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Shekhovtsov SV, Derzhinsky YA, Golovanova EV. Earthworm (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) intraspecific genetic variation and polyploidy. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2024; 28:563-570. [PMID: 39280850 PMCID: PMC11393649 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-24-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Earthworms are known for their intricate systematics and a diverse range of reproduction modes, including outcrossing, self-fertilization, parthenogenesis, and some other modes, which can occasionally coexist in a single species. Moreover, they exhibit considerable intraspecific karyotype diversity, with ploidy levels varying from di- to decaploid, as well as high genetic variation. In some cases, a single species may exhibit significant morphological variation, contain several races of different ploidy, and harbor multiple genetic lineages that display significant divergence in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. However, the relationship between ploidy races and genetic lineages in earthworms remains largely unexplored. To address this question, we conducted a comprehensive review of available data on earthworm genetic diversity and karyotypes. Our analysis revealed that in many cases, a single genetic lineage appears to encompass populations with different ploidy levels, indicating recent polyploidization. On the other hand, some other cases like Octolasion tyrtaeum and Dendrobaena schmidti/D. tellermanica demonstrate pronounced genetic boundaries between ploidy races, implying that they diverged long ago. Certain cases like the Eisenia nordenskioldi complex represent a complex picture with ancient divergence between lineages and both ancient and recent polyploidization. The comparison of phylogenetic and cytological data suggests that some ploidy races have arisen independently multiple times, which supports the early findings by T.S. Vsevolodova-Perel and T.V. Malinina. The key to such a complex picture is probably the plasticity of reproductive modes in earthworms, which encompass diverse modes of sexual and asexual reproduction; also, it has been demonstrated that even high-ploidy forms can retain amphimixis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Shekhovtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Biological Problems of the North of the Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia
| | - Ye A Derzhinsky
- Vitebsk State University named after P.M. Masherov, Vitebsk, Belarus
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Zhou T, Jiang W, Wang H, Cui Y. DNA barcoding of Naididae (Annelida, Oligochaeta), based on cytochrome C oxidase gene and ITS2 region in China. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e73556. [PMID: 34949956 PMCID: PMC8692306 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e73556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in species identification is a prerequisite for biodiversity conservation and environmental monitoring. Aquatic oligochaetes could serve as excellent indicators in aquatic monitoring programmes. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in these specific organisms. The mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase (COI) gene of 83 specimens belonging to 40 species of 18 genera were sequenced in this study. The results showed that there was a barcode gap between species of Naididae and the intraspecific genetic distances of each species were smaller than interspecific genetic distances. The classification results of ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) were consistent with those of morphological identification, except for Tubifextubifex and Lumbriculusvariegatus. All species were successfully distinguished in the phylogenetic tree, based on the ITS2 region, which was coincident with the morphological result. Our results provided evidence that DNA barcoding can be used as an effective and convenient tool for species identification of the family Naididae and even for other aquatic oligochaetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hongzhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
| | - Yongde Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
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Tiwari N, Lone AR, Thakur SS, Yadav S. Interrogation of earthworm (Clitellata: Haplotaxida) taxonomy and the DNA sequence database. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Cryptic Clitellata: Molecular Species Delimitation of Clitellate Worms (Annelida): An Overview. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methods for species delimitation using molecular data have developed greatly and have become a staple in systematic studies of clitellate worms. Here we give a historical overview of the data and methods used to delimit clitellates from the mid-1970s to today. We also discuss the taxonomical treatment of the cryptic species, including the recommendation that cryptic species, as far as possible, should be described and named. Finally, we discuss the prospects and further development of the field.
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Martinsson S, Klinth M, Erséus C. Testing species hypotheses for Fridericia magna, an enchytraeid worm (Annelida: Clitellata) with great mitochondrial variation. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:116. [PMID: 32928097 PMCID: PMC7488859 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep mitochondrial divergences were observed in Scandinavian populations of the terrestrial to semi-aquatic annelid Fridericia magna (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae). This raised the need for testing whether the taxon is a single species or a complex of cryptic species. RESULTS A total of 62 specimens from 38 localities were included in the study, 44 of which were used for species delimitation. First, the 44 specimens were divided into clusters using ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) on two datasets, consisting of sequences of the mitochondrial markers COI and 16S. For each dataset, the worms were divided into six not completely congruent clusters. When they were combined, a maximum of seven clusters, or species hypotheses, were obtained, and the seven clusters were used as input in downstream analyses. We tested these hypotheses by constructing haplowebs for two nuclear markers, H3 and ITS, and in both haplowebs the specimens appeared as a single species. Multi-locus species delimitation analyses performed with the Bayesian BPP program also mainly supported a single species. Furthermore, no apparent morphological differences were found between the clusters. Two of the clusters were partially separated from each other and the other clusters, but not strongly enough to consider them as separate species. All 62 specimens were used to visualise the Scandinavian distribution, of the species, and to compare with published COI data from other Fridericia species. CONCLUSION We show that the morphospecies Fridericia magna is a single species, harbouring several distinct mitochondrial clusters. There is partial genetic separation between some of them, which may be interpreted as incipient speciation. The study shows the importance of rigorous species delimitation using several independent markers when deep mitochondrial divergences might give the false impression of cryptic speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svante Martinsson
- Systematics and Biodiversity, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Mårten Klinth
- Systematics and Biodiversity, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christer Erséus
- Systematics and Biodiversity, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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Zhang YF, Ganin GN, Atopkin DM, Wu DH. Earthworm Drawida (Moniligastridae) Molecular phylogeny and diversity in Far East Russia and Northeast China. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1741705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. F. Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Diversity, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, College of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - G. N. Ganin
- Institute of Water and Ecological Problems, FEB RAS, Khabarovsk, Russia
| | - D. M. Atopkin
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - D. H. Wu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, College of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Population Genetic Structure Reveals Two Lineages of Amynthas triastriatus (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) in China, with Notes on a New Subspecies of Amynthas triastriatus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051538. [PMID: 32120953 PMCID: PMC7084275 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amynthas triastriatus (Oligochaete: Megascolecidae) is a widely distributed endemic species in Southern China. To shed light on the population genetic diversity and to elucidate the population differentiation and dispersal of A. triastriatus, a population genetic structure study was undertaken based on samples from 35 locations collected from 2010 to 2016. Two exclusive lineages within A. triastriatus-lineage A and lineage B-were revealed. Lineage A was mainly distributed at high altitudes while lineage B was mainly distributed at low altitudes in Southeast China. The genetic diversity indices indicated that the populations of A. triastriatus had a strong genetic structure and distinct dispersal histories underlying the haplogroups observed in this study. Combined with morphological differences, these results indicated a new cryptic subspecies of A. triastriatus. Lineage A was almost degenerated to parthenogenesis and lineage B had a trend to parthenogenesis, which suggested that parthenogenesis could be an internal factor that influenced the differentiation and dispersal of A. triastriatus. The divergence time estimates showed that A. triastriatus originated around Guangxi and Guangdong provinces and generated into two main lineages 2.97 Ma (95%: 2.17-3.15 Ma) at the time of Quaternary glaciation (2.58 Ma), which suggested that the Quaternary glaciation may have been one of main factors that promoted the colonization of A. triastriatus.
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Jirapatrasilp P, Backeljau T, Prasankok P, Chanabun R, Panha S. Untangling a mess of worms: Species delimitations reveal morphological crypsis and variability in Southeast Asian semi-aquatic earthworms (Almidae, Glyphidrilus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 139:106531. [PMID: 31185298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Semi-aquatic freshwater earthworms in the genus Glyphidrilus from Southeast Asia are characterized by both an extreme morphological crypsis among divergent phylogenetic lineages and a high morphological variability within the same phylogenetic lineages. The present study provides a new taxonomic framework for this problematic genus in SE Asia by integrating DNA sequence and morphological data. When single-locus and multilocus multispecies coalescent-based (MSC) species delimitation methods were applied to DNA sequence data, they usually yielded highly incongruent results compared to morphology-based species identifications. This suggested the presence of several cryptic species and high levels of intraspecific morphological variation. Applying reciprocal monophyly to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene tree allowed us to propose the existence of 33 monophyletic species. Yet, often substantially more molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were obtained when species delimitation was based on COI and 16S rRNA sequences. In contrast, the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences suggested fewer MOTUs and did not recover most of the monophyletic species from the Mekong basin. However, several of these latter taxa were better supported when MSC species delimitation methods were applied to the combined mtDNA and ITS datasets. The ITS2 secondary structure retrieved one unnamed Mekong basin species that was not uncovered by the other methods when applied to ITS2 sequences. In conclusion, based on an integrative taxonomic workflow, 26 Glyphidrilus candidate species were retained and two remained to be confirmed. As such, this study provides evidence to suggest nine species new to science and to synonymize 12 nominal morphospecies. It also illustrates that the uncritical use of COI as a universal DNA barcode may overestimate species diversity because COI may be unable to distinguish between divergent conspecific lineages and different candidate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parin Jirapatrasilp
- Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pongpun Prasankok
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Ratmanee Chanabun
- Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Somsak Panha
- Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Shekhovtsov SV, Ershov NI, Vasiliev GV, Peltek SE. Transcriptomic analysis confirms differences among nuclear genomes of cryptic earthworm lineages living in sympatry. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:50. [PMID: 30813890 PMCID: PMC6391759 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many earthworm species demonstrate significant cryptic diversity, with several highly diverged mitochondrial lineages found within most of the taxa studied to date. The status of differences between these lineages on the nuclear level is still unclear. Because of widespread polyploidy in earthworms, most studies were limited to two nuclear loci, the ribosomal and the histone clusters. Here we attempted to elucidate the status of a set of genetic lineages within Eisenia nordenskioldi nordenskioldi, an earthworm species from Northern Asia with high intraspecific diversity. We performed RNA-seq on an IonTorrent platform for five specimens of this species belonging to five genetic lineages, as well as two outgroups from the family Lumbricidae, the congenetic E. andrei, and Lumbricus rubellus. RESULTS We de novo assembled transcriptomes and constructed datasets of genes present in all seven specimens using broad (ProteinOrtho; 809 genes) and narrow (HaMStR; 203 genes) ortholog assignment. The majority of orthologs had identical amino acid sequences in all studied specimens, which we believe was due to strong bias towards the most conserved genes. However, for the rest of genes the differences among the lineages were lower than those between them and the congeneric E. andrei. Both datasets yielded phylogenetic trees with the same topology. E. n. nordenskioldi was found to be monophyletic. The differences on the genetic level had no concordance with geography, implying complex history of dispersal. CONCLUSIONS We found that genetic lineages of E. n. nordenskioldi are genetically distinct on nuclear level and probably diverged long ago. Current data implies that they might even represent distinct species within the E. nordenskioldi species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V. Shekhovtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pr. Lavrientieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North FEB RAS, Portovaya St. 18, Magadan, 685000 Russia
| | - Nikita I. Ershov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pr. Lavrientieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Gennady V. Vasiliev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pr. Lavrientieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Sergey E. Peltek
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pr. Lavrientieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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Martin P, Martinsson S, Wuillot J, Erséus C. Integrative species delimitation and phylogeny of the branchiate wormBranchiodrilus(Clitellata, Naididae). ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Martin
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny; Brussels Belgium
| | - Svante Martinsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Göteborg Sweden
| | | | - Christer Erséus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Göteborg Sweden
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Shekhovtsov SV, Berman DI, Bulakhova NA, Makarova OL, Peltek SE. Phylogeography of earthworms from high latitudes of Eurasia. ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2018. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.64.4.369.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Prantoni AL, Belmonte-Lopes R, Lana PC, Erséus C. Genetic diversity of marine oligochaetous clitellates in selected areas of the South Atlantic as revealed by DNA barcoding. INVERTEBR SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/is17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Marine oligochaetous clitellates are poorly investigated in the South Atlantic Ocean, especially along the east coast of South America. Closely related species are often difficult to distinguish based on morphology. The lack of specialists and modern identification guides have been pointed out as the main reasons for the scarcity of studies in the South Atlantic Ocean as a whole. To increase the knowledge of this group in the South Atlantic, the genetic diversity of a sample of marine oligochaetous clitellates from Brazil, South Africa and Antarctica was assessed by the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and the generalised mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) approaches. In total, 80 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences were obtained, each with ~658bp, estimated to represent 32 distinct putative species. ABGD established a barcoding gap between 3% and 14% divergence for uncorrected p-distances and the estimates of GMYC were largely concordant. All the clusters or putative species were genetically associated with previously known species or genera. This study thus confirms the adequacy of the COI barcoding approach combined with a genetic divergence threshold at the order of 10% for marine oligochaetous clitellates.
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Liu Y, Erséus C. New specific primers for amplification of the Internal Transcribed Spacer region in Clitellata (Annelida). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10421-10439. [PMID: 29238565 PMCID: PMC5723599 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear molecular evidence, for example, the rapidly evolving Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS), integrated with maternally inherited (mitochondrial) COI barcodes, has provided new insights into the diversity of clitellate annelids. PCR amplification and sequencing of ITS, however, are often hampered by poor specificity of primers used. Therefore, new clitellate‐specific primers for amplifying the whole ITS region (ITS: 29F/1084R) and a part of it (ITS2: 606F/1082R) were developed on the basis of a collection of previously published ITS sequences with flanking rDNA coding regions. The specificity of these and other ITS primers used for clitellates were then tested in silico by evaluating their mismatches with all assembled and annotated sequences (STD, version r127) from EMBL, and the new primers were also tested in vitro for a taxonomically broad sample of clitellate species (71 specimens representing 11 families). The in silico analyses showed that the newly designed primers have a better performance than the universal ones when amplifying clitellate ITS sequences. In vitro PCR and sequencing using the new primers were successful, in particular, for the 606F/1082R pair, which worked well for 65 of the 71 specimens. Thus, using this pair for amplifying the ITS2 will facilitate further molecular systematic investigation of various clitellates. The other pair (29F/1084R), will be a useful complement to existing ITS primers, when amplifying ITS as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkui Liu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Christer Erséus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
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Martinsson S, Erséus C. Cryptic diversity in supposedly species-poor genera of Enchytraeidae (Annelida: Clitellata). Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Svante Martinsson
- Systematics and Biodiversity, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christer Erséus
- Systematics and Biodiversity, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Erséus C, Envall I, De Wit P, Gustavsson LM. Molecular data reveal a tropical freshwater origin of Naidinae (Annelida, Clitellata, Naididae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 115:115-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Klinth MJ, Martinsson S, Erséus C. Phylogeny and species delimitation of North EuropeanLumbricillus(Clitellata, Enchytraeidae). ZOOL SCR 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mårten J. Klinth
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; P.O. Box 463 SE-405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Svante Martinsson
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; P.O. Box 463 SE-405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christer Erséus
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; P.O. Box 463 SE-405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
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