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Saffer H, Cunningham A. Comparing "Meaningful Use" of Health Information Technology in Pennsylvania: Electronic Prescription Rates of Metropolitan and Rural Counties. Popul Health Manag 2024; 27:114-119. [PMID: 38411668 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2023.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act incentivized the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs). Health systems looked to leverage technology to assist in serving populations in health professional shortage areas. Qualitative research points to EHR usability as a source of health inequities in rural settings, making the challenges of EHR usage a subject of interest. Pennsylvania offers a model for investigating rural health infrastructure with it having the third largest rural population in the United States. This study analyzed the adoption of Electronic Prescribing in the 67 Pennsylvania (PA) counties. Physician adoption and usage data for PA and the United States were compared using a t-test to establish a basis for comparison. PA counties were categorized using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)'s Rural-Urban Commuting Areas (RUCAs) system. Surescript use percentages were plotted against the RUCA scores of each PA county to create a polynomial regression model. PA office-based physicians, on average, utilize e-prescription tools at the same rate as the national average with 59% of practices utilizing Surescripts as of 2013. There was no significant correlation between Surescript usage and the rural/urban classification of counties in Pennsylvania (R-squared value of 0.06). Pennsylvania was able to adopt health information technology (HIT) infrastructure at the same rate as the national average. Rural and metropolitan definitions do not correlate to meaningful use of HIT, thus usability of HIT cannot be tied to health outcomes. Future studies looking at specific forms of HIT and their ability to decrease the burden of administrative work for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath Saffer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy Cunningham
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bertl M, Bignoumba N, Ross P, Yahia SB, Draheim D. Evaluation of deep learning-based depression detection using medical claims data. Artif Intell Med 2024; 147:102745. [PMID: 38184352 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Human accuracy in diagnosing psychiatric disorders is still low. Even though digitizing health care leads to more and more data, the successful adoption of AI-based digital decision support (DDSS) is rare. One reason is that AI algorithms are often not evaluated based on large, real-world data. This research shows the potential of using deep learning on the medical claims data of 812,853 people between 2018 and 2022, with 26,973,943 ICD-10-coded diseases, to predict depression (F32 and F33 ICD-10 codes). The dataset used represents almost the entire adult population of Estonia. Based on these data, to show the critical importance of the underlying temporal properties of the data for the detection of depression, we evaluate the performance of non-sequential models (LR, FNN), sequential models (LSTM, CNN-LSTM) and the sequential model with a decay factor (GRU-Δt, GRU-decay). Furthermore, since explainability is necessary for the medical domain, we combine a self-attention model with the GRU decay and evaluate its performance. We named this combination Att-GRU-decay. After extensive empirical experimentation, our model (Att-GRU-decay), with an AUC score of 0.990, an AUPRC score of 0.974, a specificity of 0.999 and a sensitivity of 0.944, proved to be the most accurate. The results of our novel Att-GRU-decay model outperform the current state of the art, demonstrating the potential usefulness of deep learning algorithms for DDSS development. We further expand this by describing a possible application scenario of the proposed algorithm for depression screening in a general practitioner (GP) setting-not only to decrease healthcare costs, but also to improve the quality of care and ultimately decrease people's suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bertl
- Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15A, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia.
| | - Nzamba Bignoumba
- Department of Software Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15A, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Peeter Ross
- Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15A, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia; Department of Research, East-Tallinn Central Hospital, Ravi 18, Tallinn, 10138, Estonia
| | - Sadok Ben Yahia
- Department of Software Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15A, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia; University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark
| | - Dirk Draheim
- Information Systems Group, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15A, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
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Guilcher SJT, Cimino SR, Tadrous M, McCarthy LM, Riad J, Tricco AC, Hagens S, Lien J, Tharmalingam S, Gomes T. Experiences and Outcomes of Using e-Prescribing for Opioids: Rapid Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e49173. [PMID: 38153776 PMCID: PMC10784986 DOI: 10.2196/49173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND e-Prescribing is designed to assist in facilitating safe and appropriate prescriptions for patients. Currently, it is unknown to what extent e-prescribing for opioids influences experiences and outcomes. To address this gap, a rapid scoping review was conducted. OBJECTIVE This rapid scoping review aims to (1) explore how e-prescribing has been used clinically; (2) examine the effects of e-prescribing on clinical outcomes, the patient or clinician experience, service delivery, and policy; and (3) identify current gaps in the present literature to inform future studies and recommendations. METHODS A rapid scoping review was conducted following the guidance of the JBI 2020 scoping review methodology and the World Health Organization guide to rapid reviews. A comprehensive literature search was completed by an expert librarian from inception until November 16, 2022. Three databases were electronically searched: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and Scopus (Elsevier). The search criteria were as follows: (1) e-prescribing programs targeted to the use or misuse of opioids, including those that were complemented or accompanied by clinically focused initiatives, and (2) a primary research study of experimental, quasi-experimental, observational, qualitative, or mixed methods design. An additional criterion of an ambulatory component of e-prescribing (eg, e-prescribing occurred upon discharge from acute care) was added at the full-text stage. No language limitations or filters were applied. All articles were double screened by trained reviewers. Gray literature was manually searched by a single reviewer. Data were synthesized using a descriptive approach. RESULTS Upon completing screening, 34 articles met the inclusion criteria: 32 (94%) peer-reviewed studies and 2 (6%) gray literature documents (1 thesis study and 1 report). All 33 studies had a quantitative component, with most highlighting e-prescribing from acute care settings to community settings (n=12, 36%). Only 1 (3%) of the 34 articles provided evidence on e-prescribing in a primary care setting. Minimal prescriber, pharmacist, and clinical population characteristics were reported. The main outcomes identified were related to opioid prescribing rates, alerts (eg, adverse drug events and drug-drug interactions), the quantity and duration of opioid prescriptions, the adoption of e-prescribing technology, attitudes toward e-prescribing, and potential challenges with the implementation of e-prescribing into clinical practice. e-Prescribing, including key features such as alerts and dose order sets, may reduce prescribing errors. CONCLUSIONS This rapid scoping review highlights initial promising results with e-prescribing and opioid therapy management. It is important that future work explores the experience of prescribers, pharmacists, and patients using e-prescribing for opioid therapy management with an emphasis on prescribers in the community and primary care. Developing a common set of quality indicators for e-prescribing of opioids will help build a stronger evidence base. Understanding implementation considerations will be of importance as the technology is integrated into clinical practice and health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J T Guilcher
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Better Health, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie R Cimino
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mina Tadrous
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa M McCarthy
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Better Health, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Riad
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea C Tricco
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tara Gomes
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Hareem A, Lee J, Stupans I, Park JS, Wang K. Benefits and barriers associated with e-prescribing in community pharmacy - A systematic review. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 12:100375. [PMID: 38145236 PMCID: PMC10746557 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The utilization of electronic prescribing is growing, prompted by lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite this increasing adoption, there is a notable dearth of consolidated evidence regarding the challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of electronic prescribing systems within the daily clinical practices of community pharmacists. Objective This paper aims to systematically review the community pharmacists' perspectives on barriers and facilitators to electronic prescribing, addressing the significant need for understanding how electronic prescribing impacts the workflow and decision-making processes of pharmacists, ultimately influencing the quality of patient care. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were searched from January 1, 2000, to October 25, 2022, using search terms related to electronic prescribing, computerised physician order entry, community/retail pharmacies, and pharmacists. Results A total of 28 studies were included in the systematic review. In these studies, community pharmacists perceived that design, interoperability, attitude towards e-prescribing technology, information quality, workflow, productivity, and accessible resources facilitated e-prescribing. In addition, the included studies emphasized the importance of technological support for the successful implementation of electronic prescribing systems. The system's design characteristics significantly improve e-prescribing technology's favourable effects. According to our review, it has been proposed that a poorly designed e-prescribing system can have a negative impact on the quality of care, implementation, and user satisfaction. In contrast, a well-designed system can significantly contribute to improvements. Conclusions The review highlighted that e-prescribing has both barriers and facilitators, with the quality of the system and its implementation influencing these factors. Technical issues and user acceptance (patient/prescribers/pharmacists) can act as barriers or enablers, highlighting the need for comprehensive consideration and monitoring of e-prescribing to identify and address potential issues.
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Evaluation of electronic prescriptions in Turkey: A community pharmacy perspective. HEALTH POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Miake-Lye I, Mak S, Lam CA, Lambert-Kerzner AC, Delevan D, Olmos-Ochoa T, Shekelle P. Scaling Beyond Early Adopters: a Content Analysis of Literature and Key Informant Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med 2021; 36:383-395. [PMID: 33111242 PMCID: PMC7878615 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-06142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innovations and improvements in care delivery are often not spread across all settings that would benefit from their uptake. Scale-up and spread efforts are deliberate efforts to increase the impact of innovations successfully tested in pilot projects so as to benefit more people. The final stages of scale-up and spread initiatives must contend with reaching hard-to-engage sites. OBJECTIVE To describe the process of scale-up and spread initiatives, with a focus on hard-to-engage sites and strategies to approach them. DESIGN Qualitative content analysis of systematically identified literature and key informant interviews. PARTICIPANTS Leads from large magnitude scale-up and spread projects. APPROACH We conducted a systematic literature search on large magnitude scale-up and spread and interviews with eight project leads, who shared their perspectives on strategies to scale-up and spread clinical and administrative practices across healthcare systems, focusing on hard-to-engage sites. We synthesized these data using content analysis. KEY RESULTS Searches identified 1919 titles, of which 52 articles were included. Thirty-four discussed general scale-up and spread strategies, 11 described hard-to-engage sites, and 7 discussed strategies for hard-to-engage sites. These included publications were combined with interview findings to describe a fourth phase of the national scale-up and spread process, common challenges for spreading to hard-to-engage sites, and potential benefits of working with hard-to-engage sites, as well as useful strategies for working with hard-to-engage sites. CONCLUSIONS We identified scant published evidence that describes strategies for reaching hard-to-engage sites. The sparse data we identified aligned with key informant accounts. Future work could focus on better documentation of the later stages of spread efforts, including specific tailoring of approaches and strategies used with hard-to-engage sites. Spread efforts should include a "flexible, tailored approach" for this highly variable group, especially as implementation science is looking to expand its impact in routine care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isomi Miake-Lye
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Selene Mak
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine A Lam
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Deborah Delevan
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul Shekelle
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Bujnowska-Fedak MM, Węgierek P. The Impact of Online Health Information on Patient Health Behaviours and Making Decisions Concerning Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E880. [PMID: 32023828 PMCID: PMC7037991 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The number of Internet users searching for health-related issues increases significantly every year. The aim of this study was to investigate whether and how the information about health and disease obtained from the Internet by patients influenced them and how different e-health services can affect the patients' choice of the doctor. The research was based on a national survey conducted among 1000 Polish adults. The study was carried out with the use of the computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI). The study showed that e-health facilities are increasingly affecting the patient's choice of doctor. Among the highest rated factors, the possibility of setting the date of appointment online and practice's own website were indicated. Information on health and disease obtained from the Internet influenced respondents in many areas. Almost half of health Internet users (HI-users) wanted to change their diet and increase healthy physical activity under the influence of health information obtained online. Regarding health decision making, health information obtained from the Internet caused 45% of HI-users to make an appointment to see a doctor, and 40% of them had questions concerning diagnosis and treatment. Information on health and disease obtained from the Internet undoubtedly affects patient behaviour and health decisions they make.
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Bruthans J. The past and current state of the Czech outpatient electronic prescription (eRecept). Int J Med Inform 2019; 123:49-53. [PMID: 30654903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outpatient Electronic Prescription Systems (OEPSs) are widely used in some European states, such as Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands. The Czech OEPS (known as eRecept) was introduced in 2011, but with limited functions and voluntary usage it was not much accepted until 2018, when its usage was made compulsory not only for pharmacies, but for physicians as well. METHODS Using data from the Czech State Institute for Drug Control (Státní ústav pro kontrolu léčiv or SÚKL in Czech) and from other sources, the system was described and data about its performance since 2013 have been obtained. RESULTS The usage of the system was very low between 2013 and 2016, whilst moderate growth was seen in 2017. By 2018, the system has been widely adopted, although some twenty per cent of Czech physicians still do not use the system at all. DISCUSSION A sudden rise in usage can be explained as the result of making the system compulsory starting in January 2018. Still, new features of the system are eagerly awaited and should be introduced to expand its benefits. CONCLUSION The Czech Republic has joined the EU countries widely using the OEPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bruthans
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic nám. Sítná 3105, CZ-272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic.
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Lämsä E, Timonen J, Ahonen R. Information received and information needed on electronic prescriptions - Finnish pharmacy customers' experiences during the nationwide implementation. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To investigate (1) what Finnish pharmacy customers have learned about the implemented electronic prescriptions (e-prescriptions), (2) from whom or where have they learned about them, (3) whether they are satisfied with the information received and if not, (4) what more information they would like.
Methods
We surveyed 1288 (44%) pharmacy customers aged ≥18 years collecting medicines for themselves with e-prescriptions in 18 pharmacies across Finland in 2015. Descriptive analysis, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used in the analysis.
Key findings
Nearly all respondents had received information about e-prescriptions (97%). A physician (67%) and a pharmacy (53%) were the most common information sources. The vast majority of the respondents had learned about how to purchase medicines with an e-prescription (86%). Most of them had also received information about the benefits of e-prescriptions (59%) and how they can view their e-prescriptions on a computer (58%). The majority of pharmacy customers felt they had received sufficient information on e-prescriptions (83%). Those dissatisfied with the information received asked for more information about how e-prescriptions are protected against misuse (47%) and who can view their e-prescriptions (44%).
Conclusions
Most Finnish pharmacy customers have learned how to use e-prescriptions, what their benefits are and how to view e-prescriptions on a computer. The information is generally obtained from physicians and pharmacies. Information needs concern data protection and data security. Customers are mainly satisfied with the information received. However, their knowledge only partly meets the national requirements on the information they should be provided with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Lämsä
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Timonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riitta Ahonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Lämsä E, Timonen J, Ahonen R. Pharmacy Customers' Experiences With Electronic Prescriptions: Cross-Sectional Survey on Nationwide Implementation in Finland. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e68. [PMID: 29475826 PMCID: PMC5845104 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.9367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the forerunners in electronic health, Finland has introduced electronic prescriptions (ePrescriptions) nationwide by law. This has led to significant changes for pharmacy customers. Despite the worldwide ambition to develop ePrescription services, there are few reports of nationally adopted systems and particularly on the experiences of pharmacy customers. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate Finnish pharmacy customers’ (1) experiences with purchasing medicines with ePrescriptions; (2) experiences with renewing ePrescriptions and acting on behalf of someone else at the pharmacy; (3) ways in which customers keep up to date with their ePrescriptions; and (4) overall satisfaction with ePrescriptions. Methods Questionnaires were distributed to 2913 pharmacy customers aged ≥18 years purchasing prescription medicines for themselves with an ePrescription in 18 community pharmacies across Finland in autumn 2015. Customers’ experiences were explored with 10 structured questions. The data were stored in SPSS for Windows and subjected to descriptive analysis, chi-square, Fisher exact, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, the Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results Completed questionnaires were returned by 1288 customers, a response rate of 44.19% (1288/2913). The majority of the respondents did not encounter any problems during pharmacy visits (1161/1278, 90.85%) and were informed about the current status of their ePrescriptions after their medication was dispensed (1013/1276, 79.44%). Over half of the respondents had usually received a patient instruction sheet from their physician (752/1255, 59.92%), and nearly all of them regarded its content as clear (711/724, 98.2%). Half of the respondents had renewed their ePrescriptions through the pharmacy (645/1281, 50.35%), and one-third of them had acted on behalf of someone else with ePrescriptions (432/1280, 33.75%). Problems were rarely encountered in the renewal process (49/628, 7.8%) or when acting on behalf of another person (25/418, 6.0%) at the pharmacy. The most common way of keeping up to date with ePrescriptions was to ask at the pharmacy (631/1278, 49.37%). The vast majority of the respondents were satisfied with ePrescriptions as a whole (1221/1274, 95.84%). Conclusions Finnish pharmacy customers are satisfied with the recently implemented nationwide ePrescription system. They seldom have any difficulties purchasing medicines, renewing their ePrescriptions, or acting on behalf of someone else at the pharmacy. Customers usually keep up to date with their ePrescriptions by asking at the pharmacy. However, some customers are unaware of the practices or have difficulty keeping up to date with the status of their ePrescriptions. The provision of relevant information and assistance by health care professionals is therefore required to promote customers’ adoption of the ePrescription system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Lämsä
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Timonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riitta Ahonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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