Kalpaamruthaa Ameliorates Mitochondrial and Metabolic Alterations in Diabetes Mellitus Induced Cardiovascular Damage

Urinary Metabolomics Study of the Intervention Effect of Hypoglycemic Decoction on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats Model

The hypoglycemic decoction (HD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), with a remarkable therapeutic effect. However, its mechanism of action is still unclear at the metabolic level. In this study, the biochemical markers from type 2 DM (T2DM) rats, induced by a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ), were detected. The metabolomics-based analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was conducted to evaluate urine samples from control, model, metformin, and HD groups. After oral administration of HD for 28 days, the general state, weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipid level, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting insulin (FINS), insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly improved (P < 0.01). The western blotting showed that HD can enhance the protein expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The metabolomics results revealed that after treatment with HD, the levels of L-carnitine, 1-methyladenosine, 1-methylhistamine, and 3-indoleacrylic acid were upregulated and the levels of riboflavin, phenylalanine, atrolactic acid, 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, isocitrate, cortisol, and glucose were downregulated. The main mechanism may be closely related to the regulation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, phenylalanine metabolism, glyoxylate metabolism, and dicarboxylate metabolism. Additionally, it was also found that HD can regulate the protein expression of GLUT4 and AMPK to interfere with TCA cycle and carbohydrate metabolism to treat T2DM.

Taxifolin binds with LXR (α & β) to attenuate DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis through mTOR/Maf-1/PTEN pathway

AIM

7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene(DMBA), a PAH derivative initializes cascades of signaling events that alters a variety of enzymes responsible for lipid and glucose homeostasis resulting in enhanced availability and consumption of energy producing molecules for the development of carcinogenesis. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR) is a key enzyme regulating the pathway of synthesis of cholesterol whereas liver-X-receptor (LXR) regulates lipid, carbohydrate metabolism in various malignancies including mammary carcinogenesis (MC). In this study Taxifolin (TAX), a potential flavanoid has been subjected to evaluate its anti-cancer potential on (MC).

METHODS

We designed to screen the molecular docking analysis of TAX on LXRα, LXRβ, HMG-CoAR, mTOR and PTEN using MAESTRO tool comparing with their reference ligands. MC was developed by the administration of DMBA in the air pouch (under the mammary fat pad) of the female Sprague-Dawley rats (55 days old). After 90 days of cancer induction, the chemotherapeutic potential of TAX was evaluated by administering TAX at different doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg b.w./day). Then western blot and RT-qPCR analysis were performed for determination of the protein and mRNA expressions respectively.

RESULTS

The docking analysis revealed significant interaction with LXR (α&β), HMG-CoAR, mTOR and PTEN. The docking results were validated with the enzyme inhibition assay using HMG-CoAR (EC 1.1.1.34). TAX inhibited the HMG-CoAR activity with an IC₅₀ value of 97.54 ± 2.5 nM whereas the reference molecule pavastatin revealed an IC₅₀ value of 84.35 ± 1.2 nM. Moreover, TAX modulated the energy regulation on DMBA-induced MC in SD-rats by significantly restoring the cancer-induced alterations in body weight, tumor growth and lipid, lipoproteins, lipid metabolizing enzymes and glycolytic enzymes. TAX interacted with LXRs, HMG-CoAR, metabolic enzymes and restored the altered metabolism that accelerates uncontrolled cell proliferation in MC. Moreover, TAX also altered the mRNA and protein expressions of HMG-CoAR, LXR (α,β), Maf1, PTEN, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, mTOR, fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) in a dose dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

These results validate the anti-cancer potential of TAX in DMBA-induced MC through LXR-mTOR/Maf1/PTEN axis.

Protective role of Kalpaamruthaa in type II diabetes mellitus-induced cardiovascular disease through the modulation of protease-activated receptor-1

Background:

Kalpaamruthaa (KA) is a formulatory herbal preparation has beneficial antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties against cardiovascular damage (CVD).

Objective:

The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective role of KA in type II diabetes mellitus-induced CVD through the modulation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1).

Materials and Methods:

CVD was developed in 8 weeks after type II diabetes mellitus induction with high fat diet (2 weeks) and low dose of streptozotocin (2 × 35 mg/kg b.w. i.p. in 24 h interval). CVD-induced rats treated with KA (200 mg/kg b.w. in 0.5 ml of olive oil) orally for 4 weeks.

Results:

KA increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants in pancreas of CVD-induced rats. KA effectively reduced the lipid peroxides and carbonyl content in the pancreas of CVD-induced rats. KA reduced cellular damage by ameliorating the activities of marker enzymes in plasma, heart and liver. The protective nature of KA was further evidenced by histological observation in pancreas. Further, KA reduced CVD by decreasing the expression of PAR1 in heart.

Conclusion:

This study exhibits the defending role of KA in type II diabetes mellitus-induced CVD through altering PAR1.