Evaluation of a single preoperative dose of etoricoxib for postoperative pain relief in therapeutic knee arthroscopy: a randomized trial

Does low dose of etoricoxib play pre-emptive analgesic effect in third molar surgery? A randomized clinical trial

Background

How to prevent pain after the extraction of impacted teeth is a serious challenge for all patients. The purpose of this clinical trial was to investigate whether pre-emptive low dose of etoricoxib can reduce postoperative pain in patients undergoing third molars surgery.

Methods

Patients were randomised to receive etoricoxib 60 mg or placebo 30 min before surgery. Post-operative pain was recorded using a visual analogue scale during 24 h within the post-operative period. The total dose of ibuprofen rescue intake was recorded. Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank analyses were used to evaluate the proportion of patients without rescue analgesic.

Results

Scores for the post-operative pain in the etoricoxib group were significantly lower than those in the placebo group during first 12 h (p < 0.05). The number of patients without analgesic rescue medication was significantly lower in the etoricoxib group than in the placebo group. The average amount of rescue medication in the etoricoxib group (0.4 ± 0.9 dose) was lower than that in the placebo group (1.1 ± 0.9 doses, p = 0.004). Etoricoxib resulted in the long-term survival of patients without rescue analgesic (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study revealed that etoricoxib has a substantial pre-emptive analgesic effect, resulting in the reduced use of analgesics after third molar removal.

Trial registration: Registered on ChiCTR1900024503. Date of Registration: 13/07/2019.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01837-0.

Perioperative nonopioid analgesia reduces postoperative opioid consumption in knee arthroscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

The opioid epidemic has prompted an emphasis on investigating opioid-sparing alternatives for pain management following knee arthroscopy. This review evaluated the effects of perioperative nonopioid adjunct analgesia on postoperative opioid consumption and pain control in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy.

METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS. Prospective comparative studies assessing the efficacy of various perioperative nonopioid analgesic strategies in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy were included. Twenty-five studies (n = 2408) were included.

RESULTS

Pre-emptive nonopioid pain medications demonstrated a reduction in cumulative postoperative oral morphine equivalent (OME) consumption by 11.8 mg (95% CI - 18.3, - 5.4, p ≤ 0.0001) and VAS pain scores by 1.5 (95% CI - 2.3, - 0.7, p < 0.001) at 24 h compared to placebo. Postoperative nonopioid pain medications significantly reduced cumulative postoperative OME consumption by 9.7 mg (95% CI - 14.4, - 5.1, p < 0.001) and VAS pain scores by 1.0 (95% CI - 1.354, - 0.633, p < 0.001) at 24 h compared to placebo. Saphenous nerve blocks significantly reduced cumulative postoperative OME consumption by 6.5 mg (95% CI - 10.3, - 2.6, p = 0.01) and VAS pain scores by 0.8 (- 1.4, - 0.3, p = 0.03) at 24 h compared to placebo. Both preoperative patient education and postoperative cryotherapy reduced postoperative opioid consumption.

CONCLUSION

Perioperative nonopioid pharmacotherapy, saphenous nerve blocks, and cryotherapy for patients undergoing knee arthroscopy significantly reduce opioid consumption and pain scores when compared to placebo at 24 h postoperatively. These interventions should be considered in efforts to reduce opioid consumption in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. More research is needed to determine which interventions can reduce pain outside of the immediate postoperative period and the potential synergistic effects of combining interventions.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

II.

Comparative Evaluation of Two Doses of Etoricoxib (90 mg and 120 mg) as Pre-Emptive Analgesic for Post-Operative Pain Relief in Mandibular Fracture Surgery Under General Anaesthesia: A Prospective, Randomised, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Objective

This trial investigated the post operative analgesic efficacy of oarl etoricoxib 90 mg and 120 mg and a placebo in mandibular fracture pain model.

Methods

A total of 63 adult patients with mandibular fractures who were scheduled to undergo maxillofacial surgery were randomly allocated to receive etoricoxib 90 mg, etoricoxib 120 mg and a placebo 1 hour before the surgery. Patients were followed-up till 24 hours after the surgery. Duration of analgesia, intra-operative and post-operative analgesic requirement, pain score, post-operative patient satisfaction and adverse effects were measured.

Results

The baseline demographic parameters were similar in all the groups. Duration of analgesia was longer in both the E120 (6.00±0.816 hours) and E90 (4.37±1.008 hours) groups (p<0.05) as compared to the placebo group (2.60±0.821 hours). Mean difference of duration of analgesia between E120 and E90 was 1.62 (95% confidence interval: 0.234–3.484; p>0.05). Post-operative pain intensity was significantly lower in both the E120 and E90 groups as compared to the C group. Both the etoricoxib groups required less intra-operative (p=0.002) and post-operative (p=0.001) analgesic supplementation as compared to the placebo group. The patient satisfaction score and rate of occurrence of significant adverse effects were similar among all the three groups.

Conclusion

Etoricoxib 90 mg is equally efficacious to etoricoxib120 mg with a similar side effect profile in a severely acute setting.

A review of dexketoprofen trometamol in acute pain

OBJECTIVE

Dexketoprofen trometamol is a modified non-selective COX inhibitor with a rapid onset of action that is available as both oral and parenteral formulations. The aim of this narrative review was to assess the efficacy and tolerability/safety of dexketoprofen trometamol in acute pain states using the best available published scientific evidence (randomized controlled clinical trials and systematic reviews/meta-analyses).

METHODS

Literature retrieval was performed via Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library (from inception up to March 2017) using combinations of the terms "randomized controlled trials", "dexketoprofen", "celecoxib", "etoricoxib", "parecoxib" and "acute pain".

RESULTS

Single-dose dexketoprofen trometamol provides effective analgesia in the treatment of acute pain, such as postoperative pain (dental and non-dental surgery), renal colic, acute musculoskeletal disorders and dysmenorrhea, and reduces opioid consumption in the postoperative setting. It has a rapid onset of action (within 30 minutes) and is well tolerated during short-term treatment. Direct comparisons with COX-2 inhibitors are lacking; however, the efficacy and tolerability of single-dose dexketoprofen trometamol appears to be consistent with that seen with celecoxib, etoricoxib and parecoxib in the acute pain setting.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, dexketoprofen trometamol appears to provide similar analgesic efficacy to COX-2 inhibitors when used to treat acute pain, has a rapid onset of action, is well tolerated, and has an opioid-sparing effect when used as part of a multimodal regimen in the acute pain setting.

Perioperative Duloxetine and Etoricoxibto improve postoperative pain after lumbar Laminectomy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study

BACKGROUND

Duloxetine, Etoricoxib and opioid are of the commonly administered drugs in Lumbar laminectomy. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of perioperative use of Duloxetine in combination with Etoricoxib on postoperative pain and opioid requirements.

METHODS

One hundred twenty patients with ASA physical status were enrolled with age between 18 and 70 years. Patients were divided randomly into four groups of 30 patients: group P received placebo, group E received etoricoxib 120 mg, group D received duloxetine 60 mg and group D/E received duloxetine 60 mg capsules and etoricoxib 120 mg; 1 h before surgery and 24 h after.

RESULTS

Neither Duloxetine nor etoricoxib individually had effect on pain with movement, while their combination revealed a significant reduction in pain scores over the entire postoperative period at rest and on movement. Etoricoxib showed a significant decrease in pain at all times at rest when compared with group P, while it showed significant pain decrease only at 0, 2 and 4 h when compared with group D. On the other hand duloxetine alone showed significant decrease in pain at rest at 24 h and 48 h when compared with group P. ConcerningMorphine requirement after 24 h.; it wassignificantly lower in the D/E group in comparison with groups P, E and D. It should be noted also that there was a significant decrease morphine requirement in both groups E and D.

CONCLUSION

The perioperative administration of the combination of etoricoxib and duloxetine improved analgesia and reduced opioid consumption without significant side effects.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ISRCTN48329522 . 17 June 2017.

The effect of midazolam on pain control after knee arthroscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Midazolam has some potential in pain control of patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. However, the results remain controversial. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effect of midazolam on pain control after knee arthroscopy.

METHODS

PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases are systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of midazolam on pain management after knee arthroscopy are included. Two investigators have independently searched articles, extracted the data, and assessed the quality of the included studies. This meta-analysis is performed using the random-effect model.

RESULTS

Six RCTs are included in this meta-analysis. Compared with control intervention after knee arthroscopy, midazolam intervention can significantly reduce the pain scores (standard mean difference (Std. MD) = - 3.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) = - 6.81 to - 0.60; P = 0.02), the number of patients requiring analgesics (risk ratio (RR) = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.88; P = 0.005), and analgesic consumption (Std. MD = -1.62; 95% CI = - 3.04 to - 0.19; P = 0.03), as well as increase the time to first analgesic requirement (Std. MD = 1.58; 95% CI = 0.17 to 2.99; P = 0.03). In addition, midazolam intervention results in no increase in adverse events following knee arthroscopy (RR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.18 to 2.98; P = 0.67).

CONCLUSIONS

Midazolam intervention is revealed to substantially reduce the pain scores, the number of patients requiring analgesics, and analgesic consumption, as well as improve the time to first analgesic requirement after knee arthroscopy.

Perioperative pain management in fast-track knee arthroplasty

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[Pain therapy with metamizole after ambulatory surgery?]

One third of operations are performed on an outpatient basis in Germany, but methods of postoperative pain therapy are less studied. We observed 126 patients with ambulatory and planned surgery in the field of orthopedics and trauma surgery. They were treated with the analgesic metamizole intra- and postoperatively and completed the patients' questionnaire QUIPS on the first postoperative day. In all, 79 patients (61.7%) reported current pain ≥4 on the numerical rating scale (NRS); 84 (66.6%) had restrictions in mobility, 48 (38.1%) described sleep disorders, and 26 (20.6%) wished for more or stronger analgesics. However, 91 (72.2%) of our patients were satisfied with the their pain therapy. Chances are that the treatment of nociceptive pain during movement with NSAID or COX-2-inhibitors is more successful. Further investigations should follow.

Perioperative pain management in fast-track knee arthroplasty

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The Cerebrospinal Fluid Distribution of Postoperatively Administred Dexketoprofen and Etoricoxib and Their Effect on Pain and Inflammatory Markers in Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Based on earlier literature, etoricoxib may have a delayed analgesic effect in postoperative setting when analgesic efficacy of nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug dexketoprofen is rapid. This may be caused by slow penetration of etoricoxib into the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore we decided to determine the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexketoprofen and etoricoxib in patients with hip arthroplasty.

METHODS

A total of 24 patients, scheduled for an elective primary hip arthroplasty were enrolled. After surgery, 12 subjects were randomized to received a single intravenous dose of dexketoprofen, and 12 subjects were given oral etoricoxib. Paired blood and CSF samples were taken up to 24 h for measurement of drug concentrations, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ra and blood for interleukin 10.

RESULTS

In CSF the highest measured concentration (C max) of dexketoprofen was 4.0 (median) ng/mL (minimum-maximum 1.9-13.9) and time to the highest concentration (t max) 3 h (2-5), and for etoricoxib C max 73 ng/mL (36-127) and t max 5 h (1-24), respectively. Opioid consumption during the first 24 postoperative hours was similar in the two groups. Dexketoprofen and etoricoxib had a similar effect on the postoperative inflammatory response. No significant differences considering pain relief or adverse events were found between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

Dexketoprofen and etoricoxib entered the CNS readily, already at 30 min after administration dexketoprofen was detected in the CSF in most subjects and etoricoxib after 60 min. A single dose of dexketoprofen and etoricoxib provided a similar anti-inflammatory and analgesic response after major orthopaedic surgery.

Perioperative blood loss and gastrointestinal tolerability of etoricoxib and diclofenac in total hip arthroplasty (ETO-DIC study): a single-center, prospective double-blinded randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

Non-selective NSAIDs can cause serious gastrointestinal side-effects. Selective COX-2 blockers are a reasonable alternative for pain treatment. They do not seem to affect platelet function and consequently cause a lower perioperative blood loss than non-selective NSAIDs. This study compared etoricoxib and diclofenac during a perioperative (9 days) period after THA to investigate total blood loss and gastrointestinal tolerability. The hypothesis was that etoricoxib is superior to diclofenac.

METHODS

A total of 100 patients (50 in each group) were included in this trial. Etoricoxib (90 mg) was administered once and diclofenac sodium (75 mg) twice daily for 9 days. Total blood loss during and after primary cementless THA was detected. The rate of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) was analyzed to detect gastrointestinal tolerability.

RESULTS

The mean total blood loss (calculated) was 1548 ± SD 468 ml in the etoricoxib (ETO) group and 1649 (SD 547) ml in the diclofenac (DIC) group. The mean duration of THA was 81 min (SD 29) in the DIC and 75 min (SD 30) in the ETO group. Hence, the mean calculated total blood loss was 101 ml higher in the DIC group. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.334). Fifty-six patients (28 in each group) received a cell saver retransfusion, but only one patient (ETO group) needed an additional red blood cell transfusion. The hidden blood loss was 1067 ml (SD 603) in the DIC group and 999 ml (SD 378) in the ETO group. The gastrointestinal tolerability (number of adverse and serious adverse events) was not significantly different between groups.

CONCLUSION

There was no statistically significant difference in perioperative blood loss after primary THA under etoricoxib (90 mg) compared to diclofenac (75 mg). Furthermore, no gastrointestinal superiority of etoricoxib could be detected during a short period of 9 days.

Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2013

This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.

A randomized controlled trial for the effectiveness of intraarticular versus intravenous midazolam on pain after knee arthroscopy

BACKGROUND

This double-blinded, randomized clinical trial was designed to evaluate the comparison of intravenous versus intraarticular (IA) administration of midazolam on postoperative pain after knee arthroscopy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, 75 patients randomized in three groups to receive 75 mc/kg IA injection of midazolam and 10 ml intravenous injection of isotonic saline (Group I), 75 mc/kg intravenous injection of midazolam and 10 cc IA injection of isotonic saline (Group II) or IA and intravenous injection of isotonic saline (Group III) at the end of knee arthroscopy. Pain scores, time until the first request for analgesics, cumulative analgesic consumption, satisfaction, sedation, and complications as studied outcomes were assessed. Patients were observed for 24-h.

RESULTS

IA administration of midazolam significantly reduced pain scores in the early postoperative period compared with intravenous injection. Mean of time to first analgesic requirement in Group III (33.6 min) was significantly lower than Group II (288.8 min) and Group I (427.5 min). Cumulative analgesic consumption was increased in Groups II (35.5 mg), and III (70 mg) compared with Group I (16 mg), (P < 0.0001). Complications significantly occurred in 3 of 25 patients in Group I in contrast to 20 of 25 patients in Group III (P < 0.0001). At 2-, 4- and 8-h after arthroscopy pain score significantly decreased in Group I than other groups (P < 0.0001). Patients in Group I were significantly satisfy than other groups (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Results show the greater analgesic effect after IA administration of midazolam than after intravenous injection and hence, IA administration may be is the method of choice for pain relief after knee arthroscopy.