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Sewing J, Klinger M, Notbohm H. Jellyfish collagen matrices conserve the chondrogenic phenotype in two- and three-dimensional collagen matrices. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:916-925. [PMID: 25631577 DOI: 10.1002/term.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage is a tissue with a very low capability of self-repair and the search for suitable materials supporting the chondrogenic phenotype and thus avoiding fibrotic dedifferentiation for matrix-associated chondrocyte transplantation (MACI) is ongoing. Jellyfish collagen was thought to be a suitable material mainly because of its good availability and easy handling. Collagen was extracted from jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum and the spreading of porcine chondrocytes on two (2D) and three dimensional (3D) collagen matrices examined in comparison with vertebrate collagens, placenta collagen and a commercially available matrix from porcine collagen type I (Optimaix®). In 2D, most chondrocytes kept their round shape on jellyfish collagen and vertebrate collagen type II compared with vertebrate collagen type I. This was also confirmed in 3D experiments, where chondrocytes preserved their phenotype on jellyfish collagen, as indicated by high collagen II/(II + I) ratios (≥54 % and ~92 % collagen type II in mRNA and protein, respectively) and no proliferation during 28 days of cultivation. These observations were discussed with a view to potential structural differences of jellyfish collagen, which might influence the integrin-mediated adhesion mechanisms of vertebrate cells on jellyfish collagen. This probably results from a lack of integrin-binding sites and the existence of an alternative binding mechanism such that cells kept their round shape on jellyfish collagen, preventing chondrocytes from dedifferentiation. Thus, collagen from R. esculentum is a very suitable and promising material for cartilage tissue engineering. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Sewing
- CRM Coastal Research & Management, Tiessenkai, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Holger Notbohm
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Tucker RP, Adams JC. Adhesion networks of cnidarians: a postgenomic view. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:323-77. [PMID: 24411175 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-cell adhesion systems are fundamental to the multicellularity of metazoans. Members of phylum Cnidaria were classified historically by their radial symmetry as an outgroup to bilaterian animals. Experimental study of Hydra and jellyfish has fascinated zoologists for many years. Laboratory studies, based on dissection, biochemical isolations, or perturbations of the living organism, have identified the ECM layer of cnidarians (mesoglea) and its components as important determinants of stem cell properties, cell migration and differentiation, tissue morphogenesis, repair, and regeneration. Studies of the ultrastructure and functions of intercellular gap and septate junctions identified parallel roles for these structures in intercellular communication and morphogenesis. More recently, the sequenced genomes of sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, Hydra magnipapillata, and coral Acropora digitifera have opened up a new frame of reference for analyzing the cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion molecules of cnidarians and examining their conservation with bilaterians. This chapter integrates a review of literature on the structure and functions of cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion systems in cnidarians with current analyses of genome-encoded repertoires of adhesion molecules. The postgenomic perspective provides a fresh view on fundamental similarities between cnidarian and bilaterian animals and is impelling wider adoption of species from phylum Cnidaria as model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Josephine C Adams
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Shimizu H, Zhang X, Zhang J, Leontovich A, Fei K, Yan L, Sarras MP. Epithelial morphogenesis in hydra requires de novo expression of extracellular matrix components and matrix metalloproteinases. Development 2002; 129:1521-32. [PMID: 11880360 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.6.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the phylum Cnidaria, the body wall of hydra is organized as an epithelium bilayer (ectoderm and endoderm) with an intervening extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous studies have established the general molecular structure of hydra ECM and indicate that it is organized as two subepithelial zones that contain basement membrane components such as laminin and a central fibrous zone that contains interstitial matrix components such as a unique type I fibrillar collagen. Because of its simple structure and high regenerative capacity, hydra has been used as a developmental model to study cell-ECM interaction during epithelial morphogenesis. The current study extends previous studies by focusing on the relationship of ECM biogenesis to epithelial morphogenesis in hydra, as monitored during head regeneration or after simple incision of the epithelium. Histological studies indicated that decapitation or incision of the body column resulted in an immediate retraction of the ECM at the wound site followed by a re-fusion of the bilayer within 1 hour. After changes in the morphology of epithelial cells at the regenerating pole, initiation of de novo biogenesis of an ECM began within hours while full reformation of the mature matrix required approximately 2 days. These processes were monitored using probes to three matrix or matrix-associated components: basement membrane-associated hydra laminin β1 chain (HLM-β1), interstitial matrix-associated hydra fibrillar collagen (Hcol-I) and hydra matrix metalloproteinase (HMMP). While upregulation of mRNA for both HLM-β1 and Hcol-I occurred by 3 hours, expression of the former was restricted to the endoderm and expression of the latter was restricted to the ectoderm. Upregulation of HMMP mRNA was also associated with the endoderm and its expression paralleled that for HLM-β1. As monitored by immunofluorescence, HLM-β1 protein first appeared in each of the two subepithelial zones (basal lamina) at about 7 hours, while Hcol-I protein was first observed in the central fibrous zone (interstitial matrix) between 15 and 24 hours. The same temporal and spatial expression pattern for these matrix and matrix-associated components was observed during incision of the body column, thus indicating that these processes are a common feature of the epithelium in hydra. The correlation of loss of the ECM, cell shape changes and subsequent de novo biogenesis of matrix and matrix-associated components were all functionally coupled by antisense experiments in which translation of HLM-β1 and HMMP was blocked and head regeneration was reversibly inhibited. In addition, inhibition of translation of HLM-β1 caused an inhibition in the appearance of Hcol-I into the ECM, thus suggesting that binding of HLM-β1 to the basal plasma membrane of ectodermal cells signaled the subsequent discharge of Hcol-I from this cell layer into the newly forming matrix. Given the early divergence of hydra, these studies point to the fundamental importance of cell-ECM interactions during epithelial morphogenesis.
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Sarras MP, Deutzmann R. Hydra and Niccolo Paganini (1782-1840)--two peas in a pod? The molecular basis of extracellular matrix structure in the invertebrate, Hydra. Bioessays 2001; 23:716-24. [PMID: 11494320 DOI: 10.1002/bies.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The body wall of Hydra is organized as an epithelial bilayer with an intervening extracellular matrix (ECM). Molecular and biochemical analyses of Hydra ECM have established that it contains components similar to those seen in more complicated vertebrates such as human. In terms of biophysical parameters, Hydra ECM is highly flexible; a property that facilitates continuous movements along the organism's longitudinal and radial axis. A more rigid ECM, as in vertebrates, would not be compatible with this degree of movement. The flexible nature of Hydra ECM can now be explained in part by the unique structure of the organism's collagens. Interestingly, some aspects of the structural features of Hydra collagens mimic what is seen in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, an inherited condition in humans that results in an abnormally flexible ECM that can be debilitating in extreme cases. This review will focus on structure-function relationships of the ECM of Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sarras
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA.
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Deutzmann R, Fowler S, Zhang X, Boone K, Dexter S, Boot-Handford RP, Rachel R, Sarras MP. Molecular, biochemical and functional analysis of a novel and developmentally important fibrillar collagen (Hcol-I) in hydra. Development 2000; 127:4669-80. [PMID: 11023869 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127.21.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The body wall of hydra (a member of the phylum Cnidaria) is structurally reduced to an epithelial bilayer with an intervening extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous studies have established that cell-ECM interactions are important for morphogenesis and cell differentiation in this simple metazoan. The ECM of hydra is particularly interesting because it represents a primordial form of matrix. Despite progress in our understanding of hydra ECM, we still know little about the nature of hydra collagens. In the current study we provide a molecular, biochemical and functional analysis of a hydra fibrillar collagen that has similarity to vertebrate type I and type II collagens. This fibrillar collagen has been named hydra collagen-I (Hcol-I) because of its structure and because it is the first ECM collagen to be identified in hydra. It represents a novel member of the collagen family. Similar to vertebrate type I and II collagens, Hcol-I contains an N-terminal propeptide-like domain, a triple helical domain containing typical Gly-X-Y repeats and a C-terminal propeptide domain. The overall identity to vertebrate fibrillar collagens is about 30%, while the identity of the C-terminal propeptide domain is 50%. Because the N-terminal propeptide domain is retained after post-translational processing, Hcol-I does not form thick fibers as seen in vertebrates. This was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy to study rotary shadow images of purified Hcol-I. In addition, absence of crucial lysine residues and an overall reduction in proline content, results in reduced crosslinking of fibrils and increased flexibility of the molecule, respectively. These structural changes in Hcol-I help to explain the flexible properties of hydra ECM. Immunocytochemical studies indicate that Hcol-I forms the 10 nm fibrils that comprise the majority of molecules in the central fibrous zone of hydra ECM. The central fibrous zone resides between the two subepithelial zones where hydra laminin is localized. While previous studies have shown that basal lamina components like laminin are expressed by the endoderm, in situ hybridisation studies show that Hcol-I mRNA expression is restricted to the ectoderm. Hcol-I expression is upregulated during head regeneration, and antisense studies using thio-oligonucleotides demonstrated that blocking the translation of Hcol-I leads to a reversible inhibition of head morphogenesis during this regenerative process. Taken in total, the data presented in this study indicate that Hcol-I is required for morphogensis in hydra and represents a novel fibrillar collagen whose structural characteristics help to explain the unique biophysical properties of hydra ECM. Interestingly, the structure of Hcol-I mimics what is seen in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VII in humans; an inherited pathological condition that leads to joint and skin abnormalities. Hcol-I therefore illustrates an adaptive trait in which the normal physiological situation in hydra translates into a pathological condition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Deutzmann
- Institut fur Biochemie I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Klinowska TC, Soriano JV, Edwards GM, Oliver JM, Valentijn AJ, Montesano R, Streuli CH. Laminin and beta1 integrins are crucial for normal mammary gland development in the mouse. Dev Biol 1999; 215:13-32. [PMID: 10525347 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the role of integrin-extracellular matrix interactions in the morphogenesis of ductal structures in vivo using the developing mouse mammary gland as a model. At puberty, ductal growth from terminal end buds results in an arborescent network that eventually fills the gland, whereupon the buds shrink in size and become mitotically inactive. End buds are surrounded by a basement membrane, which we show contains laminin-1 and collagen IV. To address the role of cell-matrix interactions in gland development, pellets containing function-perturbing anti-beta1 integrin, anti-alpha6 integrin, and anti-laminin antibodies respectively were implanted into mammary glands at puberty. Blocking beta1 integrins dramatically reduced both the number of end buds per gland and the extent of the mammary ductal network, compared with controls. These effects were specific to the end buds since the rest of the gland architecture remained intact. Reduced development was still apparent after 6 days, but end buds subsequently reappeared, indicating that the inhibition of beta1 integrins was reversible. Similar results were obtained with anti-laminin antibodies. In contrast, no effect on morphogenesis in vivo was seen with anti-alpha6 integrin antibody, suggesting that alpha6 is not the important partner for beta1 in this system. The studies with beta1 integrin were confirmed in a culture model of ductal morphogenesis, where we show that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced tubulogenesis is dependent on functional beta1 integrins. Thus integrins and HGF cooperate to regulate ductal morphogenesis. We propose that both laminin and beta1 integrins are required to permit cellular traction through the stromal matrix and are therefore essential for maintaining end bud structure and function in normal pubertal mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Klinowska
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, 3.239 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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Brower DL, Brower SM, Hayward DC, Ball EE. Molecular evolution of integrins: genes encoding integrin beta subunits from a coral and a sponge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:9182-7. [PMID: 9256456 PMCID: PMC23098 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.17.9182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrin family of cell surface receptors is strongly conserved in higher animals, but the evolutionary history of integrins is obscure. We have identified and sequenced cDNAs encoding integrin beta subunits from a coral (phylum Cnidaria) and a sponge (Porifera), indicating that these proteins existed in the earliest stages of metazoan evolution. The coral betaCn1 and, especially, the sponge betaPo1 sequences are the most divergent of the "beta1-class" integrins and share a number of features not found in any other vertebrate or invertebrate integrins. Perhaps the greatest difference from other beta subunits is found in the third and fourth repeats of the cysteine-rich stalk, where the generally conserved spacings between cysteines are highly variable, but not similar, in betaCn1 and betaPo1. Alternatively spliced cDNAs, containing a stop codon about midway through the full-length translated sequence, were isolated from the sponge library. These cDNAs appear to define a boundary between functional domains, as they would encode a protein that includes the globular ligand-binding head but would be missing the stalk, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains. These and other sequence comparisons with vertebrate integrins are discussed with respect to models of integrin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Brower
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Holmblad T, Thörnqvist PO, Söderhäll K, Johansson MW. Identification and cloning of an integrin β subunit from hemocytes of the freshwater crayfishPacifastacus leniusculus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19970215)277:3<255::aid-jez6>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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