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Zhang Y, Lin Z, Wang L, Guo X, Hao Z, Li Z, Johnston LJ, Dong B. Cooperative Interaction of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids Contained in Activated Charcoal with Herb Extracts, Involving Cholesterol, Bile Acid, and FXR/PXR Activation in Broilers Fed with Mycotoxin-Containing Diets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2200. [PMID: 36358572 PMCID: PMC9686537 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The charcoal-herb extract complex (CHC) is a product of activated charcoal sorption of herb extracts that contain phenolic acids and flavonoids. The effective dose of CHC to promote animal growth is about one tenth of effective dosage of activated charcoal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential cooperative interactions between activated charcoal and herb extracts. Two feeding experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, a responsive dose of CHC to broiler growth was determined to be 250 mg/kg of the diet. In Experiment 2, CHC increased growth performance and improved meat quality, but decreased indices of oxidative stress and inflammation as compared with similar doses of activated charcoal or herb extracts. CHC also increased concentrations of serum cholesterol, bile acid in the gallbladder, and bile acid in feces. The herb extracts present in CHC were largely represented by phenolic acids (PAs, caffeic acid, and vanillin) and flavonoids (FVs, daidzein, and quercetin-D-glucoside) in the detoxification activity of CHC in a mouse rescue test when the mice were gavaged with T-2 mycotoxin. PAs and FVs significantly increased the expression of CYP7A1, PXR, CYP3A37, Slco1B3, and Bsep in chicken primary hepatocytes. In conclusion, CHC integrated the cooperative interactions of activated charcoal and herb extracts via the FXR/RXR-PXR pathway to detoxify mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zishen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lixue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lee J. Johnston
- Swine Nutrition and Production, West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267, USA
| | - Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Peivasteh-Roudsari L, Pirhadi M, Shahbazi R, Eghbaljoo-Gharehgheshlaghi H, Sepahi M, Mirza Alizadeh A, Tajdar-oranj B, Jazaeri S. Mycotoxins: Impact on Health and Strategies for Prevention and Detoxification in the Food Chain. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1858858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Peivasteh-Roudsari
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Pirhadi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Shahbazi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Eghbaljoo-Gharehgheshlaghi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Sepahi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilam , Ilam, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-oranj
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Jazaeri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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Wilson SC, Brasel TL, Martin JM, Wu C, Andriychuk L, Douglas DR, Cobos L, Straus DC. Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide as a Gas and in Solution in the Inactivation of Two Trichothecene Mycotoxins. Int J Toxicol 2016; 24:181-6. [PMID: 16040571 DOI: 10.1080/10915810590953437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in detoxifying two potential bioterrorism agents, the trichothecene mycotoxins verrucarin A and roridin A, was evaluated. In the first experiment, verrucarin A (1, 5, or 10 μg) and roridin A (5 or 10 μg) were each inoculated onto square-inch sections of glass, paper, and cloth and exposed to 1000 ppm of ClO2 for either 24 or 72 h at room temperature. In the second experiment, verrucarin A and roridin A (1 or 2 ppm in water) were treated with 200, 500, or 1000 ppm ClO2 for up to 116 h at room temperature in light and dark conditions ( N = 9 per treatment for test and control). A yeast assay using Kluyveromyces marxianus was used to quantify the toxicity of verrucarin A and roridin A. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography was performed on selected samples. Results for the first experiment showed that ClO2 treatment had no detectable effect on either toxin. For the second experiment, both toxins were completely inactivated at all tested concentrations in as little as 2 h after treatment with 1000 ppm ClO2. For verrucarin A, an effect was seen at the 500 ppm level, but this effect was not as strong as that observed at the 1000 ppm level. Roridin A toxicity was decreased after treatment with 200 and 500 ppm ClO2, but this was not significant until the 24-h exposure time was reached. These data show that ClO2 (in solution) can be effective for detoxification of roridin A or verrucarin A at selected concentrations and exposure times.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wilson
- Center for Indoor Air Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA.
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Jard G, Liboz T, Mathieu F, Guyonvarc’h A, Lebrihi A. Review of mycotoxin reduction in food and feed: from prevention in the field to detoxification by adsorption or transformation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1590-609. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.595377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Sakuda Y, Ito A, Sasatsu M, Machida Y. Preparation and evaluation of medicinal carbon oral films. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:454-7. [PMID: 20410622 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal carbon (MC) films, which can be taken more easily than other dosage forms, were prepared using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and alginic acid sodium (ALG) as film base materials. Brilliant blue FCF (BB) was used as a model drug. The films containing MC had sufficient strength and disintegration time, but their ability to adsorb BB was clearly inhibited compared to that of MC in powder form. When ALG was used as the film base, the BB adsorption capacity of MC film was approximately 50% of that of MC powder. In an attempt to improve this adsorption ability, two saccharides, sorbitol (SOR) and maltitol (MT), were separately added to MC at a mixing ratio of 1 : 1 by weight. When ALG was the film base, MC films containing SOR or MT showed rapid adsorption profiles and had greatly increased capacities for BB adsorption compared with films containing MC alone. SOR was superior to MT as an additive, though both gave MC-containing films a BB adsorption capacity almost equal to that of MC powder after 24 h, and physical mixtures tended to have better BB adsorption capacities than pre-treatment mixture. In addition, both SOR and MT tended to increase vertical strength of films, but neither additive in either type of mixture had a clear effect on disintegration time. When CMC or HPMC was used as the film base, on the other hand, the addition of SOR or MT caused hardly any improvement in adsorption ability. The above results demonstrate that ALG is useful as a film base material for the preparation of MC films, and that MC films with sufficient strength and adsorption capacities equal to those of MC powders can be produced using a physical mixture of MC and SOR on an ALG base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sakuda
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Miyachi M, Onishi H, Yumoto T, Machida Y. Preparation of medicinal carbon tablets by modified wet compression method. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:1333-8. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040902902419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Yamamoto K, Ito A, Machida Y. Preparation and Evaluation of Medicinal Carbon Tablets with Different Saccharides as Binders. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:1058-60. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Medicinal Therapy Research, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
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Yamamoto K, Onishi H, Ito A, Machida Y. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of medicinal carbon granules and tablet on the adsorption of acetaminophen. Int J Pharm 2006; 328:105-11. [PMID: 16942843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal carbon (MC) granules were prepared by wet granulation using maltitol (MT), and the MC tablet was produced by compression of the granules. The physical properties and the in vitro adsorption capacity for AA of the formulations were examined. Further, the effects of MC alone and the granules on gastrointestinal absorption of AA were examined in rats when they were administered intragastrically at 15 or 45 min after the intragastrical administration of AA. AA was rapidly adsorbed by MC, and the maximum adsorption capacity of MC was 0.329g AA per gram MC. The granules and tablet exhibited adequate strength, and the tablet disintegrated rapidly. The granules and tablet showed similar adsorption profiles, but somewhat lower adsorption capacity than MC alone. MC alone and granules administered at 15 min reduced the AUC(0-infinity) significantly against the control (no treatment); however, the suppression effect on the plasma concentration was lower with the granules than with MC alone. Thus, granules and tablet are useful as a compact dosage form of MC; though the reduced adsorption capacity must be taken into account in order to expect efficacy equivalent to that of MC alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamamoto
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Ito A, Onishi H, Yamamoto K, Machida Y. Evaluation of Binders in the Preparation of Medicinal Carbon Tablets by Wet Granule Compression. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2006; 126:315-9. [PMID: 16596024 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.126.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal carbon (MC) tablets were prepared to obtain an oral dosage form that can be easily taken. The MC tablets were made by the wet granule compression method, in which hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) and maltitol (MT) were applied as binders. Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) was used as a model drug. The binders were evaluated in terms of formability of the granules and tablets, their strength, disintegration of the tablets, and their effect on the adsorption potential of MC. HPC and CMC-Na gave the strong granules at a fairly low concentration, but more MT was needed to obtain the strong granules. The tablets could be formed only when using MT at 120% (w/w) of the MC amount. The tablet displayed good hardness and rapid disintegration. The adsorption potential was not affected by CMC-Na, and slightly prevented by MT. However, the adsorption ability of MC was lowered more with the increase in HPC. The granules and tablets exhibited similar adsorption potentials, which were a little lower than that of MC suspended in MT aqueous solution. Similar adsorption characteristics were also observed in a real drug, acetaminophen. It is suggested that the MC tablets prepared by the wet granule compression using MT as a binder should be useful as a compact dosage form of MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Ito
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Yamamoto K, Onishi H, Ito A, Machida Y. Medicinal Carbon Tablets for Treatment of Acetaminophen Intoxication: Adsorption Characteristics of Medicinal Carbon Powder and Its Tablets. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54:359-62. [PMID: 16508192 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption characteristics of medicinal carbon powder (JP 14) for acetaminophen were examined at 37 degrees C using conventional incubation in an attempt to obtain an effective oral dosage form. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and maltitol (MT), being able to act as a binding agent, were tested as additives. Tablets of medicinal carbon were produced by the wet granulation method. The rate and extent of adsorption of the medicinal carbon powder were roughly similar in water, JP 14 1st fluid (pH 1.2) and JP 14 2nd fluid (pH 6.8). The relationship between concentrations of free and adsorbed acetaminophen indicated that the adsorption followed the Langmuir mode. The maximal adsorption of acetaminophen in water was 0.219 g per gram medicinal carbon powder, little influenced by the addition of MT, but slightly reduced by the addition of HPC. The tablet prepared using MT as a binding agent displayed a favorable hardness and adequate disintegration time. The tablet showed good adsorption potential for acetaminophen, though the adsorption rate and extent of the tablet were reduced to some extent as compared with powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamamoto
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University, Ebara, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Decontamination is the removal or reduction of chemical, biologic, or radiologic agents from the patient's skin, mucosa, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Decontamination is an important step in decreasing the clinical effects of the agent on the patient, as well as protecting coworkers from exposure. For most agents and the vast majority of scenarios, the removal of clothing and a simple 5- to 6-minute shower with soap and water is sufficient to eliminate the risks to the patient and hospital staff. In rare circumstances, additional steps in decontamination including gastric lavage, broncho-alveolar lavage, surgical removal of wound foreign bodies, and administration of activated charcoal, polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution, and radioisotope binding agents, may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Houston
- Oregon Health and Science University, CDW-EM, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Henghold WB. Other biologic toxin bioweapons: ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and trichothecene mycotoxins. Dermatol Clin 2004; 22:257-62, v. [PMID: 15207307 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The ideal biologic warfare agent is lethal, easy, and inexpensive to produce in large quantities, stable in aerosol for/with the ability to be dispersed over wide areas, has no effective treatment or vaccine, and is communicable from person to person. With the exception of the last characteristic, the biologic toxins (ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, T-2 mycotoxin, and botulinum) possess all the properties mentioned. This article will discuss the first three biologic toxins, with an emphasis on particular points of interest to the dermatologist. Botulinum toxin will be covered in another article.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Henghold
- Dermatology Service, Tripler Army Medical Center Hawaii, 1 Jarrett White Road, HI 96859-5000, USA.
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Blazes DL, Lawler JV, Lazarus AA. When biotoxins are tools of terror. Early recognition of intentional poisoning can attenuate effects. Postgrad Med 2002; 112:89-92, 95-6, 98. [PMID: 12198756 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2002.08.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Toxin-mediated diseases have made humans ill for millennia. They also have been used in beneficial ways. Unfortunately, the use of biological agents as weapons of terror has now been realized, and separating naturally occurring disease from bioterroristic events has become an important public health goal. The key to timely identification of such attacks relies on education of primary care physicians, first responders, and public health officials. We must remain vigilant to unusual case presentations or clusters of similar cases and report them immediately to public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Blazes
- Infectious Diseases Service, National Naval Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA.
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Fung F, Clark R, Williams S. Stachybotrys, a mycotoxin-producing fungus of increasing toxicologic importance. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1998; 36:79-86. [PMID: 9541050 DOI: 10.3109/15563659809162592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stachybotrys as a fungus has been implicated as a source of mycotoxins. While the toxicity of several well-known mycotoxins (aflatoxins) is well documented, recent studies on Stachybotrys have raised the question that mycotoxins produced by this fungus may be responsible for the health effects of occupants in water-damaged buildings. METHODS Published articles regarding Stachybotrys-related mycotoxins were reviewed with particular focus on human toxicity. RESULTS A critical review of papers, reports, and studies on Stachybotrys mycotoxins revealed only descriptive reports of suspected animal and human poisoning secondary to consumption of mold-contaminated food products. No studies of good toxicologic and epidemiologic designs answer whether airborne mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys could produce specific human toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Current data on the toxicology of mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys demonstrate that this group of mycotoxins is capable of producing immunosuppression and inflammatory insults to gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems. Case control study and case reports have suggested a possible association with environmental exposure to Stachybotrys mycotoxins, although a firm causal relationship has not been firmly established. Additional studies are needed to document that humans with sufficient exposure to these mycotoxins develop compatible clinical and pathologic pictures as demonstrated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fung
- University of California San Diego, USA.
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