2-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HBE and A549 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Nrf2 activation partly mediates the interventional effects of EE against SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Our study has identified EE to be a potential anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic drug for silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjin Yang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxi Yao
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuyun Wu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruhui Han
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwen Yan
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiali Yuan
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhui Ni
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Shen Y, Miao NJ, Xu JL, Gan XX, Xu D, Zhou L, Xue H, Zhang W, Lu LM. N-acetylcysteine alleviates angiotensin II-mediated renal fibrosis in mouse obstructed kidneys. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:637-44. [PMID: 27041464 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated renal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Mice were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), and then treated with vehicle or NAC (250 mg/kg, ip) for 7 days. Histological changes of the obstructed kidneys were observed with Masson's trichrome staining. ROS levels were detected with DHE staining. The expression of relevant proteins in the obstructed kidneys was assessed using Western blotting assays. Cultured rat renal fibroblast NRK-49F cells were used for in vitro experiments. RESULTS In the obstructed kidneys, Ang II levels were significantly elevated, and collagen I was accumulated in the interstitial spaces. Furthermore, ROS production and the expression of p47 (a key subunit of NADPH oxidase complexes) were increased in a time-dependent manner; the expression of fibronectin, α-SMA and TGF-β were upregulated. Administration of NAC significantly alleviated the fibrotic responses in the obstructed kidneys. In cultured NRK-49F cells, treatment with Ang II (0.001-10 μmol/L) increased the expression of fibronectin, collagen I, α-SMA and TGF-β in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. Ang II also increased ROS production and the phosphorylation of Smad3. Pretreatment with NAC (5 μmol/L) blocked Ang II-induced oxidative stress and ECM production in the cells. CONCLUSION In mouse obstructed kidneys, the fibrotic responses result from Ang II upregulation can be alleviated by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine.
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Abstract
Silicosis is the most common pneumoconiosis globally, with higher prevalence and incidence in developing countries. To date, there is no effective treatment to halt or reverse the disease progression caused by silica-induced lung injury. Significant advances have to be made in order to reduce morbidity and mortality related to silicosis. In this review, we have highlighted the main mechanisms of action that cause lung damage by silica particles and summarized the data concerning the therapeutic promise of cell-based therapy for silicosis.
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Myllärniemi M, Kaarteenaho R. Pharmacological treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - preclinical and clinical studies of pirfenidone, nintedanib, and N-acetylcysteine. Eur Clin Respir J 2015; 2:26385. [PMID: 26557253 PMCID: PMC4629756 DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v2.26385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three recent clinical trials on the pharmacologic treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) mark a new chapter in the management of patients suffering from this very severe fibrotic lung disease. This review article summarizes the published investigations on the preclinical studies of three novel IPF drugs, namely pirfenidone, nintedanib, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). In addition, the study protocols, differences, and the main findings in the recent clinical trials of these pharmacological treatments are reviewed. The strategy for drug development and the timeline from the discovery to the clinical use have been very different in these regimens. Pirfenidone was discovered in 1976 but only recently received approval in most countries, and even now its exact mechanism of action is unknown. On the contrary, nintedanib (BIBF1120) was identified in large drug screening tests as a very specific inhibitor of certain tyrosine kinases, but no published data on preclinical tests existed until 2014. NAC, a mucolytic drug with an antioxidant mechanism of action was claimed to possess distinct antifibrotic properties in several experimental models but proved to be ineffective in a recent randomized placebo-controlled trial. At present, no curative treatment is available for IPF. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IPF as well as relevant preclinical tests including animal models and in vitro experiments on human lung cells are needed to promote the development of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjukka Myllärniemi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Heart and Lung Center and the University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Kaarteenaho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Respiratory Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Medicine and Clinical Research, Pulmonary Division, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Medicine and Clinical Research, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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