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Lupon E, Berkane Y, Bertheuil N, Cetrulo CL, Vaillant C, Chaput B, Camuzard O, Lellouch AG. Nonsurgical Treatment of Postburn Hypopigmentation: A Literature Review. J Burn Care Res 2024; 45:601-607. [PMID: 38401148 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of postburn hypopigmentation was primarily surgical before the advent of new technologies. Medical devices and therapies are emerging to manage scar sequelae that can be disfiguring and associated with severe psychosocial impact. These innovations have been poorly investigated for hypopigmentation, but they represent a real hope. We reviewed all articles published on Pubmed up to June 2022. Included studies had to specifically focus on treating postburn hypopigmented scars. All articles evaluating transient solutions such as make-up, and articles describing inflammation-linked hypopigmentation with no etiological details or no burn injury history were excluded. Through this review, we have highlighted 6 different types of nonsurgical treatments reported in postburn leukoderma potentially allowing definitive results. Electrophoto-biomodulation or E light (combining intensive pulsed light, radiofrequency, and cooling), topical daylight psoralen UVA therapy, and lasers (fractional lasers using pulse energies or CO2FL devices, lasers-assisted drug delivery as local bimatoprost and tretinoin or pimecrolimus) have been explored with encouraging results in hypopigmented burns. Finally, other promising medical strategies include using FK506, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, to induce melanogenesis or using melanocyte-stimulating hormones with fractional laser-assisted drug deliveries, which are expected to emerge soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lupon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institut Universitaire Locomoteur et du Sport, Pasteur 2 Hospital, University Côte d'Azur, 06001 Nice, France
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02114 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanis Berkane
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02114 Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hospital Sud, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Bertheuil
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hospital Sud, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Curtis L Cetrulo
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02114 Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camille Vaillant
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hospital Sud, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Benoît Chaput
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Camuzard
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institut Universitaire Locomoteur et du Sport, Pasteur 2 Hospital, University Côte d'Azur, 06001 Nice, France
| | - Alexandre G Lellouch
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02114 Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114 Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite history of multiple treatment modalities, repigmentation of hypopigmented scars remains a difficult clinical problem. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to evaluate the literature on laser and combination laser plus adjunct topical therapy for hypopigmented burn and traumatic scars. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search on PubMed and on Oxford Academic was conducted with additional relevant literature obtained from reference lists. RESULTS Treatment regimens that address hypopigmentation within scars were reviewed. A combination of nonablative fractional or ablative fractional laser treatment with topical prostaglandin analogue with or without topical retinoid were found to result in superior repigmentation. CONCLUSION Reliable improvement of hypopigmentation in scars after laser treatment is challenging. Laser can achieve success in some cases. Ultraviolet laser can achieve modest repigmentation; however, results are short-lived and require continued re-treatment. Modest improvement in pigmentation is seen with nonablative fractional laser or ablative fractional laser alone and enhanced repigmentation is demonstrated when combining fractional laser resurfacing with topical application of synthetic prostaglandin analogues and other known modulators of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G Baugh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Olive Anagu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Kristen M Kelly
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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Kim JW, Huh CH, Na JI, Hong JS, Yoon Park J, Shin JW. Evaluating outcomes of pulsed dye laser therapy combined with intralesional triamcinolone injection after surgical removal of hypertrophic cesarean section scars. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1471-1476. [PMID: 34008912 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, pulsed dye laser (PDL) combined with triamcinolone intralesional injection (TAILI) has been introduced for surgical scar prevention. However, little is known about this procedure's effectiveness in preventing hypertrophic scar following surgical scar removal. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of early intervention using PDL combined with TAILI after surgical removal of hypertrophic cesarean section (CS) scars. METHODS The medical records of 35 patients who underwent early intervention using PDL and TAILI after removal of hypertrophic CS scars were retrospectively reviewed. The scars' average Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) scores before scar removal and 3 months after the final treatment were compared. RESULTS The patients received 4.23 treatments on average and were followed up for a mean period of 7.74 months. The mean final VSS was 3.11 ± 1.52 and was significantly lower than that of the previous VSS (9.29 ± 1.74, p = 0.000). VSS of the previous CS scar, and the presence or absence of keloid formation in other areas, was associated with treatment outcome (p = 0.003 and 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Early intervention using PDL combined with TAILI could prevent the recurrence or progression of hypertrophic CS scarring after surgical scar removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Woo Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Huh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jung-Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daerim Saint Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Yoon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Chung JH, Kim HK, Lee YH, Lee HC, You HJ, Kim DW. Aesthetic Comparison of Abdominal Donor Site Scar Between Absorbable Dermal Staple and Subcutaneous Suture after Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Prospective Randomized Controlled, Double-Blinded Study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:143-150. [PMID: 33057829 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-01969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal tissue transfer has become the most commonly used tool for breast reconstruction. However, a secondary operator is often responsible for donor closure, which leaves dissatisfaction to patients due to inconsistent donor scars. Now, an absorbable dermal stapler is popularized worldwide and currently used for wound closure in many surgical fields. In this study, we aim to evaluate the abdominal donor site scar in using an absorbable dermal staple compared to a conventional suture. METHODS This is a prospective, randomized controlled and double-blinded study. Between January 2018 and April 2019, a total of 30 patients who underwent breast reconstruction using abdominal flap were included. Donor sites were divided into equal halves, and the each dermal layer was sutured with either dermal staples or traditional suturing, respectively. At 1, 3 and 6 months after operation, the scar was evaluated by two blinded plastic surgeons by using the modified Manchester scar scale (MSS). RESULTS An averaged sum of modified MSS was lower for the side sutured with a dermal stapler at the first month (11.76 ± 2.12 vs. 12.28 ± 2.03, p = 0.097), third month (12.17 ± 1.86 vs. 12.62 ± 2.31, p = 0.301) and sixth month (11.28 ± 2.63 vs. 12.14 ± 2.76, p = 0.051). Also, the dermal stapler side scored significantly higher for patient satisfaction than did the suture side (4.03 ± 0.98 vs 3.66 ± 0.97, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The objective outcome of the scar closed by an absorbable dermal stapler was not statistically superior to conventional suturing. (p > 0.05) In the subjective outcome, however, it showed a significantly higher patients' satisfaction (p < 0.05). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Chung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hwan Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi-Jin You
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Woo Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15355, Republic of Korea.
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Combination treatment utilizing fractional ablative and continuous wave CO 2 lasers for hypertrophic burn scars. Burns 2020; 47:1084-1093. [PMID: 33199081 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic scars are devastating outcomes of severe burn injuries, producing physical and mental burdens. Adequate treatment is of benefit to relieve these burdens. Laser therapy has shown scar reducing effects. In this study, we compared outcomes after combination of two different lasers or single laser treatment to treat severe hypertrophic burn scars. METHODS Forty patients with hypertrophic burn scars were included in one of two therapeutic groups: continuous wave CO2 laser and fractional ablative CO2 laser group (group 1, n = 20) or fractional ablative CO2 laser alone group (group 2, n = 20). Hypertrophic scars were evaluated by the observer-rated Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) before and after treatment and by patient-completed questionnaires after treatment. Comparative analyses were performed before and after treatment, and time-dependent improvement was also analyzed. RESULTS Forty patients (54 hypertrophic scars) completed the laser treatment protocols. Group 1 exhibited significantly more improvement in VSS vascularity, pliability, and height indices than group 2 (p < 0.05). Time-dependent analysis of total VSS scores suggested that group 1 experienced more improvement during a shorter treatment period (p < 0.05). For patient-reported outcomes, group 1 noted better grades than group 2 in four indices, namely scar appearance, scar thickness, pain, and pruritus (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Effective scar reduction was achieved using combination laser treatment, with significant improvement in multiple observer- and patient-reported outcomes. The shorter treatment period of the combination method can be a merit, as prolonged hypertrophic scars may increase morbidity. Nonetheless, cautious treatment protocols are necessary to avoid undesirable sequelae related to laser application.
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You H, Choi Y, Hwang N, Kim D, Oh KH, Kwon SY. The Outcome of Early Ablative Fractional Laser Treatment for Thyroidectomy Scars. Lasers Surg Med 2020; 52:721-729. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hi‐Jin You
- Department of Plastic Surgery Korea University College of Medicine Seoul 15355 Korea
| | - Young‐Soo Choi
- Department of Plastic Surgery Korea University College of Medicine Seoul 15355 Korea
| | - Na‐Hyun Hwang
- Department of Plastic Surgery Korea University College of Medicine Seoul 15355 Korea
| | - Deok‐Woo Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery Korea University College of Medicine Seoul 15355 Korea
| | - Kyoung Ho Oh
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Korea University College of Medicine Seoul 15355 Korea
| | - Soon Young Kwon
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Korea University College of Medicine Seoul 15355 Korea
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Waibel JS, Gianatasio C, Rudnick A, Siegel A. Use of Lasers in Wound Healing: How to Best Utilize Laser Technology to Prevent Scar Formation. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-018-0240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Hilerowicz Y, Koren A, Mashiah J, Katz O, Sprecher E, Artzi O. Fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser followed by topical sodium stibogluconate application: A treatment option for pediatric cutaneous leishmaniasis. Pediatr Dermatol 2018; 35:366-369. [PMID: 29574997 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a protozoan zoonotic parasitic infection with cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral manifestations. Israel is endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis, which is a self-limited disease but is associated with scarring, which is often a source of psychological and social burden for patients. Scars can be especially devastating for children and teenagers. A wide range of physical and medical approaches is used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis, among which intralesional injections of sodium stibogluconate rank among the most frequently used. Unfortunately, despite being effective, this therapeutic modality can be very painful. Fractional ablative laser creates a controlled mesh-like pattern of tissue ablation in the skin that promotes dermal remodeling and collagen production while at the same time facilitating enhanced delivery of topically applied medications. METHODS Patients were treated with fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser followed by immediate topical application of sodium stibogluconate. All children were diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis prior to treatment initiation.. RESULTS Ten children were treated. One leishmania tropica-positive girl failed to respond. The other nine patients achieved clinical cure and demonstrated good to excellent final cosmesis. Self-rated patient satisfaction and tolerance were high No adverse effects were observed or reported during treatment. CONCLUSION Fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser followed by topical sodium stibogluconate application appears to be a safe and promising treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis infection in children. Future controlled studies are required to validate these findings and compare this technique with traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Hilerowicz
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Koren
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Mashiah
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Dermatology Clinic, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oren Katz
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Dermatology Clinic, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofir Artzi
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Automated VSS-based Burn Scar Assessment using Combined Texture and Color Features of Digital Images in Error-Correcting Output Coding. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16744. [PMID: 29196632 PMCID: PMC5711872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of burn scars is an important study in both medical research and clinical settings because it can help determine response to burn treatment and plan optimal surgical procedures. Scar rating has been performed using both subjective observations and objective measuring devices. However, there is still a lack of consensus with respect to the accuracy, reproducibility, and feasibility of the current methods. Computerized scar assessment appears to have potential for meeting such requirements but has been rarely found in literature. In this paper an image analysis and pattern classification approach for automating burn scar rating based on the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was developed. Using the image data of pediatric patients, a rating accuracy of 85% was obtained, while 92% and 98% were achieved for the tolerances of one VSS score and two VSS scores, respectively. The experimental results suggest that the proposed approach is very promising as a tool for clinical burn scar assessment that is reproducible and cost-effective.
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Lee KC, Dretzke J, Grover L, Logan A, Moiemen N. A systematic review of objective burn scar measurements. BURNS & TRAUMA 2016; 4:14. [PMID: 27574684 PMCID: PMC4964074 DOI: 10.1186/s41038-016-0036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problematic scarring remains a challenging aspect to address in the treatment of burns and can significantly affect the quality of life of the burn survivor. At present, there are few treatments available in the clinic to control adverse scarring, but experimental pharmacological anti-scarring strategies are now beginning to emerge. Their comparative success must be based on objective measurements of scarring, yet currently the clinical assessment of scars is not carried out systematically and is mostly based on subjective review of patients. However, several techniques and devices are being introduced that allow objective analysis of the burn scar. The aim of this article is to evaluate various objective measurement tools currently available and recommend a useful panel that is suitable for use in clinical trials of anti-scarring therapies. METHODS A systematic literature search was done using the Web of Science, PubMed and Cochrane databases. The identified devices were then classified and grouped according to the parameters they measured. The tools were then compared and assessed in terms of inter- and intra-rater reproducibility, ease of use and cost. RESULTS After duplicates were removed, 5062 articles were obtained in the search. After further screening, 157 articles which utilised objective burn scar measurement systems or tools were obtained. The scar measurement devices can be broadly classified into those measuring colour, metric variables, texture, biomechanical properties and pathophysiological disturbances. CONCLUSIONS Objective scar measurement tools allow the accurate and reproducible evaluation of scars, which is important for both clinical and scientific use. However, studies to evaluate their relative performance and merits of these tools are scarce, and there remain factors, such as itch and pain, which cannot be measured objectively. On reviewing the available evidence, a panel of devices for objective scar measurement is recommended consisting of the 3D cameras (Eykona/Lifeviz/Vectra H1) for surface area and volume, DSM II colorimeter for colour, Dermascan high-frequency ultrasound for scar thickness and Cutometer for skin elasticity and pliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Chear Lee
- The Healing Foundation Burn Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Janine Dretzke
- Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Liam Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Ann Logan
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Naiem Moiemen
- The Healing Foundation Burn Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
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Taudorf E, Haedersdal M. Early non-ablative fractional laser improves the appearance of punch biopsy scars - a clinical report. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 30:550-2. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E.H. Taudorf
- Department of Dermatology; Bispebjerg Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Haedersdal
- Department of Dermatology; Bispebjerg Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Yoon H, Chung YK, Kim J. Efficacy of Early Application of Ablative Fractional CO 2Laser on Secondary Skin Contracture after Skin Graft. ARCHIVES OF AESTHETIC PLASTIC SURGERY 2014. [DOI: 10.14730/aaps.2014.20.2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungwoo Yoon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Yoon-kyu Chung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jiye Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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