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Mathiesen A, Haynes B, Huyck R, Brown M, Dobrian A. Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Contribute to Phenotypic Plasticity of Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1229. [PMID: 36674745 PMCID: PMC9864182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of male cancer deaths in the western world. Obesity significantly increases the risk of metastatic disease and is associated with a higher mortality rate. Systemic chronic inflammation can result from a variety of conditions, including obesity, where adipose tissue inflammation is a major contributor. Adipose tissue endothelial cells (EC) exposed to inflammation become dysfunctional and produce a secretome, including extracellular vesicles (EV), that can impact function of cells in distant tissues, including malignant cells. The aim of this study was to explore the potential role of EVs produced by obese adipose tissue and the ECs exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines on prostate cancer phenotypic plasticity in vitro. We demonstrate that PC3ML metastatic prostate cancer cells exposed to EVs from adipose tissue ECs and to EVs from human adipose tissue total explants display reduced invasion and increased proliferation. The latter functional changes could be attributed to the EV miRNA cargo. We also show that the functional shift is TWIST1-dependent and is consistent with mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, which is key to establishment of secondary tumor growth. Understanding the complex effects of EVs on prostate cancer cells of different phenotypes is key before their intended use as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Mathiesen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
| | - Bronson Haynes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
| | - Ryan Huyck
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
| | - Michael Brown
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
| | - Anca Dobrian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
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Rao J, Fu J, Meng C, Huang J, Qin X, Zhuang S. LncRNA SNHG3 Promotes Gastric Cancer Cells Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by Targeting miR-326. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:9935410. [PMID: 34257656 PMCID: PMC8260314 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9935410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The function and possible mechanism of lncRNA Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 3 (SNHG3) in GC have not been fully studied. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of SNHG3 in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cell lines. The expressions of SNHG3, miR-326, and TWIST in GC9811-P GC cell lines were detected by RT-qPCR. Western blotting was performed to detect the protein levels of TWIST and EMT-related genes. Luciferase reporter gene analysis and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) analysis confirmed the interaction between lncRNA SNHG3, miR-326, and TWIST. CCK-8 and Transwell assays were performed to detect cell proliferation, invasion, and migration abilities. The results showed that lncRNA SNHG3 and TWIST were highly expressed in GC cell lines, while miR-326 was expressed to a low degree. Moreover, lncRNA SNHG3 knockdown or miR-326 overexpression significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cell lines. In addition, TWIST overexpression can reverse the inhibition of lncRNA SNHG3 knockdown or miR-326 overexpression on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In conclusion, lncRNA SNHG3 may promote GC progression through the miR-326/TWIST axis, which may provide a new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Rao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 29 Xinglong District, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Jinjin Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 29 Xinglong District, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Chuchen Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 29 Xinglong District, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Xiangrong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 29 Xinglong District, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Shaohua Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 29 Xinglong District, Changzhou 213000, China
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Børretzen A, Gravdal K, Haukaas SA, Mannelqvist M, Beisland C, Akslen LA, Halvorsen OJ. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulators Twist, Slug, and Snail are associated with aggressive tumour features and poor outcome in prostate cancer patients. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 7:253-270. [PMID: 33605548 PMCID: PMC8073012 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic importance of transcription factors promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis has not been well explored in prostate cancer patients with long follow-up, nor the interplay between these factors. The objective of this study was to assess the individual protein expression and co-expression of Twist, Slug (Snai2), Snail (Snai1), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (Hif-1α) in prostate cancer in relation to EMT, angiogenesis, hypoxia, tumour features, disease recurrence, and patient survival. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tissue microarray sections from 338 radical prostatectomies with long follow-up. In addition, 41 cases of prostatic hyperplasia, 33 non-skeletal metastases, 13 skeletal metastases, and 33 castration-resistant prostate carcinomas were included. Our findings were validated in external gene expression data sets. Twist was overexpressed in primary prostate cancer and markedly reduced in distant metastases (p < 0.0005). Strong expression of Twist and Slug was associated with Hif-1α in localised prostate cancer (p ≤ 0.001), and strong Twist was associated with Hif-1α in castration-resistant carcinomas (p = 0.044). Twist, Slug, and increased Snail at the tumour stromal border were associated with vascular factors (p ≤ 0.045). Each of the three EMT-regulating transcription factors were associated with aggressive tumour features and shorter time to recurrence and cancer-specific death. Notably, the co-expression of factors demonstrated an enhanced influence on outcome. In the subgroup of E-cadherinlow carcinomas, strong Slug was associated with shorter time to all end points and was an independent predictor of time to multiple end points, including cancer-specific death (hazard ratio 3.0, p = 0.041). To conclude, we demonstrate an important relation between EMT, hypoxia, and angiogenesis and a strong link between the investigated EMT regulators and aggressive tumour features and poor patient outcome in prostate cancer. Despite the retrospective nature of this long-term study, our findings could have a significant impact on the future treatment of prostate cancer, where tailored therapies might be directed simultaneously against epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypes, angiogenesis, and tumour hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Børretzen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of PathologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Karsten Gravdal
- Department of PathologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Svein A Haukaas
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of UrologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Monica Mannelqvist
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Christian Beisland
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of UrologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Lars A Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of PathologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Ole J Halvorsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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Reduced Connexin 43 expression is associated with tumor malignant behaviors and biochemical recurrence-free survival of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67476-67484. [PMID: 27623212 PMCID: PMC5341890 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43, a gap junction protein, coordinates cell-to-cell communication and adhesion. Altered Connexin 43 expression associated with cancer development and progression. In this study, we assessed Connexin 43 expression for association with clinicopathological features and biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Pathological specimens were collected from 243 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and from 60 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients to construct tissue microarrays and immunohistochemical analysis of Connexin 43 expression. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariable Cox proportion hazard model were performed to associate Connexin 43 expression with postoperative biochemical recurrence-free survival (BFS). Connexin 43 expression was significantly reduced or lost in tumor tissues compared to that of BPHs (39.1% vs. 96.7%, P<0.001). Reduced Connexin 43 expression was associated with high levels of preoperative PSA, high Gleason score, advanced pT stage, positive surgical margin, extracapsular extension, and seminal vesicle invasion (P < 0.05, for all). Kaplan-Meier curves showed that reduced Connexin 43 expression was associated with shortened postoperative BFS (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that reduced Connexin 43 expression, high Gleason score and advanced pT stage were independent predictors for BFS of patients (P < 0.05). Connexin 43 expression was significantly reduced or lost in prostate cancer tissues, which was associated with advanced clinicopathological features and poor BFS of patients after radical prostatectomy.
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Lo UG, Lee CF, Lee MS, Hsieh JT. The Role and Mechanism of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Prostate Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102079. [PMID: 28973968 PMCID: PMC5666761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer (PCa), similar to many other cancers, distant organ metastasis symbolizes the beginning of the end disease, which eventually leads to cancer death. Many mechanisms have been identified in this process that can be rationalized into targeted therapy. Among them, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is originally characterized as a critical step for cell trans-differentiation during embryo development and now recognized in promoting cancer cells invasiveness because of high mobility and migratory abilities of mesenchymal cells once converted from carcinoma cells. Nevertheless, the underlying pathways leading to EMT appear to be very diverse in different cancer types, which certainly represent a challenge for developing effective intervention. In this article, we have carefully reviewed the key factors involved in EMT of PCa with clinical correlation in hope to facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategy that is expected to reduce the disease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- U-Ging Lo
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Cheng-Fan Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Bouard C, Terreux R, Honorat M, Manship B, Ansieau S, Vigneron AM, Puisieux A, Payen L. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the binding of the TWIST1/E12 complex to regulatory E-box sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:5470-89. [PMID: 27151200 PMCID: PMC4914114 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The TWIST1 bHLH transcription factor controls embryonic development and cancer processes. Although molecular and genetic analyses have provided a wealth of data on the role of bHLH transcription factors, very little is known on the molecular mechanisms underlying their binding affinity to the E-box sequence of the promoter. Here, we used an in silico model of the TWIST1/E12 (TE) heterocomplex and performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of its binding to specific (TE-box) and modified E-box sequences. We focused on (i) active E-box and inactive E-box sequences, on (ii) modified active E-box sequences, as well as on (iii) two box sequences with modified adjacent bases the AT- and TA-boxes. Our in silico models were supported by functional in vitro binding assays. This exploration highlighted the predominant role of protein side-chain residues, close to the heart of the complex, at anchoring the dimer to DNA sequences, and unveiled a shift towards adjacent ((-1) and (-1*)) bases and conserved bases of modified E-box sequences. In conclusion, our study provides proof of the predictive value of these MD simulations, which may contribute to the characterization of specific inhibitors by docking approaches, and their use in pharmacological therapies by blocking the tumoral TWIST1/E12 function in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bouard
- Inserm UMR-S1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69373, France CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69373, France LabEX DEVweCAN, Lyon, France UNIV UMR1052, Lyon 69008, France Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69373, France Université de Lyon1, ISPB, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Raphael Terreux
- Université de Lyon1, ISPB, Lyon 69008, France Institut de Biochimie des protéines IBCP, Lyon 69007, France CNRS UMR 5305, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Mylène Honorat
- Institut de Biochimie des protéines IBCP, Lyon 69007, France
| | | | - Stéphane Ansieau
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69373, France LabEX DEVweCAN, Lyon, France UNIV UMR1052, Lyon 69008, France Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69373, France
| | - Arnaud M Vigneron
- Inserm UMR-S1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69373, France CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69373, France LabEX DEVweCAN, Lyon, France UNIV UMR1052, Lyon 69008, France Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69373, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- Inserm UMR-S1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69373, France CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69373, France LabEX DEVweCAN, Lyon, France UNIV UMR1052, Lyon 69008, France Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69373, France Université de Lyon1, ISPB, Lyon 69008, France Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
| | - Léa Payen
- Inserm UMR-S1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69373, France CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69373, France LabEX DEVweCAN, Lyon, France UNIV UMR1052, Lyon 69008, France Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69373, France Université de Lyon1, ISPB, Lyon 69008, France Hospices Civils de Lyon, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du CHLS, Lyon 69003, France
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Haider M, Zhang X, Coleman I, Ericson N, True LD, Lam HM, Brown LG, Ketchanji M, Nghiem B, Lakely B, Coleman R, Montgomery B, Lange PH, Roudier M, Higano CS, Bielas JH, Nelson PS, Vessella RL, Morrissey C. Epithelial mesenchymal-like transition occurs in a subset of cells in castration resistant prostate cancer bone metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 33:239-48. [PMID: 26667932 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
TGFβ is a known driver of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is associated with tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. However, EMT has not been fully explored in clinical specimens of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) metastases. To assess EMT in CRPC, gene expression analysis was performed on 149 visceral and bone metastases from 62 CRPC patients and immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 185 CRPC bone and visceral metastases from 42 CRPC patients. In addition, to assess the potential of metastases to seed further metastases the mitochondrial genome was sequenced at different metastatic sites in one patient. TGFβ was increased in bone versus visceral metastases. While primarily cytoplasmic; nuclear and cytoplasmic Twist were significantly higher in bone than in visceral metastases. Slug and Zeb1 were unchanged, with the exception of nuclear Zeb1 being significantly higher in visceral metastases. Importantly, nuclear Twist, Slug, and Zeb1 were only present in a subset of epithelial cells that had an EMT-like phenotype. Underscoring the relevance of EMT-like cells, mitochondrial sequencing revealed that metastases could seed additional metastases in the same patient. In conclusion, while TGFβ expression and EMT-associated protein expression is present in a considerable number of CRPC visceral and bone metastases, nuclear Twist, Slug, and Zeb1 localization and an EMT-like phenotype (elongated nuclei and cytoplasmic compartment) was only present in a small subset of CRPC bone metastases. Mitochondrial sequencing from different metastases in a CRPC patient provided evidence for the seeding of metastases from previously established metastases, highlighting the biological relevance of EMT-like behavior in CRPC metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maahum Haider
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xiaotun Zhang
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nolan Ericson
- Divison of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lisha G Brown
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Melanie Ketchanji
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Belinda Nghiem
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Bryce Lakely
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Roger Coleman
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul H Lange
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martine Roudier
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Celestia S Higano
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason H Bielas
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Divison of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Genitourinary Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Zhang H, Gong J, Kong D, Liu HY. Anti-proliferation effects of Twist gene silencing in gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2926-2936. [PMID: 25780290 PMCID: PMC4356912 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i10.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the role of Twist gene in gastric cancer by gene silencing, including the potential of induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and proliferation inhibition in human malignant gastric SGC7901 cells.
METHODS: The expression level of Twist in gastric cancer samples was measured by immunohistochemistry. The effects of Twist gene silencing were detected at both mRNA and protein levels by RT-PCR and Western blot. We also evaluated the cell proliferation and apoptosis by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. We determined the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 with a caspase activity assay kit. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasion ability was evaluated by wound scratch assay and Boyden chamber assay.
RESULTS: Twist protein was highly expressed in gastric cancer samples. Twist gene silencing significantly induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, proliferation inhibition, and reduced the ability of migration and invasion in human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. Meanwhile, both caspase-3 and caspase-9 were activated.
CONCLUSION: The Twist gene could serve as a potential molecular target for gene therapy of gastric cancer with targeted small interfering RNA.
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