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Guo Y, Hong L, Gao P, Liu S, Zhu Y, Xie X, Zhang G, Xie K. Development of a QuEChERS-HPLC-FLD Procedure for the Simultaneous Detection of Residues of Florfenicol, Its Metabolite Florfenicol Amine, and Three Fluoroquinolones in Eggs. Molecules 2024; 29:252. [PMID: 38202835 PMCID: PMC10780869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A method utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) has been developed and refined for the simultaneous detection of florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite florfenicol amine (FFA) along with three fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), and sarafloxacin (SAR)) residues in different parts of eggs (whole egg, egg yolk, and egg albumen). The QuEChERS ("Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe") procedure utilized 0.1 M disodium EDTA solution, water, and acetonitrile as extractants; sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, and trisodium citrate as dehydrating salts; and N-propylethylenediamine and C18 as adsorbents. A dual-channel FLD method was utilized to analyze the target compounds using an XBridge BEH C18 chromatographic column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was employed isocratically using a solution of 0.01 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.005 M sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 0.1% triethylamine (pH 4.8) in combination with acetonitrile at a ratio of 65:35 (V/V). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the analytes ranged from 0.03 to 1.5 µg/kg and from 0.1 to 5.0 µg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the analytes in the blank egg samples ranged from 71.9% to 94.8% when reference standard concentrations of the LOQ, half of the maximum residual limit (MRL), MRL, and twice the MRL were added. The parameters of the presented protocol were validated and subsequently applied to the analysis of real samples, demonstrating the applicability and reliability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lu Hong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Shuyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yali Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Genxi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Yang F, Yang F, Wang D, Zhang CS, Wang H, Song ZW, Shao HT, Zhang M, Yu ML, Zheng Y. Development and Application of a Water Temperature Related Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Enrofloxacin and Its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin in Rainbow Trout. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:608348. [PMID: 33585600 PMCID: PMC7874017 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.608348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Enrofloxacin (ENR) has been approved for the treatment of infections in aquaculture, but it may cause tissue residue. This research aimed to develop and validate a water temperature related PBPK model, including both ENR and ciprofloxacin (CIP), in rainbow trout, and to predict further their residue concentrations and the withdrawal periods for ENR at different water temperatures. With the published concentrations data, a flow-limited PBPK model including both ENR and CIP sub-models was developed to predict ENR and CIP concentrations in tissues and plasma/serum after intravenous, oral, or immersion administration. A Monte Carlo simulation including 500 iterations was further incorporated into this model. Based on the model and Monte Carlo analysis, the withdrawal intervals were estimated for different dosage regimens and at different water temperatures, ranging from 80 to 272 degree-days. All of these values were shorter than the labeled withdrawal period (500 degree-days) in fish. This model provided a useful tool for predicting the tissue residues of ENR and CIP in rainbow trout under different dosage regimens and at different water temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Environmental and Animal Products Safety Laboratory of Key Discipline in University of Henan Province, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Jiaozuo Livestock Product Quality and Safety Monitoring Center, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Chao-Shuo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhe-Wen Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hao-Tian Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Meng-Li Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Varol M, Sünbül MR. Environmental contaminants in fish species from a large dam reservoir and their potential risks to human health. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:507-515. [PMID: 30472475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The residue levels of antibiotics, metals and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in six fish species from the Karakaya Dam Reservoir, Turkey. Among monitored antibiotics, only enrofloxacin and ofloxacin were detected in muscle of fish species. Enrofloxacin levels in positive samples ranged from 0.0034 to 0.0073 mg/kg. It was detected in four fish species (trout barb, common carp, chub and Euphrates barbell), while ofloxacin was only found in common carp with the concentration of 0.0072 mg/kg. Both enrofloxacin and ofloxacin levels were below the maximum residue levels. No detectable residues of any OCPs were found in fish species. The highest toxic metal (As, Cd and Pb) content was detected in Euphrates barbell (0.103 mg/kg). Arsenic, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn levels were well below the maximum permissible limits. The levels of antibiotics and metals found in fish species in the present study were generally lower than or comparable to those reported in other water bodies. According to estimated daily intake and hazard quotient values, antibiotics and metals detected in these wild fish species do not appear to pose a serious risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memet Varol
- Malatya Turgut Özal University, Faculty of Fisheries, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Muhammet Raşit Sünbül
- East Mediterranean Transitional Zone Agricultural Research of Institute, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
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