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Li M, Quintana A, Alberts E, Hung MS, Boulat V, Ripoll MM, Grigoriadis A. B Cells in Breast Cancer Pathology. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1517. [PMID: 36900307 PMCID: PMC10000926 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have recently become a focus in breast cancer pathology due to their influence on tumour regression, prognosis, and response to treatment, besides their contribution to antigen presentation, immunoglobulin production, and regulation of adaptive responses. As our understanding of diverse B cell subsets in eliciting both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in breast cancer patients increases, it has become pertinent to address the molecular and clinical relevance of these immune cell populations within the tumour microenvironment (TME). At the primary tumour site, B cells are either found spatially dispersed or aggregated in so-called tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). In axillary lymph nodes (LNs), B cell populations, amongst a plethora of activities, undergo germinal centre reactions to ensure humoral immunity. With the recent approval for the addition of immunotherapeutic drugs as a treatment option in the early and metastatic settings for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, B cell populations or TLS may resemble valuable biomarkers for immunotherapy responses in certain breast cancer subgroups. New technologies such as spatially defined sequencing techniques, multiplex imaging, and digital technologies have further deciphered the diversity of B cells and the morphological structures in which they appear in the tumour and LNs. Thus, in this review, we comprehensively summarise the current knowledge of B cells in breast cancer. In addition, we provide a user-friendly single-cell RNA-sequencing platform, called "B singLe cEll rna-Seq browSer" (BLESS) platform, with a focus on the B cells in breast cancer patients to interrogate the latest publicly available single-cell RNA-sequencing data collected from diverse breast cancer studies. Finally, we explore their clinical relevance as biomarkers or molecular targets for future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- Cancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Elena Alberts
- Cancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Miu Shing Hung
- Cancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Victoire Boulat
- Cancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mercè Martí Ripoll
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Biosensing and Bioanalysis Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Cancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Nikolova-Ganeva K, Vasilev V, Kerezieva S, Tchorbanov A. Impact of folic acid on regulatory B lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in vitro. Int J Rheum Dis 2023; 26:298-304. [PMID: 36385742 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifications of genomes are of particular interest as numerous studies indicate the correlation between DNA methylation and the development of systemic lupus. As a major methyl group donor, folic acid is an important participant in this process. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of low or high dose folate co-culturing with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on the secretion of interleukin (IL)10 from regulatory cells from lupus patients or from healthy volunteers. METHODS PBMCs from lupus patients and healthy volunteers were isolated and separated CD19+ B cell populations were cultured in the presence of 4 μg/mL or of 16 μg/mL of folic acid and the DNA methylation level as well as the percentages of B lymphocytes were measured. In another experiment, PBMCs were stimulated in vitro for IL10 production with 1 μg/mL recombinant human CD40L and with 2.5 μg/mL unmethylated CpG dinucleotides and cultured in the presence of 4 μg/mL or of 16 μg/mL of folic acid. RESULTS Although co-culturing with low or high folic acid concentrations had no effect on the methylation level of B lymphocytes, particular patients showed an increase in the population of CD19+ IL10+ as well as of CD19- IL10+ cells. CONCLUSION The observed increase may be a consequence of additional indirect or direct methylation of DNA in specific loci of the targeted cells. However, further analysis would clarify the exact mechanism of action of folate and would reveal its immunomodulating potential in this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Nikolova-Ganeva
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, The "Stephan Angeloff" Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Vasilev
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital "Tsaritsa Yoanna - ISUL", Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Simona Kerezieva
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital "Tsaritsa Yoanna - ISUL", Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Andrey Tchorbanov
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, The "Stephan Angeloff" Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Kougkas N, Dara A, Pagkopoulou E, Dimitriadou A, Papadimitriou E, Avdelidou E, Garyfallos A, Dimitroulas T. Methotrexate induced neurotoxicity in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on rituximab therapy: a case-based review. Rheumatol Int 2022; 42:1849-1854. [PMID: 35849191 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-022-05166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease treated with conventional and biologic disease-modifying drugs. Methotrexate is the anchor drug for the treatment of RA and is also frequently used for various autoimmune diseases. Adverse events are common and generally easy to manage, involving mainly the gastrointestinal tract and the liver function. However, neurotoxicity is very uncommon in adults with rheumatic diseases. B cell depletion with rituximab is another therapy approach particularly in patients with refractory RA. Whistle leukoencephalopathy - namely progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy-is an infrequent but well-described side effect of rituximab. In contrast, central nervous system toxicity due to methotrexate is extremely rare especially in RA individuals under oral or subcutaneous low dose on weekly basis. We present a challenging case of a RA patient on treatment with methotrexate and rituximab presenting with leukoencephalopathy. The patient was diagnosed with methotrexate-induced leukoencephalopathy which reversed after treatment discontinuation. We comment on the symptoms and diagnostic workout and we review the available literature on this issue based on recommendations for narrative reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kougkas
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Hippokration University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Dara
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Hippokration University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Pagkopoulou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Hippokration University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Evdokia Papadimitriou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Hippokration University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eugenia Avdelidou
- Department of Neurology, Hippokration University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Garyfallos
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Hippokration University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Dimitroulas
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Hippokration University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ucaryilmaz H, Koksal H, Emsen A, Kadoglou N, Dixon JM, Artac H. The Role of Regulatory T and B Cells in the Etiopathogenesis of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis. Immunol Invest 2020; 51:357-367. [PMID: 33034215 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1832114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of T- and B-regulatory cells (Tregs and Bregs) in the pathogenesis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM). METHODS This study includes 47 patients with pathologically proven IGM (Group P) and 26 healthy subjects (Group C). The patients in Group P were divided into two groups according to whether their lesions were active (Group PA, n: 21) or in remission (Group PR, n: 26). By using flow-cytometry, the frequencies of CD3+CD4+CD45RA-Foxp3high activated Tregs (aTregs), CD3+CD4+CD45RA-Foxp3low non-suppressive Tregs, CD3+CD4+CD45RA+Foxp3low resting Tregs (rTregs), CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3- T-effector cells (Teff), total Tregs and Bregs were analyzed in all subjects. RESULTS The frequency of the Teff cells was statistically higher in Group P when compared with Group C (p =.004). The Foxp3 expression of Treg cells and the frequency of non- suppressive Tregs in Group P were statistically lower than Group C (p =.032 and p =.02, respectively). In addition, Group PR's Foxp3 expressions were statistically lower than Group C (p =.027); Group PR's aTregs ratio was statistically lower than Group PA (p =.021); and the non-suppressive Tregs ratio of Group PR was lower than both Group PA and Group C (p =.006 and p <.0001). No significant differences were seen Bregs and B cell subsets. CONCLUSION Significant changes in Foxp3 expression and Treg subsets were seen in patients with active IGM lesion and in remission. This study shows an intrinsic defect of Tregs in patients with IGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Ucaryilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, SelcukUniversity, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hande Koksal
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saglik Bilimleri University, Konya Education and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayca Emsen
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, SelcukUniversity, Konya, Turkey
| | - Naim Kadoglou
- Breast Unit, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK
| | - John Michael Dixon
- Breast Unit, Edinburgh University, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hasibe Artac
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, SelcukUniversity, Konya, Turkey
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Wang D, Lei L. Interleukin-35 regulates the balance of Th17 and Treg responses during the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases. Int J Rheum Dis 2020; 24:21-27. [PMID: 32918357 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35 belongs to the IL-12 cytokine family and is a heterodimer of the p35 and Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) subunits. Functionally, IL-35 can promote the proliferation and activation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppress the function of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and other inflammatory cells to inhibit immune responses. In recent years, an abnormal IL-35 expression causing a Th17/Treg imbalance has been associated with the development and progression of several connective tissue diseases (CTDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), dermatomyositis (DM)/polymyositis (PM), and primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Here, we review the role of IL-35 in regulating the balance of Th17/Treg responses in different types of CTDs and provide new insights into the role of IL-35 in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ling Lei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Bogdanos DP. Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology June 2017 Highlights. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2017; 28:62-63. [PMID: 32185258 PMCID: PMC7046032 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.28.2.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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