1
|
|
2
|
Sorensen GL. Surfactant Protein D in Respiratory and Non-Respiratory Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:18. [PMID: 29473039 PMCID: PMC5809447 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a multimeric collectin that is involved in innate immune defense and expressed in pulmonary, as well as non-pulmonary, epithelia. SP-D exerts antimicrobial effects and dampens inflammation through direct microbial interactions and modulation of host cell responses via a series of cellular receptors. However, low protein concentrations, genetic variation, biochemical modification, and proteolytic breakdown can induce decomposition of multimeric SP-D into low-molecular weight forms, which may induce pro-inflammatory SP-D signaling. Multimeric SP-D can decompose into trimeric SP-D, and this process, and total SP-D levels, are partly determined by variation within the SP-D gene, SFTPD. SP-D has been implicated in the development of respiratory diseases including respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, allergic asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Disease-induced breakdown or modifications of SP-D facilitate its systemic leakage from the lung, and circulatory SP-D is a promising biomarker for lung injury. Moreover, studies in preclinical animal models have demonstrated that local pulmonary treatment with recombinant SP-D is beneficial in these diseases. In recent years, SP-D has been shown to exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in various non-pulmonary organs and to have effects on lipid metabolism and pro-inflammatory effects in vessel walls, which enhance the risk of atherosclerosis. A common SFTPD polymorphism is associated with atherosclerosis and diabetes, and SP-D has been associated with metabolic disorders because of its effects in the endothelium and adipocytes and its obesity-dampening properties. This review summarizes and discusses the reported genetic associations of SP-D with disease and the clinical utility of circulating SP-D for respiratory disease prognosis. Moreover, basic research on the mechanistic links between SP-D and respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases is summarized. Perspectives on the development of SP-D therapy are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grith L Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Li G, Li L, Liu Z, Zhou Q, Wang G, Chen D. Surfactant protein-D (SP-D) gene polymorphisms and serum level as predictors of susceptibility and prognosis of acute kidney injury in the Chinese population. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:67. [PMID: 28212617 PMCID: PMC5316147 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Injury to the kidney epithelial barrier is a characteristic feature of acute kidney injury (AKI). Serum surfactant protein-D (SP-D), a known biomarker of damaged alveolar epithelium, is also secreted by renal tubular epithelial cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the possible association of SP-D with AKI susceptibility and prognosis. Methods In this study, 159 AKI patients and 120 healthy individuals were included. SP-D polymorphisms Thr11Met and Thr160Ala, AKI patient serum SP-D levels at days 1, 3 and 7 and urine KIM-1 levels in both AKI patients and controls were examined. The obtained results were correlated with the AKI stage, duration of renal replacement therapy (RRT) and prognosis. Results Serum SP-D level in AKI patients was higher than controls (p < 0.01). SP-D 11Thr/Thr genotype was more frequent in AKI patients than in controls (p < 0.01). Furthermore, AKI patients with SP-D 11Thr/Thr genotype had significantly higher serum SP-D levels (p < 0.05) compared to other genotypes. Serum SP-D levels corrected to the progression of AKI with a peak at day 3. Furthermore, the SP-D 11Thr/Thr genotype frequency and baseline serum SP-D level were higher in patients who subsequently died. Baseline serum SP-D levels positively correlated with the urine KIM-1 levels, AKI stage and RRT duration. Conclusion In our study, elevated serum SP-D was associated with worse AKI clinical outcomes and patients with SP-D 11Thr/Thr genotype were more susceptible to AKI. Collectively, these findings suggest that SP-D may be useful as a biomarker of AKI susceptibility and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Lianghai Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434020, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Internal medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Qingshan Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Dechang Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sorensen GL, Bladbjerg EM, Steffensen R, Tan Q, Madsen J, Drivsholm T, Holmskov U. Association between the surfactant protein D (SFTPD) gene and subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 246:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
5
|
Wei L, Xu D, Qian Y, Huang G, Ma W, Liu F, Shen Y, Wang Z, Li L, Zhang S, Chen Y. Comprehensive analysis of gene-expression profile in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:1103-9. [PMID: 26089660 PMCID: PMC4468932 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s68570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the gene-expression profile of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and explore the possible therapeutic targets. METHODS The microarray raw dataset GSE29133, including three COPD samples and three normal samples, was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus. After data preprocessing with the Affy package, Student's t-test was employed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The up- and downregulated DEGs were then pooled for gene-ontology and pathway-enrichment analyses using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). The upstream regulatory elements of these DEGs were also explored by using Whole-Genome rVISTA. Furthermore, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for DEGs. The surfactant protein D (SP-D) serum level and HLA-A gene frequency in COPD patients and healthy controls were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS A total of 39 up- and 15 downregulated DEGs were screened. Most of the upregulated genes were involved in the immune response process, while the downregulated genes were involved in the steroid metabolic process. Moreover, we also found that HLA-A has the highest degree in the PPI network. The SP-D serum level and HLA-A gene frequency in COPD patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (13.62±2.09 ng/mL vs 10.28±2.86 ng/mL; 62.5% vs 12.5%; P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results may help further the understanding of the mechanisms of COPD. The identified DEGs, especially HLA-A, may serve as diagnosis markers for COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yechang Qian
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyi Huang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangying Liu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Shen
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanfang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lock-Johansson S, Vestbo J, Sorensen GL. Surfactant protein D, Club cell protein 16, Pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine, C-reactive protein, and Fibrinogen biomarker variation in chronic obstructive lung disease. Respir Res 2014; 15:147. [PMID: 25425298 PMCID: PMC4256818 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multifaceted condition that cannot be fully described by the severity of airway obstruction. The limitations of spirometry and clinical history have prompted researchers to investigate a multitude of surrogate biomarkers of disease for the assessment of patients, prediction of risk, and guidance of treatment. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of observations for a selection of recently investigated pulmonary inflammatory biomarkers (Surfactant protein D (SP-D), Club cell protein 16 (CC-16), and Pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC/CCL-18)) and systemic inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen) with COPD. The relevance of these biomarkers for COPD is discussed in terms of their biological plausibility, their independent association to disease and hard clinical outcomes, their modification by interventions, and whether changes in clinical outcomes are reflected by changes in the biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lock-Johansson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsloews Vej 25.3, Odense, 5000, Denmark.
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Respiratory Research Group, Manchester Academic Science Centre University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsloews Vej 25.3, Odense, 5000, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Knudsen L, Ochs K, Boxler L, Tornoe I, Lykke-Sorensen G, Mackay RM, Clark HW, Holmskov U, Ochs M, Madsen J. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) deficiency is attenuated in humanised mice expressing the Met(11)Thr short nucleotide polymorphism of SP-D: implications for surfactant metabolism in the lung. J Anat 2013; 223:581-92. [PMID: 24111992 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is part of the innate immune system involved in lung homeostasis. SP-D knockout mice show accumulations of foamy alveolar macrophages, alveolar lipoproteinosis and pulmonary emphysema. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been described in the coding sequence of the human SP-D gene SFTPD. Clinical studies showed that the SNP SFTPD with a nucleotide change from A to C resulting in a Met to Thr substitution at position 11 in the protein (Met(11)Thr), is relevant. This study set out to create a humanised mouse model of the Met(11)Thr SNP. Transgenic mice lines expressing either Met(11) or Thr(11) SP-D under the control of the ubiquitously expressed pROSA26 promoter in C57Bl/6 SP-D deficient mice (DKO) was created. Both Met(11) (142 ± 52 ng mL(-1) ) and Thr(11) (228 ± 76 ng mL(-1) ) mice lines expressed human SP-D at almost similar levels. According to the literature this was within the range of SP-D levels found in wildtype (WT) mice (253 ± 22 ng mL(-1) ). Met(11) or Thr(11) SP-D in serum from transgenic mice bound maltose in a calcium-dependent manner, and binding was inhibited in the presence of EDTA or maltose. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed for both transgenic mice lines complementation of the DKO phenotype by restoring cell counts, phospholipid levels and protein content back to WT levels. Cytospins of BAL pellet cells showed a resemblance to WT but both mice lines showed some foamy alveolar macrophages. The stereological analysis showed for none of the mice lines a complete abrogation of emphysematous alterations. However, both Met(11) and Thr(11) mice lines were partially reverted back to a WT phenotype when compared with DKO mice, indicating important effects on surfactant metabolism in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Clinical research in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been hampered by the lack of validated blood biomarkers. The ideal COPD biomarker would have the following characteristics: (1) it would be a lung specific protein that could be assayed in blood; (2) it would change with disease severity or during exacerbations; (3) it would be specific for COPD; and would be responsive to change with effective treatments. One such candidate is the lung specific protein surfactant protein D (SP-D). In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting SP-D as a COPD biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Bowler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jaw JE, Sin DD. Unifying thoracic biomarkers: surfactant protein-D and beyond. Expert Rev Respir Med 2012; 6:147-54. [PMID: 22455487 DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disorder that affects 300 million people worldwide and is responsible for 3 million deaths annually. Currently, there are no accepted biomarkers of COPD, which has impaired drug development and management of patients with COPD. Pneumoproteins, which are proteins synthesized predominantly in the lungs, are promising blood biomarkers because they have high specificity for lung disease. The most promising is surfactant protein-D, which is synthesized largely in Type 2 pneumocytes, and its blood concentrations have been associated with COPD and with certain clinical end points such as mortality. In this paper, we discuss surfactant protein-D and other pneumoproteins as promising biomarkers of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen Erh Jaw
- UBC James Hogg Research Center, The Institute for Heart and Lung Health, St Paul's Hospital and Department of Medicine (Pulmonary Division), University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|