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Non-Centrifugal Sugar (NCS) and Health: A Review on Functional Components and Health Benefits. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-centrifugal sugar (NCS) is the scientific term the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) uses to define a solid product, produced by sugarcane juice evaporation, which is unrefined or minimally refined. NCS is referred to in various names globally, the most significant ones are whole cane sugar, panela (Latin America), jaggery (India) and kokuto (Japan). NCS contains minerals, bioactive compounds, flavonoids and phenolic acids, which have therapeutic potentials from time immemorial. Even though the bioactive property is dependent on the composition, which relies mainly on the agronomic conditions and production process, NCS possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, substituting the consumption of refined sugar with NCS might be helpful in the control of chronic diseases generally connected to oxidative stress and inflammation. Experimental facts from in vitro and in vivo models have proven that NCS plays an essential role in weight management, maintaining insulin sensitivity and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. NCS has also shown hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. This review aims to synopsize the recent literature pertaining to the benefits of NCS in human health. The NCS can be considered a nutraceutical and functional food. However, detailed and regulated studies are important to enhance the beneficial effects in human and animal interventions.
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Ebadi S, Azlan A. Nutritional Composition and Role of Non-centrifugal Sugar (NCS) in Human Health. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999200728184917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-centrifugal sugar (NCS) has several traditional names such as brown sugar (Europe
& North America), Gula Melaka (Malaysia), Jaggery and Gur (India), Kokuto (Japan), Panela
(Colombia) and Muscovado (Philippines). It is obtained by boiling down the sugarcane juice until
its water content evaporates. NCS has various benefits for our health as it is anti-diabetic, anti-cariogenic,
antioxidant and has radical scavenging activity due to the presence of vitamins, minerals,
phenolic acids and flavonoid components as well as total antioxidant capacity. This review provides
a general overview of the nutritional composition and health outcomes of NCS compared to
refined sugar based on literature published in scientific journals. The NCS can be considered as a
nutraceutical and functional food. However, more scientific research will be needed to confirm the
outcomes and increase awareness, which could then encourage more usage of this product in sugar-
based food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarghand Ebadi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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Lee JS, Ramalingam S, Jo IG, Kwon YS, Bahuguna A, Oh YS, Kwon OJ, Kim M. Comparative study of the physicochemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of some commercial refined and non-centrifugal sugars. Food Res Int 2018; 109:614-625. [PMID: 29803491 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three refined and four unrefined branded commercial sugars available in Korea were investigated in terms of pH, soluble solids, moisture, ash content, turbidity, color values, microbial profile, reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities, cellular antioxidant activity, and total phytoconstituent (i.e. phenolic, flavonoid, mineral, sucrose, glucose, and fructose) contents using standard analytical protocols such as high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-flame ionization detector/mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. All tested physicochemical parameters were within the recommended standard levels. Significantly high nutritional and antioxidant properties were observed for the unrefined sugars, especially AUNO® sugar, whereas a high sucrose content was detected for the refined sugars. Hence, this study revealed that the degree of purification affects the nutritional values and antioxidant potentials of sugars. The present findings also indicate that unrefined sugars can be used as sweeteners in sugar-based cuisine to obtain nutritional and antioxidant-rich foodstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Suk Lee
- Division of Food & Nutrition and Cook, Taegu Science University, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Il Guk Jo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Som Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashutosh Bahuguna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sook Oh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea
| | - O-Jun Kwon
- Gyeongbuk Institute for Regional Program Evaluation, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea.
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Satoh T, Sakamoto K. Fermented Brown Sugar Residue Prolongs the <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Lifespan <i>via</i> DAF-16. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2017.89061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Takahashi M, Ishmael M, Asikin Y, Hirose N, Mizu M, Shikanai T, Tamaki H, Wada K. Composition, Taste, Aroma, and Antioxidant Activity of Solidified Noncentrifugal Brown Sugars Prepared from Whole Stalk and Separated Pith of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarumL.). J Food Sci 2016; 81:C2647-C2655. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1 Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Mutanda Ishmael
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Kagoshima Univ; Korimoto 1-21-24 Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Yonathan Asikin
- Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1 Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Naoto Hirose
- Regional Agricultural System Section; Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center; 820 Makabe Itoman Okinawa 901-0336 Japan
| | - Masami Mizu
- Product Development Div; Mitsui Sugar Co. Ltd; Nihonbashi, 36-2 Hakozaki-Cho Tokyo 103-8423 Japan
| | - Takesi Shikanai
- Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1 Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Hajime Tamaki
- Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1 Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1 Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
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Jaffé WR. Nutritional and functional components of non centrifugal cane sugar: A compilation of the data from the analytical literature. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Changes in the physicochemical characteristics, including flavour components and Maillard reaction products, of non-centrifugal cane brown sugar during storage. Food Chem 2014; 149:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Inafuku M, Nugara RN, Kamiyama Y, Futenma I, Inafuku A, Oku H. Cirsium brevicaule A. GRAY leaf inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and C57BL/6 mice. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:124. [PMID: 23945333 PMCID: PMC3751477 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Various flavonoids obtained from the genus Cirsium have been reported to exhibit beneficial effects on health. The present study evaluated the antiobesity effects of Cirsium brevicaule A. GRAY leaf (CL) by using 3T3-L1 cells and C57BL/6 mice that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods Dried CL powder was serially extracted with solvents of various polarities, and these extracts were tested for antiadipogenic activity using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mice were fed experimental HFD supplemented with dried CL powder for 4 wk. Lipid levels and mRNA levels of genes related to lipid metabolism were determined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver of mice fed on a HFD. Results Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with a hexane extract of CL significantly reduced cellular lipid accumulation and expression of the fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene. Dietary CL reduced the serum levels of non-esterified fatty acids in HFD-fed mice. Significant decreases in subcutaneous WAT weight and associated FASN gene expression were observed in the mice fed the experimental CL diet. Dietary CL also reduced the hepatic lipid and serum levels of a hepatopathic indicator in the HFD-fed mice. A significant reduction in mRNA levels of FASN and HMG-CoA reductase were observed in the livers of the CL-diet group. Dietary CL, on the other hand, increased in the hepatic mRNA levels of genes related to β-oxidation, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, calnitine palmitoyltrasferase 1A, and uncoupling protein 2. Expression of the insulin receptor gene was also significantly increased in the livers of mice-fed the CL diet. Conclusions The present study therefore demonstrated that CL suppresses lipid accumulation in the WAT and liver partly through inhibiting mRNA levels of FASN gene and enhancing the lipolysis-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Inafuku
- Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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Okabe T, Toda T, Nukitrangsan N, Inafuku M, Iwasaki H, Yanagita T, Oku H. Comparative study of the effect of basal diet formulation, dietary fat and cholesterol levels on the development of aortic atherosclerotic lesions in B6.KOR-Apoeshl mice. J Oleo Sci 2010; 59:161-7. [PMID: 20299762 DOI: 10.5650/jos.59.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimize the adequate atherogenic diet composition for nutritional atherosclerosis studies utilizing B6.KOR-Apoe(shl) mice, we investigated the effect of dietary cholesterol, AIN formula, and dietary fats on the development of atherosclerosis. Cholesterol supplementation (0.15-2%) for 12 weeks resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the degree of atherosclerosis between B6.KOR-Apoe(shl) mice fed a modified-AIN-76 diet and those fed a modified-AIN-93M diet containing corn oil or soybean oil for 10 and 12 weeks. The present experiment indicates that the adequate dietary level of cholesterol was 0.15%, and that further studies are necessary to determine the optimal level of various types of dietary oils for nutritional atherosclerosis experiments in B6.KOR-Apoe(shl) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Okabe
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Okabe T, Toda T, Inafuku M, Wada K, Iwasaki H, Oku H. Antiatherosclerotic function of Kokuto, Okinawan noncentrifugal cane sugar. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:69-75. [PMID: 19072226 DOI: 10.1021/jf802796m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of phenolic compounds (PCs) and policosanol of Kokuto, Okinawan noncentrifugal cane sugar, on the development of atherosclerosis. A total of 67 male Japanese quail were divided into eight dietary groups in trial 1. The dietary groups were fed the atherosclerotic diet (AD) containing 5% corn oil, 2% cholesterol, and 30% sucrose or seven different types of Kokuto. Dietary intakes of Kokuto notably prevented the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between the serum radical scavenging activity and the degree of atherosclerosis in the dietary groups. In trial 2, a total of 63 Japanese quail were fed AD with sucrose, Kokuto, PC extracts from Kokuto, wax extracts from sugar cane, octacosanol, vitamin C, and vitamin E. As a result, the supplementation of the diet with Kokuto and PCs significantly reduced the development of atherosclerosis as compared with the ingestion of AD with sucrose. In conclusion, these findings suggest that, among various components of Kokuto, PCs play a central role for the prevention of experimental atherosclerosis in Japanese quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Okabe
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Hirose N, Ujihara K, Teruya R, Maeda G, Yoshitake H, Wada K, Yoshimoto M. Development of GABA-enhanced Lactic Acid Beverage using Sugar Cane and its Functionality. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.55.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Takara K, Ushijima K, Wada K, Iwasaki H, Yamashita M. Phenolic Compounds from Sugarcane Molasses Possessing Antibacterial Activity against Cariogenic Bacteria. J Oleo Sci 2007; 56:611-4. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.56.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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