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Yu D, Wang H, Zhai Y, Lei Z, Sun M, Chen S, Yin P, Wang X. Effects of latroeggtoxin-VI on dopamine and α-synuclein in PC12 cells and the implications for Parkinson's disease. Biol Res 2024; 57:9. [PMID: 38491377 PMCID: PMC10943915 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons leading to dopamine deficiency, excessive α-synuclein facilitating Lewy body formation, etc. Latroeggtoxin-VI (LETX-VI), a proteinaceous neurotoxin discovered from the eggs of spider L. tredecimguttatus, was previously found to promote the synthesis and release of PC12 cells, showing a great potential as a drug candidate for PD. However, the relevant mechanisms have not been understood completely. The present study explored the mechanism underlying the effects of LETX-VI on dopamine and α-synuclein of PC12 cells and the implications for PD. RESULTS After PC12 cells were treated with LETX-VI, the level of dopamine was significantly increased in a dose-dependent way within a certain range of concentrations. Further mechanism analysis showed that LETX-VI upregulated the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and L-dopa decarboxylase to enhance the biosynthesis of dopamine, and downregulated that of monoamine oxidase B to reduce the degradation of dopamine. At the same time, LETX-VI promoted the transport and release of dopamine through modulating the abundance and/or posttranslational modification of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and dopamine transporter (DAT). While the level of dopamine was increased by LETX-VI treatment, α-synuclein content was reduced by the spider toxin. α-Synuclein overexpression significantly decreased the dopamine level and LETX-VI efficiently alleviated the inhibitory action of excessive α-synuclein on dopamine. In the MPTP-induced mouse model of PD, application of LETX-VI ameliorated parkinsonian behaviors of the mice, and reduced the magnitude of MPTP-induced α-synuclein upregulation and TH downregulation. In addition, LETX-VI displayed neuroprotective effects by inhibiting MPTP-induced decrease in the numbers of TH-positive and Nissl-stained neurons in mouse brain tissues. CONCLUSIONS All the results demonstrate that LETX-VI promotes the synthesis and release of dopamine in PC12 cells via multiple mechanisms including preventing abnormal α-synuclein accumulation, showing implications in the prevention and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianmei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Yiwen Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Zhixiang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Minglu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Panfeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Xianchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.
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Tang X, Yu D, Wang H, Lei Z, Zhai Y, Sun M, Chen S, Wang Y, Liu Z, Hu W, Wang X. Synaptotagmin 1-mediated cell membrane penetration and dopamine release enhancement by latroeggtoxin-VI. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:906-915. [PMID: 35914553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Latroeggtoxin-VI (LETX-VI), a proteinaceous neurotoxin mined from the egg transcriptome of spider L. tredecimguttatus, was previously found to promote the release of dopamine from PC12 cells. However, the relevant molecular mechanism has not been fully clear. Here LETX-VI was demonstrated to rapidly penetrate the plasma membrane of PC12 cells via the vesicle exocytosis/endocytosis cycle, during which vesicular transmembrane protein synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1) functions as a receptor, with its vesicle luminal domain interacting with the C-terminal region of LETX-VI. The C-terminal sequence of LETX-VI is the functional region for both entering cells and promoting dopamine release. After gaining entry into the PC12 cells, LETX-VI down-regulated the phosphorylation levels of Syt1 at T201 and T195, thereby facilitating vesicle fusion with plasma membrane and thus promoting dopamine release. The relevant mechanism analysis indicated that LETX-VI has a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activator activity. The present work has not only probed into the Syt1-mediated action mechanism of LETX-VI, but also revealed the structure-function relationship of the toxin, thus suggesting its potential applications in the drug transmembrane delivery and treatment of the diseases related to dopamine release and PP2A activity deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Dianmei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixiang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Yiwen Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Minglu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Weijun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Xianchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
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Tang X, Yu D, Wang H, Meng W, Lei Z, Zhai Y, Wang Y, Wang X. Biochemical and cytotoxic evaluation of latroeggtoxin-VI against PC12 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22825. [PMID: 34047418 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Latroeggtoxin-VI (LETX-VI) is a peptide neurotoxin discovered from Latrodectus tredecimguttatus eggs. In the current study, the action features of the neurotoxin on PC12 cells were systematically investigated. LETX-VI could promote dopamine release from PC12 cells in the absence and presence of Ca2+, involving an even more complex action mechanism in the presence of Ca2+ and when the treatment time was longer. Although LETX-VI enchanced the autophagy and secretion activity in PC 12 cells, it showed no remarkable influence on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and ultrastructure of the cells. Pulldown combined with CapLC-MS/MS analysis suggested that LETX-VI affected PC12 cells by interacting with multiple proteins involved in the metabolism, transport, and release of neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine. The low cytotoxicity and effective regulatory action of LETX-VI on PC12 cells suggest the potential of the active peptide in the development of drugs for the treatment of some dopamine-related psychotic diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dianmei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenwen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixiang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiwen Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xianchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Tang X, Yu D, Wang H, Meng W, Zhai Y, Lei Z, Liu Z, Wang X. Pull-Down Assay-Guided Insights into the Effects of Latroeggtoxin-VI on Nerve Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:136. [PMID: 33673184 PMCID: PMC7918074 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Latroeggtoxin-VI (LETX-VI) is a peptide neurotoxin newly found from the eggs of spider L. tredecimguttatus. To explore the mechanism of action of the LETX-VI on nerve cells, the effects of LETX-VI on PC12 cells, a commonly used neuron model, were analyzed using a pull-down assay-guided strategy. LETX-VI was shown to interact with 164 PC12 cell proteins that have diverse molecular functions such as binding, catalysis, regulation, structural activity, etc., thereby extensively affecting the biological processes in the PC12 cells, particularly protein metabolism, response to stimulus, substance transport, and nucleic acid metabolism, with 56.71%, 42.07%, 29.88% and 28.66% of the identified proteins being involved in these biological processes, respectively. By interacting with the relevant proteins, LETX-VI enhanced the synthesis of dopamine; positively regulated cell division and proliferation; and negatively regulated cell cycle arrest, cell death, and apoptotic processes, and therefore has limited cytotoxicity against the PC12 cells, which were further experimentally confirmed. In general, the effects of LETX-VI on PC12 cells are more regulatory than cytotoxic. These findings have deepened our understanding of the action mechanism of LETX-VI on nerve cells and provided valuable clues for further related researches including those on Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xianchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (X.T.); (D.Y.); (H.W.); (W.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
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Dai Z, Tang X, Chen J, Tang X, Wang X. Rab3A Inhibition of Ca
2+
‐Dependent Dopamine Release From PC12 Cells Involves Interaction With Synaptotagmin I. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3696-3705. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunan 410081P. R. China
| | - Xia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunan 410081P. R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunan 410081P. R. China
| | - Xiaochao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunan 410081P. R. China
| | - Xianchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunan 410081P. R. China
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