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Botham PA, Chamberlain M, Barratt MD, Curren RD, Esdaile DJ, Gardner JR, Gordon VC, Hildebrand B, Lewis RW, Liebsch M, Logemann P, Osborne R, Ponec M, Régnier JF, Steiling W, Walker AP, Balls M. A Prevalidation Study on In Vitro Skin Corrosivity Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299502300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Botham
- ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - Mark Chamberlain
- Environmental Safety Laboratory, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Martin D. Barratt
- Environmental Safety Laboratory, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Rodger D. Curren
- Microbiological Associates Inc., 9900 Blackwell Road, Rockville, MD 20878, USA
| | - David J. Esdaile
- Rhône-Poulenc Secteur Agro, 355 Rue Dostoievski, BP 153, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - John R. Gardner
- Hazleton Europe, Otley Road, Harrogate, N. Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK
| | | | | | - Richard W. Lewis
- ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - Manfred Liebsch
- ZEBET, Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (BgVV), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pamela Logemann
- Tissue Sciences, 10933 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037-1005, USA
| | - Rosemarie Osborne
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, OH 45253-8707, USA
| | - Maria Ponec
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Arthur P. Walker
- Apojay Consultancy, 6 Cragside, Whitley Bay, Tyne & Wear NE26 3DU, UK
| | - Michael Balls
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
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Babu RJ, Chatterjee A, Ahaghotu E, Singh M. Percutaneous absorption and skin irritation upon low-level prolonged dermal exposure to nonane, dodecane and tetradecane in hairless rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 20:109-18. [PMID: 15941007 DOI: 10.1191/0748233704th197oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Even though the dermal toxicity of hydrocarbon fuels has been well established in the literature, there is little information available on the dermal penetration kinetics and irritation potential of the individual hydrocarbons. The penetration and skin retention of nonane, dodecane and tetradecane was assessed in vitro using hairless rats’ skin. The effects of unocclusive dermal exposures of these chemicals (15 mL every 2 h for 8 h a day for four days) on the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema were measured in CD hairless rats. The expression of interleukin 1a (IL-1a) and TNF-a in the skin and blood were measured at the end of dermal exposures. The flux of dodecane was 3- and 77-fold higher than nonane and tetradecane. The retention of chemicals in stratum corneum (SC) was in the order of tetradecane-dodecane-nonane, and directly correlated to the log Kp (r2-0.9900) and molecular weight of the chemicals (r2-0.8782). The TEWL and erythema data indicate that irritation was in the following order: tetradecane-dodecane-nonane. Likewise, the expression of IL-1a in the blood and TNF-a in the skin after dermal exposures was higher for tetradecane followed by dodecane and nonane compared to control. In conclusion, the aliphatic hydrocarbon chemicals of the present study induced cumulative irritation upon low-level repeat exposures for a four-day period. The affinity of the chemicals to SC and their gradual accumulation in the skin in the present study is the probable cause for the differences in the skin irritation profiles of different aliphatic chemicals. The findings of the present study will be helpful in understanding the skin irritation response of the chemicals in humans; indeed the reality check arises from dermal exposures in humans and human experience in occupational handling of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Babu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Jacobs GA, Castellazzi A, Dierickx PJ. Evaluation of a non-invasive human and an in vitro cytotoxicity method as alternatives to the skin irritation test on rabbits. Contact Dermatitis 1989; 21:239-44. [PMID: 2598649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1989.tb03202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
5 substances were investigated for their primary irritant effect by means of different protocols. The cutaneous blood flow values (CBFV) were measured in humans: in a 1st series of experiments 12 h after application of the pure substances for 48 h and in a 2nd series of experiments 1, 24, 48 and 72 h after application of the 10% diluted substances (subclinical concentration) for 3 h. Rabbit skin erythema scores were obtained 1, 24, 48 and 72 h after application of the undiluted substances for 4 h. The uridine uptake inhibition assay on KB cells was included as a cytotoxicity test. Results obtained for both protocols on humans are compared with each other and with the test data obtained on rabbits, and with the cytotoxicity data. Application of the undiluted substances for 48 h on human skin or for only 3 h at a 10% dilution resulted in the same ranking between the substances. The CBFV in the human correlated very well (r = 0.99) with erythema scores obtained on rabbits. A poor correlation was observed between the in vitro and the in vivo results. From this study, it can be concluded that CBFV measurement is a valid method for the detection of erythema at subclinical concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Jacobs
- Institut voor Hygiëne en Epidemiologie, Afdeling Toxicologie, Brussel, Belgium
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