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Feng M, Zhou Y, Gao Z, Huang W, Xie W, Xie W, Liu Z, Tang S, Xiong X, Chen Y, Zhou X, Liu C. Timosaponin BⅡ reduces colonic inflammation and alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by inhibiting NLRP3. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117885. [PMID: 38331123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Timosaponin BⅡ (TBⅡ) is one of the main active components of the traditional Chinese medicine Anemarrhena asphodeloides, and it is a steroidal saponin with various pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis. However, its role in acute ulcerative colitis remains unexplored thus far. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the protective effect of TBⅡ against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and NLRP3 knockout (NLRP3-/-) mice were applied to evaluate the protective effect of TBⅡ in DSS-induced mice colitis. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 or adenovirus-mediated NLRP3 overexpression in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from WT mice and colonic epithelial HCoEpiC cells was used to assess the role of TBⅡ in LPS + ATP-induced cell model. RNA-seq, ELISA, western blots, immunofluorescence staining, and expression analysis by qPCR were performed to examine the alterations of colonic NLRP3 expression in DSS-induced colon tissues and LPS + ATP-induced cells, respectively. RESULTS In mice with DSS-induced ulcerative colitis, TBⅡ treatment attenuated clinical symptoms, repaired the intestinal mucosal barrier, reduced inflammatory infiltration, and alleviated colonic inflammation. RNA-seq analysis and protein expression levels demonstrated that TBⅡ could prominently inhibit NLRP3 signaling. TBⅡ-mediated NLRP3 inhibition was associated with alleviating intestinal permeability and inflammatory response via the blockage of communication between epithelial cells and macrophages, probably in an NLRP3 inhibition mechanism. However, pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 by MCC950 or Ad-NLRP3 mediated NLRP3 overexpression significantly impaired the TBⅡ-mediated anti-inflammatory effect. Mechanistically, TBⅡ-mediated NLRP3 inhibition may be partly associated with the suppression of NF-κB, a master pro-inflammatory factor for transcriptional regulation of NLRP3 expression in the priming step. Moreover, co-treatment TBⅡ with NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 partly impaired TBⅡ-mediated NLRP3 inhibition, and consequently affected the IL-1β mature and secretion. Importantly, TBⅡ-mediated amelioration was not further enhanced in NLPR3-/- mice. CONCLUSION TBⅡ exerted a prominent protective effect against DSS-induced colitis via regulation of alleviation of intestinal permeability and inflammatory response via the blockage of crosstalk between epithelial cells and macrophages in an NLRP3-mediated inhibitory mechanism. These beneficial effects could make TBⅡ a promising drug for relieving colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China
| | - Yingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China
| | - Wenni Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China
| | - Wenmin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China
| | - Wanlin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China
| | - Zhenyv Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China
| | - Shengzhao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China
| | - Xuejun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China.
| | - Changhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China.
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Jia X, Huang J, Wu B, Yang M, Xu W. RNA-Seq profiling of circular RNAs in mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Genomics 2024; 116:110755. [PMID: 38061481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious illness that develops suddenly, progresses rapidly, has a poor treatment response and a high mortality rate. Studies have found that circular RNAs (circRNA) play a critical role in several diseases, but their role in ALI remains unclear. The aim of this study was to identify circRNAs that are associated with ALI and investigate their potential molecular mechanisms. A comparison of lung circRNA and microRNA expression profiles in mice with ALI and controls was performed by RNA-sequencing. A bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed (DE) RNAs, to construct competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks, and to analyze their function and pathways. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was generated by the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database, and hub genes were identified using Cytoscape. Furthermore, a key ceRNA subnetwork was constructed based on these hub genes. Overall, we found 239 DE circRNAs and 42 DE microRNAs in ALI mice compared to controls. Additionally, the molecular mechanism of ALI was further understood by building ceRNA networks based on these DE genes. ALI-induced circRNAs are mostly function in the inflammatory response and metabolic processes. Moreover, DE circRNAs are primarily involved in the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Seven hub genes were derived from the PPI network of 191 genes, followed by the construction of circRNA-miRNA-hub gene subnetworks. In this study, circRNA profiles are remarkably changed in mice with LPS-triggered ALI, and their potential contribution to the disease is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinhui Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China.
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Fu H, Zhu H. Geniposidic acid protects lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:984-992. [PMID: 35770920 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2096465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common respiratory disease and is a serious threat to human health due to the lack of effective treatment. Geniposidic acid (GPA) is an iridoid glucoside extracted from Gardeniae jasminoides Ellis and can treat inflammation-related diseases. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory functions of GPA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and its potential mechanism, providing effective strategies for the clinical treatment of ALI. METHODS ALI models were constructed by LPS in Sprague-Dawley rats and pulmonary epithelial cells. The function of GPA was investigated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, lung function assessment, Western blot, Masson staining, and Sirius Red staining, quantitative real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell counting kit-8 assay, apoptosis analysis, and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS Functionally, GPA increased survival, relieved pulmonary epithelial function in response to LPS, repressed pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation caused by ALI in vivo; GPA also repressed pulmonary epithelial cell injury and inflammation induced by LPS in vitro. Mechanistically, GPA decreased the protein levels of TLR4 and MyD88 and accelerated the nuclear export of p65, suggesting that GPA repressed the activation of p65. CONCLUSION GPA protected LPS-induced ALI through the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, China
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Zhou F, Liu BF, Wang C, Zhang J, Dong GM, Jin HT, Ma BP, Zhong XM. Acute toxicity, 28-day repeated-dose toxicity and toxicokinetic study of timosaponin BII in beagle dogs. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022; 24:860-876. [PMID: 34698619 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1993834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The safety evaluation of timosaponin BII (TBII) in beagle dogs with toxicokinetic study was performed. For the acute oral toxicity study, the minimum lethal dose (MLD) of TBII was more than 2000 mg/kg and suggested the characteristics of absorption saturation. For the 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity and toxicokinetic studies, there was no significant effect on all test parameters except for prolonged APTT in the 60 and 180 mg/kg groups, which recovered after withdrawal. The increase of drug exposure of 180 mg/kg group was not proportional to the increase of administration dose, showing the characteristics of absorption saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Bao-Feng Liu
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical R&D, Ltd, Dezhou 251500, China
| | - Can Wang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guo-Ming Dong
- Beijing Hwellso Pharmaceutical Corporation, Ltd, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong-Tao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bai-Ping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Chicken bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improve lung and distal organ injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17937. [PMID: 34508136 PMCID: PMC8433226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are associated with pulmonary protection and longevity. We separated chicken bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs); investigated whether BM-MSCs can improve lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung and distal organ injury; and explored the underlying mechanisms. Ninety-six male ICR (6 weeks old) mice were randomly divided into three groups: Sham, LPS, and LPS + MSC groups. The mice were intratracheally injected with 5 mg/kg LPS to induce acute lung injury (ALI). The histopathological severity of injury to the lung, liver, kidney, heart, and aortic tissues was detected. Wet/dry ratio, protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), BALF cell counts, inflammatory cytokine levels in serum, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and oxidative stress-related indicators were detected. In addition, a survival analysis was performed in sixty male ICR mice (6 weeks old, 18–20 g). This study used chicken BM-MSCs, which are easier to obtain and more convenient than other animal or human MSCs, and have MSC-associated properties, such as a colony forming ability, multilineage differentiation potential, and certain phenotypes. BM-MSCs administration significantly improved the survival rate, systemic inflammation, and the histopathological severity of lung, liver, kidney, and aortic injury during ALI. BM-MSCs administration reduced the levels of inflammatory factors in BALF, the infiltration of neutrophils, and oxidative stress injury in lung tissue. In addition, BM-MSCs administration reduced TRL4 and Mdy88 mRNA expression during ALI. Chicken BM-MSCs serve as a potential alternative resource for stem cell therapy and exert a prominent effect on LPS-induced ALI and extrapulmonary injury, in part through TRL4/Mdy88 signaling and inhibition of neutrophil inflammation and oxidative stress injury.
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Zhao L, Mao Y, Yu H, Liu H, Wang C, Liu J, Han Y, Bi Y, Zhang D. The Preventive Effects of Lactobacillus casei on Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. Indian J Microbiol 2021; 61:370-382. [PMID: 34092818 PMCID: PMC8169435 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus has been reported to inhibit acute lung injury (ALI). However, the molecular mechanism of Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) in preventing ALI has not been identified, so we investigated whether L. casei pretreatment could inhibit the activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway following ALI. ALI model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to female BALB/c mice. In L. casei LC2W group, mice were intragastrically administrated L. casei LC2W for a week, before the ALI modeling. The serum of normal BALB/c mice after intragastric administration of L. casei LC2W was used for in vitro cell assays. The serum was pre-incubated with mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) and human lung cell line (HLF-A), then LPS was added to co-incubate. Compared with ALI model group, L. casei LC2W pretreatment significantly reduced lung pathological damage, the number of neutrophils and total cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Besides, L. casei LC2W pretreatment could significantly reverse the abnormal expression of ICAM-1, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 in lung tissue and serum, plus, L. casei LC2W significantly reduced the phosphorylation levels of IRAK-1 and NF-κB p65. In vitro, the serum decreased the up-regulation of IL-6 and TNF-α in cell lines induced by LPS. In conclusion, L. casei LC2W intragastric administration pretreatment could significantly improve LPS-induced ALI in mice, probably through circulation to reach the lungs so as to inhibit the inflammatory response induced by activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhao
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, No. 37 Zhonghua West Road, Jianhua DistrictHeilongjiang Province, Qiqihar City, 161000 China
| | - Ying Mao
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, No. 37 Zhonghua West Road, Jianhua DistrictHeilongjiang Province, Qiqihar City, 161000 China
| | - Haiming Yu
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, No. 37 Zhonghua West Road, Jianhua DistrictHeilongjiang Province, Qiqihar City, 161000 China
| | - He Liu
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, No. 37 Zhonghua West Road, Jianhua DistrictHeilongjiang Province, Qiqihar City, 161000 China
| | - Chao Wang
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, No. 37 Zhonghua West Road, Jianhua DistrictHeilongjiang Province, Qiqihar City, 161000 China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, No. 37 Zhonghua West Road, Jianhua DistrictHeilongjiang Province, Qiqihar City, 161000 China
| | - Yutong Han
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, No. 37 Zhonghua West Road, Jianhua DistrictHeilongjiang Province, Qiqihar City, 161000 China
| | - Yang Bi
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, No. 37 Zhonghua West Road, Jianhua DistrictHeilongjiang Province, Qiqihar City, 161000 China
| | - Donghai Zhang
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, No. 37 Zhonghua West Road, Jianhua DistrictHeilongjiang Province, Qiqihar City, 161000 China
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He YQ, Zhou CC, Yu LY, Wang L, Deng JL, Tao YL, Zhang F, Chen WS. Natural product derived phytochemicals in managing acute lung injury by multiple mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105224. [PMID: 33007416 PMCID: PMC7522693 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as common life-threatening lung diseases with high mortality rates are mostly associated with acute and severe inflammation in lungs. With increasing in-depth studies of ALI/ARDS, significant breakthroughs have been made, however, there are still no effective pharmacological therapies for treatment of ALI/ARDS. Especially, the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is ravaging the globe, and causes severe respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, developing new drugs for therapy of ALI/ARDS is in great demand, which might also be helpful for treatment of COVID-19. Natural compounds have always inspired drug development, and numerous natural products have shown potential therapeutic effects on ALI/ARDS. Therefore, this review focuses on the potential therapeutic effects of natural compounds on ALI and the underlying mechanisms. Overall, the review discusses 159 compounds and summarizes more than 400 references to present the protective effects of natural compounds against ALI and the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiong He
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Can-Can Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lu-Yao Yu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiu-Ling Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Long Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Wan-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Xing N, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhong R, Xia T, Ding Z, Yang Y, Zhong Y, Shu Z. Cardioprotective effect exerted by Timosaponin BⅡ through the regulation of endoplasmic stress-induced apoptosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:153288. [PMID: 32782218 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timosaponin BⅡ (TBⅡ), one of the primary bioactive compounds from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, possesses potential cardioprotective effects. However, the mechanism underlying TBⅡ-mediated cardioprotection, especially the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress, remains largely unknown. PURPOSE This study was designed to evaluate the role of TBⅡ in myocardial injury protection and explore its possible mechanisms. METHODS In vivo models of isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury and H2O2-induced cytotoxicty were established to investigate the effect of anti-myocardial injury of TBⅡ. The potential mechanisms were investigated in vitro and in vivo using multiple detection methods like electrocardiography, histo-pathological examination, JC-1 staining, TUNEL staining, ELISA technology, and western blot analysis. RESULTS In vivo study revealed that TBⅡ improved electrocardiography and heart vacuolation, reduced myocyte apoptosis, and improved the antioxidant potential. In vitro investigation demonstrated that TBⅡ pretreatment inhibited ER stress-mediated apoptosis pathways. Further investigation of the underlying mechanisms revealed that TBⅡ prevented H2O2-induced H9c2 cardiomyocytes injury by the PI3K/Akt pathways, whereas the addition of LY294002, the pharmacologic antagonist of PI3K, attenuated TBⅡ-induced expression of apoptotic protein and cytoprotective effects. CONCLUSION These results suggested that TBⅡ protects against myocardial injury in vitro and enhances cellular defense capacity by inhibiting ER stress-mediated apoptosis pathways in vivo by activating the PI3K/Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xing
- Research Center for Good Practice in TCM Proessing Technology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Pharmacy College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research Center for Good Practice in TCM Proessing Technology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wujing Wang
- The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Renxing Zhong
- Research Center for Good Practice in TCM Proessing Technology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tianyi Xia
- Research Center for Good Practice in TCM Proessing Technology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zihe Ding
- Research Center for Good Practice in TCM Proessing Technology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanni Yang
- Research Center for Good Practice in TCM Proessing Technology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanmei Zhong
- Research Center for Good Practice in TCM Proessing Technology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zunpeng Shu
- Research Center for Good Practice in TCM Proessing Technology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Zhou Z, Su Y, Fa XE. Isorhynchophylline exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities in LPS-stimulated murine alveolar macrophages. Life Sci 2019; 223:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Zhao S, Zuo W, Chen H, Bao T, Liu X, Sun T, Wang S. Effects of pilose antler peptide on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:2078-2083. [PMID: 30551464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of the pilose antler peptide (PAP) on bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis. The lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured. The serum levels of super-oxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined. Then the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 were determined using ELISA method. Furthermore, the protein expressions of Rho, ROCK1, p-IκB, IκB, p-NF-κB, NF-κB in lung tissues were detected by western blot analysis. As a result, PAP markedly decreased pulmonary W/D ratio, lung MPO activity and relieved lung histopathological changes. In addition, PAP increased the level of SOD and reduced the levels of MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in serum of BLM-stimulated mice. In addition, PAP remarkably inhibited the protein levels of ROCK/NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, our results showed that PAP exhibited protective effects on pulmonary fibrosis via the regulation of ROCK/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhao
- Huaian First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huaian 223000, China
| | - Wenwei Zuo
- Huaian Second People's Hospital, Huaian 223000, China.
| | - Huaiping Chen
- Huaian First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huaian 223000, China
| | - Tianping Bao
- Huaian First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huaian 223000, China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Huaian First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huaian 223000, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Huaian First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huaian 223000, China
| | - Shouguo Wang
- Huaian First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huaian 223000, China.
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Park BK, So KS, Ko HJ, Kim HJ, Kwon KS, Kwon YS, Son KH, Kwon SY, Kim HP. Therapeutic Potential of the Rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Timosaponin A-III in an Animal Model of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Inflammation. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:553-559. [PMID: 29925223 PMCID: PMC6254648 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the development of new therapeutic agents for lung inflammatory disorders have led to the discovery of plant-based alternatives. The rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides have a long history of use against lung inflammatory disorders in traditional herbal medicine. However, the therapeutic potential of this plant material in animal models of lung inflammation has yet to be evaluated. In the present study, we prepared the alcoholic extract and derived the saponin-enriched fraction from the rhizomes of A. asphodeloides and isolated timosaponin A-III, a major constituent. Lung inflammation was induced by intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mice, representing an animal model of acute lung injury (ALI). The alcoholic extract (50-200 mg/kg) inhibited the development of ALI. Especially, the oral administration of the saponin-enriched fraction (10-50 mg/kg) potently inhibited the lung inflammatory index. It reduced the total number of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Histological changes in alveolar wall thickness and the number of infiltrated cells of the lung tissue also indicated that the saponin-enriched fraction strongly inhibited lung inflammation. Most importantly, the oral administration of timosaponin A-III at 25-50 mg/kg significantly inhibited the inflammatory markers observed in LPS-induced ALI mice. All these findings, for the first time, provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of A. asphodeloides and its major constituent, timosaponin A-III, in alleviating lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Su So
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sun Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Ho Son
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Youl Kwon
- Gyeongbuk Institute for Bio Industry, Andong 36618, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Pyo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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12
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Ju M, Liu B, He H, Gu Z, Liu Y, Su Y, Zhu D, Cang J, Luo Z. MicroRNA-27a alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice via inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis through modulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2001-2018. [PMID: 30231673 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1509635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical clinical condition with a high mortality rate, characterized with excessive uncontrolled inflammation and apoptosis. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to play crucial roles in the amelioration of various inflammation-induced diseases, including ALI. However, it remains unknown the biological function and regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in the regulation of inflammation and apoptosis in ALI. The aim of this study is to identify and evaluate the potential role of miRNAs in ALI and reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of their effects. Here, we analyzed microRNA expression profiles in lung tissues from LPS-challenged mice using miRNA microarray. Because microRNA-27a (miR-27a) was one of the miRNAs being most significantly downregulated, which has an important role in regulation of inflammation, we investigated its function. Overexpression of miR-27a by agomir-27a improved lung injury, as evidenced by the reduced histopathological changes, lung wet/dry (W/D) ratio, lung microvascular permeability and apoptosis in the lung tissues, as well as ameliorative survival of ALI mice. This was accompanied by the alleviating of inflammation, such as the reduced total BALF cell and neutrophil counts, decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-6) interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in BAL fluid. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an important regulator of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, was identified as a novel target of miR-27a in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, our results showed that LPS stimulation increased the expression of MyD88 and NF-κB p65 (p-p65), but inhibited the expression of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB-α (IκB-α), suggesting the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Further investigations revealed that agomir-miR-27a reversed the promoting effect of LPS on NF-κB signaling pathway. The results here suggested that miR-27a alleviates LPS-induced ALI in mice via reducing inflammation and apoptosis through blocking TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJie Ju
- a Department of Critial Care Medicine , Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai China
| | - BoFei Liu
- b Department of Intensive Care Medicine , 1st People Hospital , ZhangjiaGang , China
| | - HongYu He
- a Department of Critial Care Medicine , Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai China
| | - ZhunYong Gu
- a Department of Critial Care Medicine , Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai China
| | - YiMei Liu
- a Department of Critial Care Medicine , Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai China
| | - Ying Su
- a Department of Critial Care Medicine , Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai China
| | - DuMing Zhu
- a Department of Critial Care Medicine , Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai China
| | - Jing Cang
- c Department of Anesthesiology , Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhe Luo
- a Department of Critial Care Medicine , Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai China
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13
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Effects of calcium gluconate on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2931-2935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Pei L, Ge S, Ye Y, Jiang Z, Liang X, Zhao W, Ma L. Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of Sarsasapogenin-AA22 in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4295. [PMID: 29797524 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A sarsasapogenin derivative, sarsasapogenin-AA22 (AA22), with cyclobutylamine at the 3-hydroxyl position of sarsasapogenin, has great neuroprotective activity in PC12 cells and NO production inhibitory activity in RAW264.7 cell lines. A method was developed to determine AA22 in rat plasma which was further applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of AA22 after taking a single dose of AA22. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used in the method, while diosgenin was used as internal standard. A simple protein precipitation based on acetonitrile was utilized. A simple sample cleanup promoted the throughput of the method considerably. The method was validated over the range of 1-1000 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient > 0.99. The lower limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL for AA22 in plasma. Intra- and inter-day accuracies for AA22 were 92-111 and 100-103%, respectively, and the inter-day precision was <15%. After a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg of AA22, the mean peak plasma concentration of AA22 was 2114 ± 362 ng/mL at 6 h. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve was 196,098 ± 69,375 h ng/mL, and the elimination half-life was 8.7 ± 2.2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Pei
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlan Ge
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyi Ye
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziwei Jiang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshu Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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15
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Meng L, Li L, Lu S, Li K, Su Z, Wang Y, Fan X, Li X, Zhao G. The protective effect of dexmedetomidine on LPS-induced acute lung injury through the HMGB1-mediated TLR4/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Lin N, Liu B, Zhang J, Long Y, Dong G, Jin H, Ma B. Acute toxicity, 28-day repeated-dose toxicity and toxicokinetic study of timosaponin BII in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:244-257. [PMID: 28947379 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Timosaponin BII (TBII), a major steroidal saponin isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge., displays a variety of promising pharmacological activities, such as neuroprotection, enhancement of learning and memory, vascular protection and inhibition of platelet aggregation; therefore, it has been developed as a pharmaceutical for prevention or treatment of dementia. Given the safety concerns surrounding timosaponins and the absence of studies on the safety of TBII, the potential toxicity of TBII was evaluated in toxicity and toxicokinetic studies in rats. In the acute oral toxicity study, loose stools were observed in rats receiving 4000 mg/kg, and the symptoms recovered within 1 day. In the 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity and toxicokinetic study, rats receiving 540 mg/kg showed loose stools and a slight deceleration of body weight growth in both sexes, and the females also showed a slight decrease in food consumption. Moreover, urinalysis indicated reversible treatment-related toxicity in rats receiving 540 mg/kg. The toxicokinetic study demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in systematic exposure to TBII after 28 successive days of oral treatment with TBII. The accumulation coefficients of TBII were 4.35, 1.70 and 1.81, respectively, in rats that received 60, 180 and 540 mg/kg. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is proposed to be 180 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Lin
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China; New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Liu
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical R&D., Ltd., Shandong 251500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongpeng Long
- Beijing Hwellso Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoming Dong
- Beijing Hwellso Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baiping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Sclareol ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through inhibition of MAPK and induction of HO-1 signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 44:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Xu XH, Li T, Fong CMV, Chen X, Chen XJ, Wang YT, Huang MQ, Lu JJ. Saponins from Chinese Medicines as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101326. [PMID: 27782048 PMCID: PMC6272920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are glycosides with triterpenoid or spirostane aglycones that demonstrate various pharmacological effects against mammalian diseases. To promote the research and development of anticancer agents from saponins, this review focuses on the anticancer properties of several typical naturally derived triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides and saikosaponins) and steroid saponins (dioscin, polyphyllin, and timosaponin) isolated from Chinese medicines. These saponins exhibit in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects, such as anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, anti-multidrug resistance, and autophagy regulation actions. In addition, related signaling pathways and target proteins involved in the anticancer effects of saponins are also summarized in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Chi Man Vivienne Fong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Ming-Qing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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19
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753 G/A polymorphism of TLR2 in the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in the Lur population of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Luo F, Zhou R, Lei H, Mou Y, Zhang P, Sun Y, Chen T, He L, Yan T. Umbelliferone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury linked with regulation of TLRs–MyD88 and RIP140/NF-κB signaling pathways. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18293c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbelliferone (Umb), isolated from the chloroform fraction of Potentilla evestita, exerts a variety of pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Hui Lei
- Pharmaceutical Experiment Center of China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Yi Mou
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 225300
- China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
- Department of Pharmacology
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Tianhua Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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