1
|
Tabary M, Aryannejad A, Noroozi N, Tavangar SM, Mohammad Jafari R, Araghi F, Dadkhahfar S, Dehpour AR. Ivermectin Increases Random-Pattern Skin Flap Survival in Rats: The Novel Role of GABAergic System. J Surg Res 2021; 259:431-441. [PMID: 33069391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin (IVM) was first used as an antiparasitic agent; however, the role of this drug evolved into a broad spectrum. Many mechanisms have been proposed, including interaction with the GABAergic system. Considering the presence of GABA receptor in the skin tissue and its role in ischemia-reperfusion I/R injury, we aimed to evaluate the effect of IVM through GABA receptors on random-pattern skin flap survival. METHODS Sixty Wistar male rats were used. Multiple doses of IVM (0.01, 0.05, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally before the surgery. Baclofen (selective GABAB agonist) and bicuculline (selective GABAA antagonist) were administered in combination with IVM to assess the role of the GABAergic system. Histopathological evaluations, immunohistochemical staining, quantitative assessment of IL-1β and TNFα, and the expression of GABAA α1 subunit and GABAB R1 receptors were evaluated in the skin tissue. RESULTS IVM 0.05 mg/kg could significantly increase flap survival compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Subeffective dose of baclofen (0.1 mg/kg) had synergistic effect with the subeffective dose of IVM (0.01 mg/kg) (P < 0.001), whereas bicuculline 1 mg/kg reversed the effect of IVM (0.05 mg/kg) (P < 0.001). IVM 0.05 mg/kg could also decrease the IL-1β and TNFα levels and increase the expression of GABAA α1 subunit and GABAB R1 receptors in the flap tissue compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS IVM could improve skin flap survival, probably mediated by the GABAergic pathway. Both GABAA and GABAB receptors are involved in this process. This finding may repurpose the use of old drug, "Ivermectin."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Tabary
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Aryannejad
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafise Noroozi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Department of Pathology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Araghi
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Dadkhahfar
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Roles of GABA in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Organs. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4028394. [PMID: 31814874 PMCID: PMC6878816 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4028394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathological process, which may lead to dysfunctions and failures of multiple organs. A flawless medical way of endogenous therapeutic target can illuminate accurate clinical applications. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been known as a marker in I/R injury of the central nervous system (mainly in the brain) for a long time, and it may play a vital role in the occurrence of I/R injury. It has been observed that throughout cerebral I/R, levels, syntheses, releases, metabolisms, receptors, and transmissions of GABA undergo complex pathological variations. Scientists have investigated the GABAergic enhancers for attenuating cerebral I/R injury; however, discussions on existing problems and mechanisms of available drugs were seldom carried out so far. Therefore, this review would summarize the process of pathological variations in the GABA system under cerebral I/R injury and will cover corresponding probable issues and mechanisms in using GABA-related drugs to illuminate the concern about clinical illness for accurately preventing cerebral I/R injury. In addition, the study will summarize the increasing GABA signals that can prevent I/R injuries occurring in peripheral organs, and the roles of GABA were also discussed correspondingly.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bazzigaluppi P, Lake EM, Beckett TL, Koletar MM, Weisspapir I, Heinen S, Mester J, Lai A, Janik R, Dorr A, McLaurin J, Stanisz GJ, Carlen PL, Stefanovic B. Imaging the Effects of β-Hydroxybutyrate on Peri-Infarct Neurovascular Function and Metabolism. Stroke 2018; 49:2173-2181. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., I.W., P.L.C.)
| | - Evelyn M. Lake
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
| | - Tina L. Beckett
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
| | - Margaret M. Koletar
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
| | - Iliya Weisspapir
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., I.W., P.L.C.)
| | | | - James Mester
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Biological Sciences (J.M.)
| | - Aaron Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (A.L., J.M.)
| | - Rafal Janik
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics (J.M., R.J., G.J.S., B.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrienne Dorr
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (A.L., J.M.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics (J.M., R.J., G.J.S., B.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Greg J. Stanisz
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics (J.M., R.J., G.J.S., B.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter L. Carlen
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., I.W., P.L.C.)
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics (J.M., R.J., G.J.S., B.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Durdag E, Yildirim Z, Unlu NL, Kale A, Ceviker N. Neuroprotective Effects of Vigabatrin on Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. World Neurosurg 2018; 120:e33-e41. [PMID: 30031958 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spinal cord ischemia is a serious and catastrophic clinicopathologic condition. Despite studies reported over the last 20 years, alternative and efficient treatment options remain unclear. We examined the neuroprotective effects of vigabatrin on a spinal ischemia-reperfusion model. METHODS We divided 24 New Zealand rabbits into 4 groups (control, ischemia reperfusion, and low-dose and high-dose vigabatrin). The control group underwent only abdominal surgery, whereas an abdominal aortic cross-clamp model of spinal ischemia was performed in the other groups. Clips were removed after 30 minutes and 50 and 150 mg/kg vigabatrin was administered intraperitoneally to the low-dose and high-dose groups, respectively. Neurologic examination was performed for 48 hours, after which the rabbits were sacrificed and a blood sample obtained. Biochemical examination of malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, total nitric oxide, and glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activities in plasma and tissue sample, and histopathologic examination of the spinal cord were performed and statistical results compared between the groups. RESULTS Low-dose vigabatrin had statistically significant effects of neuroprotection on spinal ischemia. Although high-dose vigabatrin had similar effects, the results were not statistically significant for all parameters of biochemical analysis. In addition, histopathologic examination showed some toxic effects of high-dose vigabatrin. CONCLUSIONS Neuroprotective effects of vigabatrin are shown. For clinical use, further studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Durdag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yildirim
- Etimesgut Public Health Laboratory, Etimesgut, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nese Lortlar Unlu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aydemir Kale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Necdet Ceviker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Lamola G, Bertolucci F, Vallone F, Di Garbo A, Chisari C, Micera S, Caleo M. Neuroplastic Changes Following Brain Ischemia and their Contribution to Stroke Recovery: Novel Approaches in Neurorehabilitation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:76. [PMID: 28360842 PMCID: PMC5352696 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the brain triggers substantial reorganization of spared areas and pathways, which is associated with limited, spontaneous restoration of function. A better understanding of this plastic remodeling is crucial to develop more effective strategies for stroke rehabilitation. In this review article, we discuss advances in the comprehension of post-stroke network reorganization in patients and animal models. We first focus on rodent studies that have shed light on the mechanisms underlying neuronal remodeling in the perilesional area and contralesional hemisphere after motor cortex infarcts. Analysis of electrophysiological data has demonstrated brain-wide alterations in functional connectivity in both hemispheres, well beyond the infarcted area. We then illustrate the potential use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques to boost recovery. We finally discuss rehabilitative protocols based on robotic devices as a tool to promote endogenous plasticity and functional restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Lai
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamola
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Bertolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Vallone
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Italian institute of Technology (IIT)Rovereto, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Garbo
- CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmelo Chisari
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of BioengineeringLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Micera S, Caleo M. Reducing GABA A-mediated inhibition improves forelimb motor function after focal cortical stroke in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37823. [PMID: 27897203 PMCID: PMC5126677 DOI: 10.1038/srep37823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of post-stroke plasticity is critical to devise more effective pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments. The GABAergic system is one of the key modulators of neuronal plasticity, and plays an important role in the control of “critical periods” during brain development. Here, we report a key role for GABAergic inhibition in functional restoration following ischemia in the adult mouse forelimb motor cortex. After stroke, the majority of cortical sites in peri-infarct areas evoked simultaneous movements of forelimb, hindlimb and tail, consistent with a loss of inhibitory signalling. Accordingly, we found a delayed decrease in several GABAergic markers that accompanied cortical reorganization. To test whether reductions in GABAergic signalling were causally involved in motor improvements, we treated animals during an early post-stroke period with a benzodiazepine inverse agonist, which impairs GABAA receptor function. We found that hampering GABAA signalling led to significant restoration of function in general motor tests (i.e., gridwalk and pellet reaching tasks), with no significant impact on the kinematics of reaching movements. Improvements were persistent as they remained detectable about three weeks after treatment. These data demonstrate a key role for GABAergic inhibition in limiting motor improvements after cortical stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Lai
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy.,Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eikermann-Haerter K, Lee JH, Yalcin N, Yu ES, Daneshmand A, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Can A, Sengul B, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Ayata C. Migraine prophylaxis, ischemic depolarizations, and stroke outcomes in mice. Stroke 2014; 46:229-36. [PMID: 25424478 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Migraine with aura is an established stroke risk factor, and excitatory mechanisms such as spreading depression (SD) are implicated in the pathogenesis of both migraine and stroke. Spontaneous SD waves originate within the peri-infarct tissue and exacerbate the metabolic mismatch during focal cerebral ischemia. Genetically enhanced SD susceptibility facilitates anoxic depolarizations and peri-infarct SDs and accelerates infarct growth, suggesting that susceptibility to SD is a critical determinant of vulnerability to ischemic injury. Because chronic treatment with migraine prophylactic drugs suppresses SD susceptibility, we tested whether migraine prophylaxis can also suppress ischemic depolarizations and improve stroke outcome. METHODS We measured the cortical susceptibility to SD and ischemic depolarizations, and determined tissue and neurological outcomes after middle cerebral artery occlusion in wild-type and familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 knock-in mice treated with vehicle, topiramate or lamotrigine daily for 7 weeks or as a single dose shortly before testing. RESULTS Chronic treatment with topiramate or lamotrigine reduced the susceptibility to KCl-induced or electric stimulation-induced SDs as well as ischemic depolarizations in both wild-type and familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mutant mice. Consequently, both tissue and neurological outcomes were improved. Notably, treatment with a single dose of either drug was ineffective. CONCLUSIONS These data underscore the importance of hyperexcitability as a mechanism for increased stroke risk in migraineurs, and suggest that migraine prophylaxis may not only prevent migraine attacks but also protect migraineurs against ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Eikermann-Haerter
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Nilufer Yalcin
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Esther S Yu
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Ali Daneshmand
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Ying Wei
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Yi Zheng
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Anil Can
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Buse Sengul
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.)
| | - Cenk Ayata
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (K.E.-H., J.H.L., N.Y., E.S.Y., A.D., Y.W., Y.Z., A.C., B.S., C.A.); Department of Neurology (M.D.F., A.M.J.M.v.d.M), and Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands (A.M.J.M.v.d.M); and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.A.).
| |
Collapse
|