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Huang Z, Chen G, Deng F, Li Y. Nanostructured Graphdiyne: Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6467-6490. [PMID: 36573204 PMCID: PMC9789722 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s383707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphdiyne (GDY) is a 2D carbon allotrope that features a one-atom-thick network of sp- and sp2-hybridized carbon atoms with high degrees of π conjugation. Due to its distinct electronic, chemical, mechanical, and magnetic properties, GDY has attracted great attention and shown great potential in various fields, such as catalysis, energy storage, and the environment. Preparation of GDY with various nanostructures, including 0D quantum dots, 1D nanotubes/nanowires/nanoribbons, 2D nanosheets/nanowalls/ordered stripe arrays, and 3D nanospheres, greatly improves its function and has propelled its applications forward. High biocompatibility and stability make GDY a promising candidate for biomedical applications. This review introduces the latest developments in fabrication of GDY-based nanomaterials with various morphologies and summarizes their propective use in the biomedical domain, specifically focusing on their potential advantages and applications for biosensing, cancer diagnosis and therapy, radiation protection, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhui Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feilong Deng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China,Correspondence: Feilong Deng; Yiming Li, Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling yuan xi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510055, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 20 8386-3002, Fax +86 20-8382-2807, Email ;
| | - Yiming Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Orbay S, Kocaturk O, Sanyal R, Sanyal A. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Coated Inorganic Nanoparticles: Fabrication and Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1464. [PMID: 36144087 PMCID: PMC9501141 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) continue to gain increasing attention as functional materials due to their unique characteristics such as higher stability, simple preparation, robustness, better binding capacity, and low cost. In particular, MIP-coated inorganic nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for various biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery to bioimaging. The integration of MIPs with inorganic nanomaterials such as silica (SiO2), iron oxide (Fe3O4), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and quantum dots (QDs) combines several attributes from both components to yield highly multifunctional materials. These materials with a multicomponent hierarchical structure composed of an inorganic core and an imprinted polymer shell exhibit enhanced properties and new functionalities. This review aims to provide a general overview of key recent advances in the fabrication of MIPs-coated inorganic nanoparticles and highlight their biomedical applications, including drug delivery, biosensor, bioimaging, and bioseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Orbay
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kocaturk
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
| | - Rana Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
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Abstract
The aim of this review paper is to concentrate on the use and application of photonics in dentistry. More than one hundred review and research articles were comprehensively analysed in terms of applications of photonics in dentistry, including surgical applications, as well as dental biomaterials, diagnosis and treatments. In biomedical engineering, various fields, such as biology, chemistry, material and physics, come together in to tackle a disease/disorder either as a diagnostic tool or an option for treatment. Engineers believe that biophotonics is the application of photonics in medicine, whereas photonics is simply a technology for creating and connecting packets of light energy, known as photons. This review paper provides a comprehensive discussion of its main elements, such as photoelasticity, interferometry techniques, optical coherence tomography, different types of lasers, carbon nanotubes, graphene and quantum dots.
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Pivotal Role of Quantum Dots in the Advancement of Healthcare Research. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 2021:2096208. [PMID: 34413883 PMCID: PMC8369165 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2096208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The quantum dot is a kind of nanoparticle whose dimension is smaller than the size of a typical nanoparticle ranging from tens of nanometers to a few hundredths of nanometers. The quantum mechanical behavior associated with the quantum dot displays different optical and electronic properties, enabling the quantum dot to find potential applications in a multitude of areas such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and biomedical applications. The objective of this investigation is to explore its fundamentals, synthesis, and applications, especially in the healthcare domain. We have discussed the quantum dot synthesis techniques using chemical methods, namely, wet-chemical methods and vapor-phase methods and plasma processing methods, namely, an ion sputtering method and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. We have thoroughly investigated the application of quantum dots in imaging, diagnostics, and gene therapy areas. A significant outcome of this review is to propose quantum dots as a new modality in the treatment of cancer and gene therapeutics in the healthcare domain and the potentials of artificial intelligence to improve their performance via the applications of neural networks.
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Edis Z, Wang J, Waqas MK, Ijaz M, Ijaz M. Nanocarriers-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems for Anticancer Agents: An Overview and Perspectives. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1313-1330. [PMID: 33628022 PMCID: PMC7898224 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s289443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been actively integrated as drug carriers over the last few years to treat various cancers. The main hurdle in the clinical management of cancer is the development of multidrug resistance against chemotherapeutic agents. To overcome the limitations of chemotherapy, the researchers have been developing technological advances for significant progress in the oncotherapy by enabling the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents at increased drug content levels to the targeted spots. Several nano-drug delivery systems designed for tumor-targeting are evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials and showed promising outcomes in cancerous tumors' clinical management. This review describes nanocarrier's importance in managing different types of cancers and emphasizing nanocarriers for drug delivery and cancer nanotherapeutics. It also highlights the recent advances in nanocarriers-based delivery systems, including polymeric nanocarriers, micelles, nanotubes, dendrimers, magnetic nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and quantum dots (QDs). The nanocarrier-based composites are discussed in terms of their structure, characteristics, and therapeutic applications in oncology. To conclude, the challenges and future exploration opportunities of nanocarriers in chemotherapeutics are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Edis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Junli Wang
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Khurram Waqas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Munazza Ijaz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Defense Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the current review was to summarize the current applications, the latest advances and importantly, highlight research gaps in the use of quantum dots in the eye. Quantum dots are nanoscale semiconductor crystals with characteristic size and tunable optical properties, which deliver bright and stable fluorescence suitable for bioimaging and labelling. Methods: A systematic search was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. This review systematically searched published data to summarize the characteristics and applications of quantum dots in ophthalmology. Two hundred and eighty published articles were initially selected for this review following searches using the criteria quantum dots AND nanoparticles AND ophthalmology in the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science. Results: After duplicates were removed, a total of 22 eligible articles were included for the review. Quantum dots potentially provide a range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications in ophthalmology. Quantum dots offer visible and near-infrared emission, which is highly desirable for bioimaging, due to reduced light scattering and low tissue absorption. Their applications include in vivo bioimaging, labelling of cells and tissues, delivery of genes or drugs and as antimicrobial composites. Conclusion: Quantum dots have been used in ophthalmology for bioimaging, electrical stimulation and tracking of gene/stems cells, and ocular lymphatics. However, there is no detailed description of their desirable characteristics for use in ophthalmology, and there is limited information about their cytotoxicity to ocular cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Sarwat
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney , Australia
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney , Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney , Australia
| | - Maitreyee Roy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney , Australia
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Grabowska-Jadach I, Drozd M, Kulpińska D, Komendacka K, Pietrzak M. Modification of fluorescent nanocrystals with 6-thioguanine: monitoring of drug delivery. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Javidi J, Haeri A, Nowroozi F, Dadashzadeh S. Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion of Ag 2S Quantum Dots in Mice and Rats: the Effects of Injection Dose, Particle Size and Surface Charge. Pharm Res 2019; 36:46. [PMID: 30719585 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We systematically investigated the effects of injection dose, particle size and surface charge on the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of Ag2S quantum dots (Qds) in rats and mice. METHODS Three different doses of Ag2S Qds with similar size and composition were administrated to rats and mice. The effect of size and surface charge was investigated with the injection of three sizes (5, 15 and 25 nm) of Ag2S Qds possessing similar surface charge, as well as 5 nm Qds with a positive surface charge. RESULTS Results indicated that pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Ag2S Qds were strongly dose, particle size and surface charge dependent. By increasing the dose from 0.5 to 4.0 mg/kg, mean residence time (MRT) and apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) were increased while clearance (CL) was decreased. Qds with a negative surface charge had significantly larger MRT and Vss values than positively charged particles, but their CL was about 50% lower than that of positively charged ones. By increasing Qds size from 5 to 25 nm, CL was increased while MRT and AUC were decreased. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes comprehensive principles for the rational design and tailoring of Ag2S Qds for biomedical applications. Graphical Abstract The effects of injection dose, particle size and surface charge on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Ag2S Qds after intravenous injection into rats and mice were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Javidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Haeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nowroozi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Dadashzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran. .,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Li C, Zhang P, Hao Y, He D, Shen Y, Lu R. Expression and significance of quantum dots in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5997-6002. [PMID: 30333871 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical application and utility of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) in tracing RAW 264.7 macrophages. RAW 264.7 cells and QDs at various concentrations were co-cultured for 24 h, and the fluorescence intensity of the macrophages was determined at various time points. The mRNA expression levels of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β] were determined, and cellular assays were performed to investigate the activation, proliferation and apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells. The QDs were engulfed by the macrophages, and the fluorescence intensity of RAW 264.7 cells increased with increasing concentration and time. The IL-1β mRNA level increased significantly at 50 µg/ml QDs, and that of TNF-α increased significantly at 100 µg/ml QDs. Accelerated proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells was observed at 50 and 100 µg/ml QDs; however, no increase in apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells was observed in co-culture. CdSe/ZnS QDs may be used as tracers due to the fluorescence intensity of RAW 264.7 cells increasing with increasing QD concentration and time, resulting in the activation of macrophages and significant increases in proliferation at 50 and 100 µg/ml QDs compared with in the absence of QDs. The change in QD concentration was not significantly associated with the proliferation and apoptosis of RAW 264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Yixin Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Laboratory Center, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
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Rudramurthy GR, Swamy MK. Potential applications of engineered nanoparticles in medicine and biology: an update. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:1185-1204. [PMID: 30097748 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology advancements have led to the development of its allied fields, such as nanoparticle synthesis and their applications in the field of biomedicine. Nanotechnology driven innovations have given a hope to the patients as well as physicians in solving the complex medical problems. Nanoparticles with a size ranging from 0.2 to 100 nm are associated with an increased surface to volume ratio. Moreover, the physico-chemical and biological properties of nanoparticles can be modified depending on the applications. Different nanoparticles have been documented with a wide range of applications in various fields of medicine and biology including cancer therapy, drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, biomolecules detection, and also as antimicrobial agents. However, the development of stable and effective nanoparticles requires a profound knowledge on both physico-chemical features of nanomaterials and their intended applications. Further, the health risks associated with the use of engineered nanoparticles needs a serious attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallappa Kumara Swamy
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Sahoo D, Mandal A, Mitra T, Chakraborty K, Bardhan M, Dasgupta AK. Nanosensing of Pesticides by Zinc Oxide Quantum Dot: An Optical and Electrochemical Approach for the Detection of Pesticides in Water. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:414-423. [PMID: 29239610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Present study reveals the low concentrations (∼4 ppm) of pesticide sensing vis-à-vis degradation of pesticides with the help of nontoxic zinc oxide quantum dots (QD). In our study, we have taken four different pesticides viz., aldrin, tetradifon, glyphosate, and atrazine, which are widely used in agriculture and have structural dissimilarities/diversity. By using optical sensing techniques such as steady state and time-resolved fluorescence, we have analyzed the detailed exciton dynamics of QD in the presence of different pesticides. It has been found that the pesticide containing good leaving groups (-Cl) can interact with QD promptly and has high binding affinity (∼107 M-1). The different binding signatures of QD with different pesticides enable us to differentiate between the pesticides. Time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy provides significant variance (∼150-300 ns) for different pesticides. Furthermore, a large variation (105 Ω to 7 × 104 Ω) in the resistance of QD in the presence of different pesticides was revealed by electrochemical sensing technique. Moreover, during the interaction with pesticides, QD can also act as a photocatalyst to degrade pesticides. Present investigation explored the fact that the rate of degradation is positively affected by the binding affinity, i.e., the greater the binding, the greater is the degradation. What is more, both optical and electrochemical measurements of QD, in tandem, as described in our study could be utilized as the pattern recognition sensor for detection of several pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibakar Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta , Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Tapas Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta , Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Kaushik Chakraborty
- Center for Research in NanoScience and NanoTechnology, University of Calcutta , Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Munmun Bardhan
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , Kolkata 700064, India
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Yagati AK, Lee T, Choi JW. Azurin/CdSe-ZnS-Based Bio-Nano Hybrid Structure for Nanoscale Resistive Memory Device. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10070803. [PMID: 28773163 PMCID: PMC5551846 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we propose a method for bio-nano hybrid formation by coupling a redox metalloprotein, Azurin, with CdSe-ZnS quantum dot for the development of a nanoscale resistive memory device. The covalent interaction between the two nanomaterials enables a strong and effective binding to form an azurin/CdSe-ZnS hybrid, and also enabled better controllability to couple with electrodes to examine the memory function properties. Morphological and optical properties were performed to confirm both hybrid formations and also their individual components. Current-Voltage (I–V) measurements on the hybrid nanostructures exhibited bistable current levels towards the memory function device, that and those characteristics were unnoticeable on individual nanomaterials. The hybrids showed good retention characteristics with high stability and durability, which is a promising feature for future nanoscale memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Yagati
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Gwangun-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea.
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Bajwa N, Mehra NK, Jain K, Jain NK. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of quantum dots. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:758-68. [PMID: 26058404 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1052468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have captured the fascination and attention of scientists due to their simultaneous targeting and imaging potential in drug delivery, in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. In the present study, we have exhaustively reviewed various aspects of QDs, highlighting their pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, pharmacology, interactions, and toxicological manifestations. The eventual use of QDs is to dramatically improve clinical diagnostic tests for early detection of cancer. In recent years, QDs were introduced to cell biology as an alternative fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bajwa
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, ISF College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | - Neelesh K Mehra
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, ISF College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | - Keerti Jain
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, ISF College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | - Narendra K Jain
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, ISF College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
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