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Dhabhar B. Cancer Treatment-Induced Bone Loss: Role of Denosumab in Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER: TARGETS AND THERAPY 2022; 14:163-173. [PMID: 35860287 PMCID: PMC9292456 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s353332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents, endocrine therapy and radiotherapy used in the management of breast cancer are known to cause decreased bone mineral density, and thus, increased incidence of fractures. A majority (~60%) of the breast cancer patients in India are either estrogen (ER) or progesterone hormone receptor (PR) positive. Adjuvant treatment with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) is the treatment mainstay for hormone-sensitive disease in postmenopausal (PM) women, with reduced bone mineral density (BMD), which results in increased fracture rates. Zoledronic acid, alendronate, risedronate and denosumab have been the agents of choice for managing bone loss. Denosumab 60 mg is approved for gaining bone mass in women with breast cancer who are at high risk for fracture following adjuvant AI treatment. The phase III HALT-BC data indicate an improvement in BMD with denosumab and a 50% reduction in clinical fractures, with significant improvements seen at the lumbar spine, distal third of the radius, and total hip. Denosumab has several advantages over other bone modifying agents such as subcutaneous self-administration by the patient themselves, no requirement of hospitalization, no dose modifications in renal impairment, and low incidence of acute phase anaphylactic reactions. We review the available evidence of denosumab for managing bone loss in non-metastatic breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boman Dhabhar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fortis Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Correspondence: Boman Dhabhar, Consultant, Medical Oncology, Fortis Hospital, Mulund, Mumbai, 400078, Maharashtra, India, Email
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Rojas DMC, Pavoni JF, Arruda GV, Baffa O. Gel and thermoluminescence dosimetry for dose verifications of a real anatomy simulated prostate conformal radiation treatment in the presence of metallic femoral prosthesis. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:278-287. [PMID: 34436819 PMCID: PMC8504585 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to verify the dose delivery of prostate radiotherapy treatments in an adult pelvic phantom with two metallic hip and femur prosthesis using a four‐field box technique. The prostate planned target volume (PTV) tridimensional (3D) dose distribution was evaluated using gel dosimetry, and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were used for point‐dose measurements outside it. Both results were compared to the treatment planning system (TPS) dose calculation without using heterogeneity corrections to evaluate the influence of the metal in the dose distribution. MAGIC‐f gel dosimeter (Methacrylic and Ascorbic acid in Gelatin Initiated by Copper with Formaldehyde) associated with magnetic resonance imaging was used. TLD were positioned at several points at the bone metal interface and the sacrum region. The comparison of the gel measured and the TPS calculated dose distributions were done using gamma analysis (3%/3 mm), and a pass rate of 93% was achieved. The TLD dose values at the bone‐metal interface showed variations from the planned dose. However, at the sacrum region, where the beams did not intercept the prosthesis, there was a good agreement between TPS planning and TLD measurements. Our results show how the combination of 3D dosimetry and measurements at specific points in the phantom allowed a comprehensive view of the dose distribution and identified that care must also be paid to regions outside the PTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M C Rojas
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Pavoni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo V Arruda
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Baffa
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Salcedo MP, Sood AK, Jhingran A, Eifel PJ, Klopp AH, Iyer RB, Fellman BM, Jimenez C, Schmeler KM. Pelvic fractures and changes in bone mineral density after radiotherapy for cervical, endometrial, and vaginal cancer: A prospective study of 239 women. Cancer 2020; 126:2607-2613. [PMID: 32125711 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in radiotherapy (RT) have led to improved oncologic outcomes for women with gynecologic cancers; however, the long-term effects and survivorship implications need further evaluation. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of pelvic fractures and changes in bone mineral density (BMD) after pelvic RT. METHODS Two hundred thirty-nine women who had pelvic RT for cervical, endometrial, or vaginal cancer between 2008 and 2015 were prospectively studied. BMD scans and biomarkers of bone turnover were obtained at the baseline and 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years after RT. Imaging studies were assessed for pelvic fractures for up to 5 years. Patients with osteopenia, osteoporosis, or pelvic fractures at any point were referred to the endocrinology service for evaluation and treatment. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 51 years; 132 patients (56%) were menopausal. The primary diagnoses were cervical (63.6%), endometrial (30.5%), and vaginal cancer (5.9%). Sixteen patients (7.8%; 95% confidence interval, 4.5%-12.4%) had pelvic fractures with actuarial rates of 3.6%, 12.7%, and 15.7% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Fractures were associated with baseline osteoporosis (P < .001), higher baseline bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (P < .001), and older age (P = .007). The proportion of patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis increased from 50% at the baseline to 58%, 59%, and 70% at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of women had significant decreases in BMD after pelvic RT, with 7.8% diagnosed with a pelvic fracture. BMD screening and pharmacologic intervention should be strongly considered for these high-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila P Salcedo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Federal University of Health Sciences/Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericordia, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anuja Jhingran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia J Eifel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ann H Klopp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Revathy B Iyer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bryan M Fellman
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Camilo Jimenez
- Department of Endocrinology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kathleen M Schmeler
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Wei Z, Edin J, Karlsson AE, Petrovic K, Soroka IL, Odnevall Wallinder I, Hedberg Y. Can gamma irradiation during radiotherapy influence the metal release process for biomedical CoCrMo and 316L alloys? J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 106:2673-2680. [PMID: 29424962 PMCID: PMC6175212 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The extent of metal release from implant materials that are irradiated during radiotherapy may be influenced by irradiation-formed radicals. The influence of gamma irradiation, with a total dose of relevance for radiotherapy (e.g., for cancer treatments) on the extent of metal release from biomedical stainless steel AISI 316L and a cobalt-chromium alloy (CoCrMo) was investigated in physiological relevant solutions (phosphate buffered saline with and without 10 g/L bovine serum albumin) at pH 7.3. Directly after irradiation, the released amounts of metals were significantly higher for irradiated CoCrMo as compared to nonirradiated CoCrMo, resulting in an increased surface passivation (enhanced passive conditions) that hindered further release. A similar effect was observed for 316L showing lower nickel release after 1 h of initially irradiated samples as compared to nonirradiated samples. However, the effect of irradiation (total dose of 16.5 Gy) on metal release and surface oxide composition and thickness was generally small. Most metals were released initially (within seconds) upon immersion from CoCrMo but not from 316L. Albumin induced an increased amount of released metals from AISI 316L but not from CoCrMo. Albumin was not found to aggregate to any greater extent either upon gamma irradiation or in the presence of trace metal ions, as determined using different light scattering techniques. Further studies should elucidate the effect of repeated friction and fractionated low irradiation doses on the short- and long term metal release process of biomedical materials. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2673-2680, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wei
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Jonathan Edin
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Emelie Karlsson
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Katarina Petrovic
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Inna L. Soroka
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Yolanda Hedberg
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
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Schernberg A, Hennequin C. [Normal tissue tolerance to external beam radiation therapy: Bone marrow and cortical bone structures]. Cancer Radiother 2017; 21:619-625. [PMID: 28774489 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In patients undergoing external radiation therapy, bone marrow and cortical bone structures are all often neglected as organs at risk. Still, from increased febrile neutropenia risk in patients undergoing chemoradiation for a pelvic tumour to increased risk of vertebral fracture when undergoing hypofractioned stereotactic radiotherapy of a spinal metastasis, adverse effects are frequent and sometimes serious. This literature review first defines the rules for contouring these structures, then the dose constraints currently recommended. This article focuses first on conventional irradiation or intensity modulation radiotherapy considering classical fractionation. Secondly, it focuses on stereotactic radiotherapy. The considered organs will be haematopoietic structures, and bone cortical structures. Current recommendations are summarised in a table.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schernberg
- Service de radiothérapie, hôpital Tenon, hôpitaux universitaires Est parisien, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
| | - C Hennequin
- Service de cancérologie-radiothérapie, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris, France
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D'Oronzo S, Stucci S, Tucci M, Silvestris F. Cancer treatment-induced bone loss (CTIBL): pathogenesis and clinical implications. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:798-808. [PMID: 26410578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteopenia and osteoporosis are often long-term complications of anti-neoplastic treatments, defined as "cancer treatment-induced bone loss" (CTIBL). This pathological condition in oncologic patients results in a higher fracture risk than in the general population, and so has a significant negative impact on their quality of life. Hormone treatment is the main actor in this scenario, but not the only one. In fact, chemotherapies, radiotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors may contribute to deregulate bone remodeling via different mechanisms. Thus, the identification of cancer patients at risk for CTIBL is essential for early diagnosis and appropriate intervention, that includes both lifestyle modifications and pharmacological approaches to prevent bone metabolism failure during anti-tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D'Oronzo
- University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - S Stucci
- University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - M Tucci
- University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - F Silvestris
- University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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